Determinants of genetic counseling uptake and its impact on breast cancer outcome: a population-based study.

Genetic counseling and BRCA1/BRCA2 genes testing are routinely offered in a clinical setting. However, no data are available on the proportion of breast cancer patients with a positive family history undergoing genetic counseling. By linking databases of the Oncogenetics and Cancer Prevention Unit at the Geneva University Hospitals and the population-based Geneva Cancer Registry, we evaluated the uptake of genetic counseling among 1709 breast cancer patients with familial risk of breast cancer and the determinants of such a consultation process. We also studied the impact of genetic counseling on contralateral breast cancer occurrence and survival. Overall, 191 (11.2 %) breast cancer patients had genetic counseling; this proportion was 25.1 % within the high familial risk group. Recent period of diagnosis, early-onset breast cancer, female offspring, high familial risk, tumor size, and chemotherapy treatment were statistically significantly associated with genetic counseling uptake in multivariate analysis. More than 2 % of patients had developed contralateral metachronous breast cancer. An increased risk of contralateral breast cancer of borderline significance was found for patients who had genetic counseling versus those who had not (Cox model adjusted hazard ratio 2.2, 95 % confidence intervals 1.0-5.2, P = 0.063). Stratification by BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation status showed that the occurrence of contralateral breast cancer was 8-fold higher among mutation carriers compared with non-carriers. Age-adjusted overall survival and breast cancer-specific survival were not significantly different between patients who underwent genetic counseling and those who did not. In conclusion, we observed a significant increase in the use of genetic counseling over time and found that breast cancer patients with high familial risk had more often genetic counseling than those with moderate familial risk. A more thorough evaluation of sociodemographic and clinical predictors to attend the cancer genetic unit may help improving the use of genetic counseling services for at-risk individuals at a population level.

Risk of second breast cancer according to estrogen receptor status and family history.

A recent study reported an increased risk of contralateral estrogen-negative breast cancer after a first primary estrogen-negative breast cancer. Our study aims to confirm this result and to evaluate how the risk of second breast cancer occurrence is affected by family history of breast cancer and anti-estrogen treatment. We included all 4,152 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1995 and 2007, using data from the population-based Geneva Cancer Registry. We compared the incidence of second breast cancer among patients according to estrogen receptor (ER) status with that expected in the general population by age-period Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIRs). Among the cohort, 63 women developed second breast cancer. Patients with ER-positive first tumors had a decreased risk of second breast cancer occurrence (SIR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48-0.90), whereas patients with ER-negative primary tumors had an increased risk (SIR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.19-3.09) limited to ER-negative second tumors (SIR: 7.94, 95% CI: 3.81-14.60). Patients with positive family history had a tenfold (SIR: 9.74, 95% CI: 3.57-21.12) higher risk of ER-negative second tumor which increased to nearly 50-fold (SIR: 46.18, 95% CI: 12.58-118.22) when the first tumor was ER-negative. Treatment with anti-estrogen decreased the risk of second ER-positive tumors but not ER-negative tumors. The risk of second ER-negative breast cancer is very high after a first ER-negative tumor, in particular among women with strong family history. Surveillance and prevention of second cancer occurrence should consider both ER status of the first tumor and family history.

