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1.
J Environ Manage ; 192: 25-30, 2017 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28131979

RESUMO

At industrial scale, thermal hydrolysis is the most used process to enhance biodegradability of the sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants. Through statistically guided Box-Behnken experimental design, the present study analyses the effect of TH as pre-treatment applied to activated sludge. The selected process variables were temperature (130-180 °C), time (5-50 min) and decompression mode (slow or steam-explosion effect), and the parameters evaluated were sludge solubilisation and methane production by anaerobic digestion. A quadratic polynomial model was generated to compare the process performance for the 15 different combinations of operation conditions by modifying the process variables evaluated. The statistical analysis performed exhibited that methane production and solubility were significantly affected by pre-treatment time and temperature. During high intensity pre-treatment (high temperature and long times), the solubility increased sharply while the methane production exhibited the opposite behaviour, indicating the formation of some soluble but non-biodegradable materials. Therefore, solubilisation is not a reliable parameter to quantify the efficiency of a thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment, since it is not directly related to methane production. Based on the operational parameters optimization, the estimated optimal thermal hydrolysis conditions to enhance of sewage sludge digestion were: 140-170 °C heating temperature, 5-35min residence time, and one sudden decompression.


Assuntos
Biodegradação Ambiental , Esgotos , Anaerobiose , Hidrólise , Metano/biossíntese , Temperatura
2.
Water Sci Technol ; 72(6): 937-45, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26360753

RESUMO

Thermal steam-explosion is the most extended hydrolysis pretreatment to enhance anaerobic digestion of sludge. Thermal hydrolysis key parameters are temperature (T) and time (t), and the generally accepted values reported from full-scale information are: 150-230 °C and 20-60 min. This study assesses the influence of different temperature-time-flash combinations (110-180 °C, 5-60 min, 1-3 re-flashing) on the anaerobic degradation of secondary sludge through biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests. All the conditions tested presented higher methane production compared to the untreated sludge, and both solubilization (after the hydrolysis) and degradation (by anaerobic digestion) increased linearly when increasing the severity (T-t) of the pretreatment, reaching 40% solubilization and degradation of the particulate matter at 180° C-60 min. However, for the 180 °C temperature, the treatment time impacted negatively on the lag phase. No influence of re-flashing the pretreated matter was observed. In conclusion, thermal steam-explosion at short operation times (5 min) and moderate temperatures (145 °C) seems to be very attractive from a degradation point of view thus presenting a methane production enhancement similar to the one obtained at 180°C and without negative influence of the lag phase.


Assuntos
Biocombustíveis , Reatores Biológicos , Esgotos , Vapor , Anaerobiose , Explosões , Hidrólise , Metano/metabolismo , Temperatura
3.
Water Sci Technol ; 67(10): 2294-301, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23676401

RESUMO

At present all municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are energy consumers. Electrical energy requirements for oxygen transfer are large in secondary biological systems. Nevertheless, from a thermodynamic point of view chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an energy source. Combustion of every kilogram of COD releases 3.86 kWh of energy. In this manuscript some measures are presented, from a conceptual point of view, in order to convert the actual concept of wastewater treatment as an 'energy sink' to an 'energy source' concept. In this sense, electrical self-sufficiency in carbon removal WWTPs could be obtained by increasing the sludge load to the anaerobic sludge digester. Nitrogen removal increases the energy requirements of WWTPs. The use of a combined two-stage biological treatment, using a high loaded first stage for carbon removal and a second stage combined nitrification-anammox process for nitrogen removal in the water line, offers a way to recover self-sufficiency. This is not a proven technology at ambient temperature, but its development offers an opportunity to reduce the energy demand of WWTPs.


Assuntos
Águas Residuárias , Purificação da Água , Análise da Demanda Biológica de Oxigênio
4.
Water Sci Technol ; 65(10): 1839-46, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22546800

