Snow-CLOCs: Camera-LiDAR Object Candidate Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Snowy Conditions.

Although existing 3D object-detection methods have achieved promising results on conventional datasets, it is still challenging to detect objects in data collected under adverse weather conditions. Data distortion from LiDAR and cameras in such conditions leads to poor performance of traditional single-sensor detection methods. Multi-modal data-fusion methods struggle with data distortion and low alignment accuracy, making accurate target detection difficult. To address this, we propose a multi-modal object-detection algorithm, Snow-CLOCs, specifically for snowy conditions. In image detection, we improved the YOLOv5 algorithm by integrating the InceptionNeXt network to enhance feature extraction and using the Wise-IoU algorithm to reduce dependency on high-quality data. For LiDAR point-cloud detection, we built upon the SECOND algorithm and employed the DROR filter to remove noise, enhancing detection accuracy. We combined the detection results from the camera and LiDAR into a unified detection set, represented using a sparse tensor, and extracted features through a 2D convolutional neural network to achieve object detection and localization. Snow-CLOCs achieved a detection accuracy of 86.61% for vehicle detection in snowy conditions.

An Improved U-Net Infrared Small Target Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Scale Feature Decomposition and Fusion and Attention Mechanism.

Infrared small target detection technology plays a crucial role in various fields such as military reconnaissance, power patrol, medical diagnosis, and security. The advancement of deep learning has led to the success of convolutional neural networks in target segmentation. However, due to challenges like small target scales, weak signals, and strong background interference in infrared images, convolutional neural networks often face issues like leakage and misdetection in small target segmentation tasks. To address this, an enhanced U-Net method called MST-UNet is proposed, the method combines multi-scale feature decomposition and fusion and attention mechanisms. The method involves using Haar wavelet transform instead of maximum pooling for downsampling in the encoder to minimize feature loss and enhance feature utilization. Additionally, a multi-scale residual unit is introduced to extract contextual information at different scales, improving sensory field and feature expression. The inclusion of a triple attention mechanism in the encoder structure further enhances multidimensional information utilization and feature recovery by the decoder. Experimental analysis on the NUDT-SIRST dataset demonstrates that the proposed method significantly improves target contour accuracy and segmentation precision, achieving IoU and nIoU values of 80.09% and 80.19%, respectively.

Three-Dimensional Path Planning Based on Six-Direction Search Scheme.

In order to solve the problem of how to perform path planning for AUVs with multiple obstacles in a 3D underwater environment, this paper proposes a six-direction search scheme based on neural networks. In known environments with stationary obstacles, the obstacle energy is constructed based on a neural network and the path energy is introduced to avoid a too-long path being generated. Based on the weighted total energy of obstacle energy and path energy, a six-direction search scheme is designed here for path planning. To improve the efficiency of the six-direction search algorithm, two optimization methods are employed to reduce the number of iterations and total path search time. The first method involves adjusting the search step length dynamically, which helps to decrease the number of iterations needed for path planning. The second method involves reducing the number of path nodes, which can not only decrease the search time but also avoid premature convergence. By implementing these optimization methods, the performance of the six-direction search algorithm is enhanced in favor of path planning with multiple underwater obstacles reasonably. The simulation results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the six-direction search scheme.

Fusing Self-Attention and CoordConv to Improve the YOLOv5s Algorithm for Infrared Weak Target Detection.

Convolutional neural networks have achieved good results in target detection in many application scenarios, but convolutional neural networks still face great challenges when facing scenarios with small target sizes and complex background environments. To solve the problem of low accuracy of infrared weak target detection in complex scenes, and considering the real-time requirements of the detection task, we choose the YOLOv5s target detection algorithm for improvement. We add the Bottleneck Transformer structure and CoordConv to the network to optimize the model parameters and improve the performance of the detection network. Meanwhile, a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution is used to describe the importance of pixel points in the target frame, and the normalized Guassian Wasserstein distance (NWD) is used to measure the similarity between the prediction frame and the true frame to characterize the loss function of weak targets, which will help highlight the targets with flat positional deviation transformation and improve the detection accuracy. Finally, through experimental verification, compared with other mainstream detection algorithms, the improved algorithm in this paper significantly improves the target detection accuracy, with the mAP reaching 96.7 percent, which is 2.2 percentage points higher compared with Yolov5s.