Changing pattern of age-specific breast cancer incidence in the Swiss canton of Geneva.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use declined sharply after mid-2002, when the Women's Health Initiative trial reported an association between breast cancer occurrence and HRT. Hypothesized mechanism behind this association is that HRT promotes growth of pre-existing small tumors, leading to earlier tumor detection. We evaluated the impact of the sudden decline in HRT use on age distribution of breast cancer in Geneva. We included all incident breast cancer cases recorded from 1975 to 2006 at the Geneva cancer registry. We calculated mean annual incidence rates per 100,000 for 2 year periods for three age groups and assessed temporal changes by joinpoint regression. We compared age-specific incidence curves for different periods, reflecting different prevalence rates of HRT use. After increasing constantly between 1986 and 2002 among women aged 50-69 years [annual percent change (APC): +4.4, P < 0.0001], rates declined sharply after 2003 (APC: -6.0; P = 0.0264). Age-specific breast cancer rates changed dramatically with changes in prevalence of HRT use. During low HRT prevalence, breast cancer incidence increased progressively with age, when HRT prevalence was reaching its maximum (1995-2002), higher rates were seen in 60- to 64-year-old women, with a concomitant decrease in risk among elderly. After the sudden decline in HRT use, the incidence peak diminished significantly and incidence increased again with age. Following the abrupt decline in HRT use in Geneva, breast cancer incidence rates among post-menopausal women decreased considerably with striking changes in age-specific incidence rates before, during and after the peak in HRT prevalence.

Impact of experience in breast cancer surgery on survival: the role of quality of care in a registry-based cohort.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: Previous studies have suggested that the surgeon's experience in breast cancer surgery may affect patient survival. In this registry-based retrospective cohort study, we examined whether quality of care could partly explain this association. METHODS: All invasive breast cancers operated on in the private sector between 2000 and 2009 were identified in the Geneva Cancer Registry and followed up for 5 years. Surgeons were classified according to their experience into three categories: ≤5, 6-10, >10 breast cancer operations performed per year. We extracted patient and tumour characteristics. Quality of care was scored as the proportion of 11 quality indicators correctly fulfilled for each patient. Breast cancer-specific mortality was examined with a Cox model adjusted for variables known to affect survival, surgeon experience, and quality of care. RESULTS: A total of 1489 patients were operated on by 88 surgeons; 50 patients (3.4%) died from breast cancer during the 5 years of follow-up. Socioeconomic status and country of birth of the patients, as well as period of diagnosis, differed according to the surgeons' experience. Quality of care provided improved with surgeons' experience. Surgeons performing >10 operations/year more frequently assessed histology before surgery, excised sentinel lymph nodes, removed ≥10 lymph nodes, and prescribed adjuvant radiotherapy when indicated. Crude breast cancer-specific mortality was lower in patients treated by surgeons performing >10 compared with ≤5 operations/year (hazard ratio [HR] 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.17-0.67; p = 0.002). The strength of the association decreased after adjustment for patient and tumour characteristics (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21-0.94; p = 0.034) and decreased further after adjustment for quality of care (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.24-1.08, p = 0.078). CONCLUSIONS: The association between surgeon's experience and 5-year breast cancer survival is at least partly explained by quality of care, patient and tumour characteristics. Further investigations on the impact of other quality indicators such as multidisciplinary networks are needed.

Recent trends in prostate cancer mortality show a continuous decrease in several countries.

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening was introduced to detect prostate cancer at an early stage and to reduce prostate cancer-specific mortality. Until results from clinical trials are available, the efficacy of PSA screening in reducing prostate cancer mortality can be estimated by surveillance of prostate cancer mortality trends. Our study analyzes recent trends in prostate cancer mortality in 38 countries. We used the IARC-WHO cancer mortality database and performed joinpoint analysis to examine prostate cancer mortality trends and identified 3 patterns. In USA, and to a lesser extent in Germany, Switzerland, Canada, France, Italy and Spain, prostate cancer-specific mortality decreased to a level lower than before the introduction of PSA screening. In Australia, New Zealand, Austria, Finland, The Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, Hungary, Slovakia, Israel, Singapore, Sweden and Portugal, mortality from prostate cancer decreased but rates remain higher than before the introduction of PSA screening. Prostate cancer mortality continued to increase in Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Belarus, Ukraine, Russian Federation, Romania, Poland, Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, Japan, China Hong Kong and the Republic of Korea. The trends in prostate cancer mortality rates in examined countries suggest that PSA screening may be effective in reducing mortality from prostate cancer.

Increased risk of colon cancer after external radiation therapy for prostate cancer.