RESUMO

Experimental data obtained from the operation in a pilot plant are used to perform mass and energy balances to a global process combining units of thermal hydrolysis (TH) of secondary sludge, anaerobic digestion (AD) of hydrolysed secondary sludge together with fresh primary sludge, and cogeneration from biogas by using a gas engine in which the biogas produces electricity and heat from the exhaust gases. Three scenarios were compared, corresponding to the three digesters operated: C (conventional AD, 17 days residence time), B (combined TH + AD, same time), and A (TH + AD at half residence time). The biogas production of digesters B and A was 33 and 24% better, respectively when compared with C. In the case of the combined TH + AD process (scenarios A and B), the key factors in the energy balance were the recovery of heat from hot streams, and the concentration of sludge. The results of the balances showed that for 8% DS concentration of the secondary sludge tested in the pilot plant, the process can be energetically self-sufficient, but a fraction of the biogas must by-pass the gas engine to be directly burned. From an economic point of view, scenario B is more profitable in terms of green energy and higher waste removal, while scenario A reduces the digester volume required by a half. Considering a population of 100,000 inhabitants, the economic benefit is 87,600 €/yr for scenario A and 132,373 €/yr for B. This value can be increased to 223,867 €/yr by increasing the sludge concentration of the feeding to the TH unit to a minimum value that allows use of all the biogas to produce green energy. This concentration is 13% DS, which is still possible from a practical point of view. Additional benefits gained with the combined TH + AD process are the enhancement of the digesters rheology and the possibility of getting Class A biosolids. The integration study presented here set the basis for the scale-up to a demonstration plant.


Assuntos
Biocombustíveis , Esgotos/química , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Bactérias Anaeróbias/metabolismo , Reatores Biológicos , Hidrólise , Espanha , Temperatura , Termodinâmica , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/economia
5.
Water Sci Technol ; 64(2): 375-83, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22097010

RESUMO

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the preferred option to stabilize sludge. However, the rate limiting step of solids hydrolysis makes it worth modifing the conventional mesophilic AD in order to increase the performance of the digester. The main strategies are to introduce a hydrolysis pre-treatment, or to modify the digestion temperature. Among the different pre-treatment alternatives, the thermal hydrolysis (TH) at 170 degrees C for 30 min, and the ultrasounds pre-treatment (US) at 30 kJ/kg TS were selected for the research, while for the non-conventional anaerobic digestion, the thermophilic (TAD) and the two-stage temperature phased AD (TPAD) were considered. Four pilot plants were operated, with the same configuration and size of anaerobic digester (200 L, continuously fed). The biogas results show a general increase compared to the conventional digestion, being the highest production per unit of digester for the process combining the thermal pre-treatment and AD (1.4 L biogas/L digester day compared to the value of 0.26 obtained in conventional digesters). The dewaterability of the digestate became enhanced for processes TH + AD and TPAD when compared with the conventional digestate, while it became worse for processes US + AD and TAD. In all the research lines, the viscosity in the digester was smaller compared to the conventional (which is a key factor for process performance and economics), and both thermal pre-treatment and thermophilic digestion (TAD and TPAD) assure a pathogen free digestate.


Assuntos
Esgotos , Anaerobiose , Hidrólise , Solubilidade , Temperatura
6.
Water Sci Technol ; 61(6): 1363-72, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20351414

RESUMO

The use of ultrasound as pre-treatment to improve anaerobic digestion of secondary sludge has been established as a promising technology. There are great differences between lab scale and full-scale devices, regarding the relationship between the disintegration achieved and the energy supplied. Based on economic aspects, most of the full-scale plants use partial-stream instead of the full-stream sonication, which affects biogas production and digestate dewatering characteristics. A laboratory scale operation combining ultrasound and anaerobic digestion (batch tests) has been performed, determining the relationship between the ratio of sonicated sludge fed and the methane production, SCOD removal and capillary suction time after 20-day anaerobic biodegradation, in order to check the possible benefits of part-stream versus full-stream sonication. Additional incubation was also evaluated, searching for an optimum process combining ultrasound and 24-h incubation pretreatment. Results showed that by sonicating fresh WAS at 25,700 kJ/kg TS biogas yield increased linearly with the percentage of sonicated WAS in the substrate, from 248 (control reactor) to 349 mL CH(4)/g VS (41% increase in full-stream sonication). By incubation (24 h, 55 degrees C), 325 mL CH(4)/g VS were obtained (31% increase), but the digestion of the soluble compounds generated during incubation of sonicated sludge appeared to be less degradable compared to those solubilised by ultrasound or incubation alone, which showed no benefit in combining both treatments. Post-digestion dewatering deteriorated for both part-stream and full-stream sonication, and CST values were constant (74% higher than the control digestate) from 30% to 100% sonicated sludge.


Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Esgotos , Ultrassom , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Anaerobiose , Fatores de Tempo , Água
7.
Water Sci Technol ; 60(6): 1525-32, 2009.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19759455

RESUMO

Prior research indicates that ultrasounds can be used in batch reactors as pre-treatment before anaerobic digestion, but the specific energy required at laboratory-scale is too high. This work evaluates both the continuous ultrasound device performance (efficiency and solubilisation) and the operation of anaerobic digesters continuously fed with sonicated sludge, and presents energy balance considerations. The results of sludge solubilisation after the sonication treatment indicate that, applying identical specific energy, it is better to increase the power than the residence time. Working with secondary sludge, batch biodegradability tests show that by applying 30 kWh/m3 of sludge, it is possible to increase biogas production by 42%. Data from continuous pilot-scale anaerobic reactors (V=100 L) indicate that operating with a conventional HRT=20 d, a reactor fed with pre-treated sludge increases the volatile solids removal and the biogas production by 25 and 37% respectively. Operating with HRT=15 d, the removal efficiency is similar to the obtained with a reactor fed with non-hydrolysed sludge at HTR=20 d, although the specific biogas productivity per volume of reactor is higher for the pretreated sludge. Regarding the energy balance, although for laboratory-scale devices it is negative, full-scale suppliers state a net generation of 3-10 kW per kW of energy used.


Assuntos
Sonicação/métodos , Ultrassom , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Anaerobiose , Estudos de Viabilidade , Esgotos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/economia
8.
Water Sci Technol ; 60(12): 3045-50, 2009.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19955627

RESUMO

H(2)S removal from biogas produced in anaerobic digestion of sludge through the introduction of oxygen under micro-aerobic conditions is studied. Research was carried out in two pilot plant reactors (working volume, 200 L each) treating sludge from WWTP with HRT of 20 days. Mixing was provided via sludge or biogas recirculation. Introduction of very low oxygen flow (0.013-0.024 L/L(reactor) d) successfully removed H(2)S content in biogas with an efficiency above 99%. Reactor performance during micro-aerobic operation in terms of biogas production, methane yield and COD removal were not affected by the amount of oxygen supplied, remaining stable and similar to the anaerobic behaviour. Sludge recirculation ( approximately 50 L/h) and biogas recirculation ( approximately 3.5 L/min) as mixing methods were found not significant in H(2)S removal from biogas while biogas recirculation reduced by 10 times dissolved sulphide concentration compared to sludge recirculation.


Assuntos
Biocombustíveis/análise , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/análise , Esgotos/química , Purificação da Água/métodos , Aerobiose , Anaerobiose , Oxirredução , Projetos Piloto , Esgotos/microbiologia , Purificação da Água/instrumentação
9.
Water Sci Technol ; 57(8): 1221-6, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18469393

RESUMO

A thermal hydrolysis pilot plant with direct steam injection heating was designed and constructed. In a first period the equipment was operated in batch to verify the effect of sludge type, pressure and temperature, residence time and solids concentration. Optimal operation conditions were reached for secondary sludge at 170 degrees C, 7 bar and 30 minutes residence time, obtaining a disintegration factor higher than 10, methane production increase by 50% and easy centrifugation In a second period the pilot plant was operated working with continuous feed, testing the efficiency by using two continuous anaerobic digester operating in the mesophilic and thermophilic range. Working at 12 days residence time, biogas production increases by 40-50%. Integrating the energy transfer it is possible to design a self-sufficient system that takes advantage of this methane increase to produce 40% more electric energy.


Assuntos
Bactérias Anaeróbias/fisiologia , Reatores Biológicos , Conservação de Recursos Energéticos , Eliminação de Resíduos/métodos , Esgotos/análise , Anaerobiose , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Desenho de Equipamento , Hidrólise , Metano/biossíntese , Projetos Piloto , Pressão , Esgotos/química , Esgotos/microbiologia , Temperatura , Fatores de Tempo
10.
Bioresour Technol ; 98(3): 518-24, 2007 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16630720

RESUMO

Introduction of a limited amount of oxygen to anaerobic bioreactors is proposed as a simple technique to lower the level of sulfide in the biogas. This paper presents the results of a bioreactor study and of batch experiments that were performed to obtain better insight into the fate of sulfur compounds and oxygen during micro-aerobic sulfide oxidation. Introduction of a low airflow (0.7-0.9 m(3)m(-3)d(-1), corresponding to an O(2)/S molar ratio of 8-10) to a fluidized bed reactor fed with low-sulfate vinasse was sufficient to reduce the biogas H(2)S-content to an undetectable level. Sulfide was initially oxidized to elemental sulfur, thiosulfate and - most probably - polysulfide. Significant sulfate production did not occur. Bioreactor sludge sampled from the reactor after three weeks' micro-aerobic operation was much faster in oxidizing sulfur than bioreactor sludge sampled during fully anaerobic reactor operation. The reaction proceeded faster with increasing O(2)/sulfide ratios.


