RESUMO
This work aimed to evaluate the whole-organism and cellular level responses to different combinations of water temperature and salinity of the notothenioid Patagonotothen cornucola at the end of the yolk-sac larval stage. Egg masses of the species were collected in the wild and then maintained at natural water conditions (4 °C and 30 PSU). Newly hatched larvae were placed in aquaria with different combinations of water temperature (4 °C, 12 °C, and 16 °C) and salinity (15 and 30 PSU) during four days before yolk sac absorption. Larvae exposed to 12 °C grew more in length than those exposed to 16 °C, but yolk volume was more reduced in larvae exposed to 16 °C than those exposed to 4 °C and 30 PSU than of 15 PSU. In addition, a higher proportion of larvae exposed to 12 °C and 15 PSU completely absorbed their yolk. Whereas the more tolerant larvae to high temperatures were those exposed to 16 °C and 30 PSU, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were highest at natural and at 12 °C and 30 PSU conditions, respectively. The nutritional status (as standardized DNA/RNA index-sRD -) was low in all cases, even at natural conditions (average sRD ~ 1). Our study suggests that, in the context of climate change, the mortality rate of yolk-sac larvae of P. cornucola would not increase due to temperature or salinity stress. However, indirect effects (such as habitat degradation or changes in food availability) would be critical after complete absorption of the yolk.
Assuntos
Perciformes , Salinidade , Animais , Peixes , Larva , Perciformes/fisiologia , Temperatura , Água , Saco VitelinoRESUMO
This study reports the phenotypic and genetic differences between individuals of puyen Galaxias maculatus from two sites in the same river basin in Tierra del Fuego National Park, southern South America. Individuals from the two sampling sites presented morphometric and genetic differences. The morphometric differences indicated that individuals from Laguna Negra (LN) were short and more robust and had large eyes, whereas those from Arroyo Negro (AN) were thin and elongated and had small eyes. Genetic differences showed that AN individuals had a greater genetic structuration and an older demographic history than LN individuals. The results of this study affirmed that the individuals from the two sampling sites belong to different populations with a high degree of isolation. The demographic history could indicate that the individuals of G. maculatus which migrated to northern areas during the last glaciation settled in the Beagle Channel after its formation. The LN population could have originated after the retreat of the glaciers, migrating from AN.
Assuntos
Osmeriformes/classificação , Osmeriformes/genética , Animais , Osmeriformes/anatomia & histologia , América do Sul , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Estimar si los pacientes odontológicos están dispuestos a pagar (DAP) más por sus citas sabiendo que la clínica donde asisten implementó medidas de bioseguridad para evitar el contagio del COVID-19. De igual manera, si dicho pago varía dependiendo del tipo de tratamiento odontológico, así como si el paciente presenta algún tipo de comorbilidad. Materiales y métodos: Desarrollo y aplicación de encuestas en línea a una muestra de 423 pacientes odontológicos en México con diferentes tratamientos y presencia de comorbilidad si estuvieran dispuestos a pagar por su atención ante la emergencia COVID por las medidas de bioseguridad utilizando un análisis estadístico de medias. La encuesta se aplicó en los meses de septiembre a noviembre de 2020. Resultados: Se estimó que aproximadamente el 32% cancelaría sus citas dentales por miedo a contraer COVID-19; sin embargo, casi un 45% estarían DAP un monto extra en la cita, si el consultorio o clínica implementa estrictas medidas de bioseguridad. Estos porcentajes, tanto de la cancelación de cita, como de la disponibilidad a pagar adicional, se incrementa si el paciente presenta alguna comorbilidad. Conclusiones: Los pacientes de la muestra están dispuestos a pagar un monto excedente por sus citas sabiendo que los consultorios implementaron medidas de bioseguridad, y más si son pacientes que presentan alguna comorbilidad. Así mismo, dichos consultorios podrían recibir algún apoyo del Gobierno para el bienestar de toda la sociedad.
Abstract Objective: Estimate whether dental patients are willing to pay (DAP) more for their appointments knowing that the clinic where they attend implemented biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Similarly, if said payment varies depending on the type of dental treatment, as well as if the patient has some type of comorbidity. Materials and methods: Development and application of online surveys to a sample of 423 dental patients in Mexico with different treatments and presence of comorbidity if they were willing to pay for their care in the face of the COVID emergency for biosecurity measures using a statistical analysis of means . The survey was applied in the months of September to November 2020. Results: It was estimated that approximately 32% would cancel their dental appointments for fear of contracting COVID-19; however, almost 45% would be DAP an extra amount in the appointment, if the office or clinic implements strict biosecurity measures. These percentages, both for appointment cancellation and willingness to pay additional, are increased if the patient has any comorbidity. Conclusions: The patients in the sample are willing to pay an excess amount for their appointments knowing that the offices have implemented biosafety measures, and more so if they are patients with some comorbidity. Likewise, these clinics could receive some support from the Government for the well-being of the entire society.