Radiotherapy can induce second cancers. Controversies still exist regarding the risk of second malignancies after irradiation for prostate cancer. We evaluated the risk of developing colon and rectum cancers after prostate cancer in irradiated and nonirradiated patients. Using data from the population-based Geneva cancer registry, we included in the study all men with prostate cancer diagnosed between 1980 and 1998 who survived at least 5 years after diagnosis. Of the 1,134 patients, 264 were treated with external radiotherapy. Patients were followed for occurrence of colorectal cancer up to 31 December, 2003. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) using incidence rates for the general population to obtain the expected cancer incidence. The cohort yielded to 3,798 person-years. At the end of follow-up 19 patients had developed a colorectal cancer. Among irradiated patients the SIR for colorectal cancer was 3.4 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.7-6.0). Compared to the general population, the risk was significantly higher for colon cancer (SIR = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.8-7.6), but not for rectal cancer (SIR = 2.0, 95% CI: 0.2-7.2). The risk of colon cancer was increased in the period of 5-9 years after diagnosis (SIR = 4.7, 95% CI: 2.0-9.2). The overall SIR of secondary cancer in patients treated with radiotherapy was 1.35 (p = 0.056). Nonirradiated patients did not have any increased risk of rectal or colon cancer. This study shows a significant increase of colon but not rectum cancer after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The risk of second cancer after irradiation, although probably small, needs nevertheless to be carefully monitored.

Family history of breast or ovarian cancer modifies the risk of secondary leukemia after breast cancer: results from a population-based study.

We evaluated the impact of a family history of breast/ovarian cancer on the risk of secondary leukemia following breast cancer. At the Geneva cancer registry, we identified 4,397 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1990 and 2004. Patients were followed up for leukemia until the end of 2005. Family history was categorized as positive in patients with >or=1 first- or second-degree relative with breast/ovarian cancer. We compared leukemia rates in patients with positive and negative family histories with those expected in the general population, generating standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). With Cox regression analysis, we calculated adjusted risks of secondary leukemia in patients with familial risks compared to those without it. Breast cancer patients had a significantly increased risk of secondary acute leukemia (SIR 3.2, 95% CI: 1.2-6.9) but not of chronic leukemia (SIR 1.6, 95% CI: 0.6-3.5). Among patients with a positive family history (n = 1.125, 25.6%), the SIRs were 5.7 (95% CI: 1.2-16.6) for acute and 5.2 (95% CI: 1.4-13.3) for chronic leukemia. Among breast cancer patients, family history was independently associated with leukemia [adjusted hazard ratio (HR(adj)) of 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1-9.2, among patient with vs. without family history]. The effect of family history was stronger for chronic leukemia (HR(adj): 11.6, 95% CI 1.3-104.7) than for acute leukemia (HR(adj) 1.6, 95% CI: 0.4-6.6). Breast cancer patients with a family history of breast/ovarian have an increased risk of secondary leukemia, both compared to the general population as well as to breast cancer patients without family histories. This excess risk is largely due to the increased risk of secondary chronic leukemia.

Increased risk of second cancer among patients with ovarian borderline tumors.

OBJECTIVES: Several studies have demonstrated a higher risk of colorectal and breast cancers subsequent to invasive ovarian cancer. Such risk has not been investigated for ovarian borderline tumors. We aim to evaluate the risk of subsequent cancer occurrence among patients with borderline ovarian tumors in a population-based setting. METHODS: We identified 171 patients with a diagnosis of borderline ovarian tumors recorded at the Geneva Cancer Registry, Switzerland. We calculated age and period standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of second tumor occurrence by dividing the number of observed cases by the number of expected cases in the cohort, using cancer incidence rates of the general female population. RESULTS: The risk of developing second cancer was 1.85-fold (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.10-2.92, n=16) higher among women with borderline ovarian tumors compared to that expected in the general population. The excess of risk primarily concerned colorectal cancer (SIR: 3.97, CI: 1.38-12.95, n=5) and breast cancer (SIR: 2.09, CI: 0.84-4.31, n=7), but the latter result was not statistically significant (p=0.09). The increased risk of developing second cancer was mainly observed among patients diagnosed with ovarian borderline tumors occurring before the age of 50. These results were not explained by surveillance bias or by metastasis from one site to another. CONCLUSION: Women with ovarian borderline tumors have an increased risk of developing secondary cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. These results point to potential common risk factors for these tumors and ask for close surveillance of patients with borderline ovarian tumors.