Assuntos
Oxigênio/metabolismo , Esgotos/química , Sulfetos/metabolismo , Anaerobiose , Reatores Biológicos , Cinética , Oxirredução , Oxigênio/química , Sulfetos/química , Fatores de Tempo
11.
Water Res ; 118: 272-288, 2017 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28456110

RESUMO

The growing development of technologies and processes for resource treatment and recovery is offering endless possibilities for creating new plant-wide configurations or modifying existing ones. However, the configurations' complexity, the interrelation between technologies and the influent characteristics turn decision-making into a complex or unobvious process. In this frame, the Plant-Wide Modelling (PWM) library presented in this paper allows a thorough, comprehensive and refined analysis of different plant configurations that are basic aspects in decision-making from an energy and resource recovery perspective. In order to demonstrate the potential of the library and the need to run simulation analyses, this paper carries out a comparative analysis of WWTPs, from a techno-economic point of view. The selected layouts were (1) a conventional WWTP based on a modified version of the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2, (2) an upgraded or retrofitted WWTP, and (3) a new Wastewater Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRF) concept denominated as C/N/P decoupling WWTP. The study was based on a preliminary analysis of the organic matter and nutrient energy use and recovery options, a comprehensive mass and energy flux distribution analysis in each configuration in order to compare and identify areas for improvement, and a cost analysis of each plant for different influent COD/TN/TP ratios. Analysing the plants from a standpoint of resources and energy utilization, a low utilization of the energy content of the components could be observed in all configurations. In the conventional plant, the COD used to produce biogas was around 29%, the upgraded plant was around 36%, and 34% in the C/N/P decoupling WWTP. With regard to the self-sufficiency of plants, achieving self-sufficiency was not possible in the conventional plant, in the upgraded plant it depended on the influent C/N ratio, and in the C/N/P decoupling WWTP layout self-sufficiency was feasible for almost all influents, especially at high COD concentrations. The plant layouts proposed in this paper are just a sample of the possibilities offered by current technologies. Even so, the library presented here is generic and can be used to construct any other plant layout, provided that a model is available.


Assuntos
Águas Residuárias , Purificação da Água/instrumentação , Esgotos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos
12.
Water Sci Technol ; 54(2): 95-101, 2006.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16939089

RESUMO

Industrial additives eventually used for different purposes (antifoaming, cleaning, bactericides, antiscale, etc) are discharged to the wastewater treatment plant. The anaerobic toxicity of these commercial products is not provided by suppliers. A new manometric method is developed and tested to evaluate anaerobic toxicity or inhibition using four different commercial products. Antifoaming Cleron 6 (50-200 ppm), bactericide Divosan-forte (0.05-1.0% v/v), bleach (0.1-1.0% v/v) and cleaning agent Topax 66 (0.10-1.0% v/v). According to the different methods proposed in the literature, from the methane production rate, it is possible to calculate both methanogenic activity evolution and final substrate removal and quantify the potential inhibitory effect of commercial additives. The experimental method is simple and reliable.


Assuntos
Automação , Manometria/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Anaerobiose
13.
Water Sci Technol ; 52(1-2): 479-85, 2005.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16180467

RESUMO

Methanogenic activity, anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity are key parameters in the design and operation of anaerobic bioreactors. A large variety of methods exist for the determination of these parameters but a normalized method has not been established so far. This paper presents the development of an automated manometric system for the determination of these anaerobic sludge parameters. The system is based on monitoring the production of methane by using a pressure transducer that measures the pressure in a gas-collecting chamber of known adjustable volume, which is independent of the space where biogas production takes place. The evolution of pressure generated by the accumulation of methane relates to the conversion of COD. In this way, the methanogenic activity of the sludge can be determined, as well as the biodegradability of solids and liquid, as well as the methanogenic toxicity of compounds. The equipment permits gas sampling, as well as extraction and introduction of liquid, without losing the anaerobic conditions. Various assays have been conducted to test the reliability and reproducibility of the obtained results, showing a high level of both. The methanogenic activities obtained in the assays ranged between 0.1 and 1.8 g COD g(-1) VSS d(-1), and the biodegradability of the organic compounds tested ranged between 20 and 90%.


Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Metano/metabolismo , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/instrumentação , Automação , Bactérias Anaeróbias/metabolismo , Biodegradação Ambiental , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Resíduos Industriais , Pressão , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Esgotos/microbiologia , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos
14.
Bioresour Technol ; 198: 510-9, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26432055

RESUMO

A novel design for a pilot scale anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactor (AnSMBR) equipped with an ultrafiltration unit, treating municipal wastewater at 18 ± 2°C, and inoculated with a mesophilic inoculum without acclimation, was implemented and evaluated over 3 years of stable operation. The AnSMBR operated with a volumetric loading rate between 1.6 to 2.0 kg COD/m(3)UASBd, 12.8 to 14.2h hydraulic retention time, and reached a tCOD removal efficiency of around 90%. Biosolid production was between 0.05 and 0.083 g VS/g CODremoved. Dissolved methane oversaturation in the effluent was observed, reaching average values of 19.1 ± 0.84 mg CH4/L. The permeate flow rate ranged from 10 to 14L/m(2)h with trans-membrane pressure (TMP) values of 400-550 mbar, using cycles of 30s backwash, 7.5 min filtration, and continuous biogas sparging (9-16 m/h). During the three years of continuous operation, the membrane was not physically or chemically cleaned.


Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/instrumentação , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Biocombustíveis , Análise da Demanda Biológica de Oxigênio , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Desenho de Equipamento , Membranas Artificiais , Metano/metabolismo , Nitrogênio/isolamento & purificação , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Fósforo/isolamento & purificação , Fósforo/metabolismo , Projetos Piloto , Ultrafiltração/instrumentação , Águas Residuárias/química
15.
Bioresour Technol ; 185: 225-33, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25770470

RESUMO

The performance of a pilot scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR), comprising an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor coupled to an external ultrafiltration membrane treating municipal wastewater at 18±2°C, was evaluated over three years of stable operation. The reactor was inoculated with a mesophilic inoculum without acclimation. The AnMBR supported a tCOD removal efficiency of 87±1% at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7h, operating at a volumetric loading rate (VLR) of between 2 and 2.5kgtCOD/m(3)d, reaching effluent tCOD concentrations of 100-120mg/L and BOD5 concentrations of 35-50mgO2/L. Specific methane yield varied from 0.18 to 0.23Nm(3)CH4/kgCODremoved depending on the recirculation between the membrane module and the UASB reactor. The permeate flow rate, using cycles of 15s backwash, 7.5min filtration, and continuous biogas sparging (40-60m/h), ranged from 10 to 14Lm(2)/h with trans-membrane pressure (TMP) values of 400-550mbar.


Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Metano/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Purificação da Água/métodos , Anaerobiose , Biodegradação Ambiental , Análise da Demanda Biológica de Oxigênio , Desenho de Equipamento , Filtração/métodos , Membranas Artificiais , Nitrogênio/química , Fósforo/química , Temperatura , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/instrumentação , Águas Residuárias
16.
Bioresour Technol ; 185: 246-53, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25770473

RESUMO

In this study, the potential of a pilot hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor for the conversion of H2 and CO2 to CH4 was evaluated. The system transformed 95% of H2 and CO2 fed at a maximum loading rate of 40.2 [Formula: see text] and produced 0.22m(3) of CH4 per m(3) of H2 fed at thermophilic conditions. H2 mass transfer to the liquid phase was identified as the limiting step for the conversion, and kLa values of 430h(-1) were reached in the bioreactor by sparging gas through the membrane module. A simulation showed that the bioreactor could upgrade biogas at a rate of 25m(3)/mR(3)d, increasing the CH4 concentration from 60 to 95%v. This proof-of-concept study verified that gas sparging through a membrane module can efficiently transfer H2 from gas to liquid phase and that the conversion of H2 and CO2 to biomethane is feasible on a pilot scale at noteworthy load rates.


Assuntos
Biocombustíveis , Biotecnologia/métodos , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Hidrogênio/química , Metano/química , Polímeros/química , Anaerobiose , Reatores Biológicos , Simulação por Computador , Desenho de Equipamento , Estudos de Viabilidade , Gases , Membranas Artificiais
17.
Water Res ; 35(4): 1111-4, 2001 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11235879

RESUMO

A granular activated carbon (GAC) anaerobic fluidised-bed reactor treating vinasse from an ethanol distillery of sugar beet molasses was operated for 90 days, the first 40 days of start-up followed by 50 days of operation at constant organic loading rate of 1.7g COD/Ld. The reactor showed good performance in terms of organic matter removal but an anomalous behaviour in terms of unusual high concentrations of molecular nitrogen in the biogas. The analysis of the different nitrogenous and sulphur compounds and the mass balances of these compounds in the liquid and gas phases clearly indicated an uncommon evolution of nitrogen and sulphur in the reactor. About 50% of the nitrogen entering the reactor as total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was removed from the liquid phase appearing as N2 in the gas phase. Simultaneously, only 20% of the S-SO4(2-) initially present in the influent appears as S-S2- in the effluent or S-H2S in the biogas, indicating that 80% of the sulphur is removed. This behaviour has not been reported previously in the literature. These observations may suggest a new anaerobic removal process of ammonia and sulphate according to an uncommon mechanism involving simultaneous anaerobic ammonium oxidation and sulphate reduction.