Dim and Small Target Detection with a Combined New Norm and Self-Attention Mechanism of Low-Rank Sparse Inversion.

Methods for detecting small infrared targets in complex scenes are widely utilized across various domains. Traditional methods have drawbacks such as a poor clutter suppression ability and a high number of edge residuals in the detection results in complex scenes. To address these issues, we propose a method based on a joint new norm and self-attention mechanism of low-rank sparse inversion. Firstly, we propose a new tensor nuclear norm based on linear transformation, which globally constrains the low-rank characteristics of the image background and makes full use of the structural information among tensor slices to better approximate the rank of the non-convex tensor, thus achieving effective background suppression. Secondly, we construct a self-attention mechanism in order to constrain the sparse characteristics of the target, which further eliminates any edge residuals in the detection results by transforming the local feature information into a weight matrix to further constrain the target component. Finally, we use the alternating direction multiplier method to decompose the newly reconstructed objective function and introduce a reweighted strategy to accelerate the convergence speed of the model. The average values of the three evaluation metrics, SSIM, BSF, and SNR, for the algorithm proposed in this paper are 0.9997, 467.23, and 11.72, respectively. Meanwhile, the proposed detection method obtains a higher detection rate compared with other algorithms under the same false alarm rate.

Enhanced transverse optical gradient force on Rayleigh particles in two plane waves.

Based on the full wave simulation and the Maxwell stress tensor theory, we demonstrate an enhanced transverse optical gradient force acting on Rayleigh particles immersed in a simple optical field formed by two linearly polarized plane waves. The optical gradient force acting on a conventional dielectric particle can be enhanced by two orders of magnitude via coating an extremely thin silver shell, whose thickness is only about one-tenth of the dielectric core. The analytical results based on the multipole expansion theory reveal that the enhanced optical gradient force comes mostly from the interaction between the incident field and the electric quadrupole excited in the core-shell particle. It is worth noting that the force expression within the dipole approximation commonly used for Rayleigh particles is invalid in our situation, even the particle is within the Rayleigh regime. In addition, both the optical potential energy and the optical trapping stiffness for the core-shell particle exhibit a great enhancement by two orders of magnitude stronger than a conventional dielectric particle and thus is favorable to a stable optical trapping. These results may extend the application range of optical tweezers and enrich optical manipulation techniques.

Adverse Weather Target Detection Algorithm Based on Adaptive Color Levels and Improved YOLOv5.

With the continuous development of artificial intelligence and computer vision technology, autonomous vehicles have developed rapidly. Although self-driving vehicles have achieved good results in normal environments, driving in adverse weather can still pose a challenge to driving safety. To improve the detection ability of self-driving vehicles in harsh environments, we first construct a new color levels offset compensation model to perform adaptive color levels correction on images, which can effectively improve the clarity of targets in adverse weather and facilitate the detection and recognition of targets. Then, we compare several common one-stage target detection algorithms and improve on the best-performing YOLOv5 algorithm. We optimize the parameters of the Backbone of the YOLOv5 algorithm by increasing the number of model parameters and incorporating the Transformer and CBAM into the YOLOv5 algorithm. At the same time, we use the loss function of EIOU to replace the loss function of the original CIOU. Finally, through the ablation experiment comparison, the improved algorithm improves the detection rate of the targets, with the mAP reaching 94.7% and the FPS being 199.86.

Infrared Target Detection Based on Joint Spatio-Temporal Filtering and L1 Norm Regularization.