Short- and long-term mortality with localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: No clear guidelines exist for managing localized prostate cancer because clinical studies have not yet established which treatment provides the best long-term outcome. We assessed the effect of treatment on prostate cancer-specific mortality considering the determinants of treatment and prognosis. METHODS: The population-based cohort included all 844 patients having a diagnosis of localized prostate cancer between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1998, in Geneva, Switzerland. Treatments included prostatectomy (n = 158), radiotherapy (n = 205), watchful waiting (n = 378), hormone therapy (n = 72), and other types of therapy (n = 31). We compared survival curves using the log-rank test. With multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis and propensity score methods, we evaluated the independent effect of treatments on prostate cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS: Treatment options only slightly influenced 5-year prostate cancer-specific mortality but had an important effect on long-term mortality. Ten-year specific survival was 83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73%-93%), 75% (95% CI, 67%-83%), and 72% (95% CI, 66%-80%) for patients who underwent surgery, radiotherapy, and watchful waiting, respectively (P < .001). At 10 years, patients treated with radiotherapy or watchful waiting had a significantly increased risk of death from prostate cancer compared with patients who underwent prostatectomy (multiadjusted hazard ratio, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.2-4.3] and 2.0 [95% CI, 1.1-3.8], respectively). The increased mortality associated with radiotherapy and watchful waiting was primarily observed in patients younger than 70 years and in patients with poorly differentiated tumors (Gleason score > or = 7; reference, 1 [best]-10 [worst]). Patients who received hormone therapy alone already had an increased risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality at 5 years (hazard ratio, 3.5 [95% CI, 1.4-8.7]). CONCLUSIONS: Our study results suggest that surgery offers the best chance of long-term prostate cancer-specific survival, in particular for younger patients and patients with poorly differentiated tumors. Until clinical trials provide conclusive evidence, physicians and patients should be informed of these results and their limitations.

Remarkable change in age-specific breast cancer incidence in the Swiss canton of Geneva and its possible relation with the use of hormone replacement therapy.

BACKGROUND: This article aims to explain the reasons for the remarkable change in age of breast cancer occurrence in the Swiss canton of Geneva. METHODS: We used population-based data from the Geneva cancer registry, which collects information on method of detection, stage and tumour characteristics since 1975. For patients diagnosed between 1997-2003, we obtained additional information on use of hormone replacement therapy from a large prospective study on breast cancer. Using generalized log linear regression analysis, we compared age-specific incidence rates with respect to period, stage, oestrogen receptor status, method of detection and use of hormone replacement therapy. RESULTS: In the periods 1975-1979 and 1985-1989, breast cancer risk increased with age, showing the highest incidence rates among women aged >or= 85 years. From 1997, the age-specific incidence curve changed completely (p < 0.0001), showing an incidence peak at 60-64 years and a reduced incidence among elderly women. This incidence peak concerned mainly early stage and oestrogen positive cancers and was exclusively observed among women who ever used hormone replacement therapy, regardless whether the tumour was screen-detected or not. CONCLUSION: The increasing prevalence of hormone replacement therapy use during the 1990s could explain the important change in age-specific breast cancer incidence, not only by increasing breast cancer risk, but also by revealing breast cancer at an earlier age.

Undertreatment strongly decreases prognosis of breast cancer in elderly women.