Assuntos
Nitrogênio/isolamento & purificação , Enxofre/isolamento & purificação , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificação , Purificação da Água/métodos , Anaerobiose , Reatores Biológicos
18.
Water Sci Technol ; 44(4): 1-6, 2001.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11575071

RESUMO

In Cuba, the alcohol distillation process from cane sugar molasses, produces a final waste (vinasse), with an enormous polluting potential and a high sulfate content. Applying the anaerobic technology, most of the biodegradable organic matter can turn into biogas, rich in methane but with concentrations of sulfide above 1%. The present work develops two experiences with anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBR) using both Cuban raw material, activated carbon and natural zeolite, as support media, with the purpose of obtaining high organic matter removal rates and keeping sulfide and ammonium concentrations in the permissible ranges. The reactors were operated during 120 days, achieving an organic loading rate of 10 kg COD/m3 day, with COD removal above 70%, and a methane production of 2 L/d. The activated carbon and natural zeolite used support materials in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors, and showed good results of distillery waste removal.


Assuntos
Carbono/química , Resíduos Industriais , Eliminação de Resíduos/métodos , Zeolitas/química , Bebidas Alcoólicas , Bactérias Anaeróbias/fisiologia , Biodegradação Ambiental , Metano/análise , Melaço
19.
Water Sci Technol ; 44(4): 15-22, 2001.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11575078

RESUMO

A granular activated carbon (GAC) anaerobic fluidised bed reactor treating vinasse from an ethanol distillery of sugar beet molasses was operated for 250 days under three different organic loading rates. The reactor showed good performance in terms of organic matter removal and methane production but an anomalous behaviour in terms of unusual high concentrations of molecular nitrogen and low concentration of hydrogen sulphide in the biogas. The analysis of the different nitrogenous and sulphur compounds and the mass balances of these species in the liquid and gas phases clearly indicated an uncommon evolution of nitrogen and sulphur in the reactor. Up to 55% of the TKN and up to 80% of the sulphur disappear in the liquid phase. This is the opposite to any previously reported results in the bibliography. The new postulated anaerobic process of ammonia and sulphate removal seems to follow the mechanism: SO4 = +2 NH4+-->S + N2 + 4H2O (delta G degree = -47.8 kJ/mol).


Assuntos
Resíduos Industriais , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Eliminação de Resíduos/métodos , Sulfatos/metabolismo , Bebidas Alcoólicas , Bactérias Anaeróbias/fisiologia , Metano/análise , Modelos Químicos , Melaço
20.
Water Sci Technol ; 44(4): 255-62, 2001.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11575091

RESUMO

The paper presents the experimental results collected from seven months of operation of a combined anaerobic/aerobic system treating an industrial effluent with averaged content of organic matter and nitrogen of 10.4 g COD/L and 790 mg NKT/L, respectively. The system was formed by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and an upflow biological aerated filter (UBAF) connected in series, with a recycling line of the UBAF effluent into the UASB for its denitrification. The best results were obtained when operating the two reactors, UASB and UBAF, with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 3.3 and 1.3 days, respectively, and a recycling ratio of 6.7. Under these conditions the system removed 98% of the organic matter and ammonia and 91% of the total nitrogen entering the system. The activity of the different microorganisms was followed through activity assays consisting of measuring the consumption or production rate of any specific substrate or metabolism product. Thus when operating the system under the aforementioned conditions the reported values for the specific activity of methanogenic microorganisms and denitrifiers coexisting in the UASB were 1.05 g COD/g VS d and 32.08 mg NO3-N/g VS d, respectively. While the activity of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers within the UBAF were 47.65 and 4.36 mg O2/g VS h, respectively.


Assuntos
Bactérias Aeróbias/fisiologia , Bactérias Anaeróbias/fisiologia , Resíduos Industriais , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Amônia/análise , Compostos Orgânicos , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Purificação da Água/métodos
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