Infrared target detection is often disrupted by a complex background, resulting in a high false alarm and low target recognition. This paper proposes a robust principal component decomposition model with joint spatial and temporal filtering and L1 norm regularization to effectively suppress the complex backgrounds. The model establishes a new anisotropic Gaussian kernel diffusion function, which exploits the difference between the target and the background in the spatial domain to suppress the edge contours. Furthermore, in order to suppress the dynamically changing background, we construct an inversion model that combines temporal domain information and L1 norm regularization to globally constrain the low rank characteristics of the background, and characterize the target sparse component with L1 norm. Finally, the overlapping multiplier method is used for decomposition and reconstruction to complete the target detection.Through relevant experiments, the proposed background modeling method in this paper has a better background suppression effect in different scenes. The average values of the three evaluation indexes, SSIM, BSF and IC, are 0.986, 88.357 and 18.967, respectively. Meanwhile, the proposed detection method obtains a higher detection rate compared with other algorithms under the same false alarm rate.

Gradient Projection with Approximate L0 Norm Minimization for Sparse Reconstruction in Compressed Sensing.

In the reconstruction of sparse signals in compressed sensing, the reconstruction algorithm is required to reconstruct the sparsest form of signal. In order to minimize the objective function, minimal norm algorithm and greedy pursuit algorithm are most commonly used. The minimum L1 norm algorithm has very high reconstruction accuracy, but this convex optimization algorithm cannot get the sparsest signal like the minimum L0 norm algorithm. However, because the L0 norm method is a non-convex problem, it is difficult to get the global optimal solution and the amount of calculation required is huge. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to approximate the smooth L0 norm from the approximate L2 norm. First we set up an approximation function model of the sparse term, then the minimum value of the objective function is solved by the gradient projection, and the weight of the function model of the sparse term in the objective function is adjusted adaptively by the reconstruction error value to reconstruct the sparse signal more accurately. Compared with the pseudo inverse of L2 norm and the L1 norm algorithm, this new algorithm has a lower reconstruction error in one-dimensional sparse signal reconstruction. In simulation experiments of two-dimensional image signal reconstruction, the new algorithm has shorter image reconstruction time and higher image reconstruction accuracy compared with the usually used greedy algorithm and the minimum norm algorithm.

HyFormer: Hybrid Transformer and CNN for Pixel-Level Multispectral Image Land Cover Classification.

To effectively solve the problems that most convolutional neural networks cannot be applied to the pixelwise input in remote sensing (RS) classification and cannot adequately represent the spectral sequence information, we propose a new multispectral RS image classification framework called HyFormer based on Transformer. First, a network framework combining a fully connected layer (FC) and convolutional neural network (CNN) is designed, and the 1D pixelwise spectral sequences obtained from the fully connected layers are reshaped into a 3D spectral feature matrix for the input of CNN, which enhances the dimensionality of the features through FC as well as increasing the feature expressiveness, and can solve the problem that 2D CNN cannot achieve pixel-level classification. Secondly, the features of the three levels of CNN are extracted and combined with the linearly transformed spectral information to enhance the information expression capability, and also used as the input of the transformer encoder to improve the features of CNN using the powerful global modelling capability of the Transformer, and finally the skip connection of the adjacent encoders to enhance the fusion between different levels of information. The pixel classification results are obtained by MLP Head. In this paper, we mainly focus on the feature distribution in the eastern part of Changxing County and the central part of Nanxun District, Zhejiang Province, and conduct experiments based on Sentinel-2 multispectral RS images. The experimental results show that the overall accuracy of HyFormer for the study area classification in Changxing County is 95.37% and that of Transformer (ViT) is 94.15%. The experimental results show that the overall accuracy of HyFormer for the study area classification in Nanxun District is 95.4% and that of Transformer (ViT) is 94.69%, and the performance of HyFormer on the Sentinel-2 dataset is better than that of the Transformer.