PURPOSE: No consensus exists on therapy of elderly cancer patients. Treatments are influenced by unclear standards and are usually less aggressive. This study aims to evaluate determinants and effect of treatment choice on breast cancer prognosis among elderly patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed clinical files of 407 breast cancer patients aged >/= 80 years recorded at the Geneva Cancer Registry between 1989 and 1999. Patient and tumor characteristics, general health status, comorbidity, treatment, and cause of death were considered. We evaluated determinants of treatment by logistic regression and effect of treatment on mortality by Cox model, accounting for prognostic factors. RESULTS: Age was independently linked to the type of treatment. Overall, 12% of women (n = 48) had no treatment, 32% (n = 132) received tamoxifen only, 7% (n = 28) had breast-conserving surgery only, 33% (n = 133) had mastectomy, 14% (n = 57) had breast-conserving surgery plus adjuvant therapy, and 2% (n = 9) received miscellaneous treatments. Five-year specific breast cancer survival was 46%, 51%, 82%, and 90% for women with no treatment, tamoxifen alone, mastectomy, and breast-conserving surgery plus adjuvant treatment, respectively. Compared with the nontreated group, the adjusted hazard ratio of breast cancer mortality was 0.4 (95% CI, 0.2 to 0.7) for tamoxifen alone, 0.4 (95% CI, 0.1 to 1.4) for breast-conserving surgery alone, 0.2 (95% CI, 0.1 to 0.7) for mastectomy, and 0.1 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.4) for breast-conserving surgery plus adjuvant treatment. CONCLUSION: Half of elderly patients with breast cancer are undertreated, with strongly decreased specific survival as a consequence. Treatments need to be adapted to the patient's health status, but also should offer the best chance of cure.

Survival of young and older breast cancer patients in Geneva from 1990 to 2001.

The effect of age on breast cancer survival is still a matter of controversy. Breast cancer in young women is thought to be more aggressive and to have worse prognosis but results from clinical research have been neither consistent nor definitive. In this study, we have assessed the impact of young age at diagnosis on tumor characteristics, treatment and survival of breast cancer. The study included 82 very young (< or = 35 years), 790 young (36-49), and 2125 older (50-69) women recorded between 1990 and 2001 at the Geneva Cancer Registry. Very young and young patients had more often stage II cancers (P = 0.009), poorly differentiated (P < 0.001) and estrogen receptor negative (P < 0.001) tumors. They were also more likely to receive chemotherapy (P < 0.001) and less likely to receive hormonal therapy (P < 0.001). Specific five-year survival was not different in the three groups (91%, 90%, and 89% for very young, young and older, respectively). When adjusting for all prognostic variables, age was not significantly related to mortality from breast cancer with a hazard ratio of 0.8 (95% CI: 0.3-2.0) for very young and 1.1 (95% CI: 0.8-1.4) for young patients compared to older women. Tumor stage, differentiation, estrogen receptor status, surgery, and radiotherapy were all independent determinants of breast cancer prognosis. We conclude that age is not an independent prognostic factor when accounting for breast tumor characteristics and treatment.

Breast-conserving surgery has equivalent effect as mastectomy on stage I breast cancer prognosis only when followed by radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early-stage breast cancer is increasing and consequently the use of breast-conserving surgery (BCS). We examined the effect of mastectomy and BCS on overall and breast cancer survival in routine health care in Geneva, Switzerland. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included all stage I breast cancers treated by surgery (n=1046) recorded at the Geneva Cancer Registry between 1988 and 1999. The effect of treatment type was evaluated by Cox models, which accounted for confounders. RESULTS: Overall, 780 (75%) women had BCS with radiotherapy, 57 (5%) BCS alone and 209 (20%) mastectomy. The overall 10-year survival was 86, 56, and 72%, respectively. The effect of BCS with radiotherapy was similar to that of mastectomy for both breast cancer mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.67; 95%CI, 0.31-1.38) and other causes of mortality (HR, 0.79; 95%CI, 0.49-1.28). Women with BCS alone had higher mortality from breast cancer (HR, 3.95; 95%CI, 1.59-9.84). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study shows that BCS plus radiotherapy is the predominant treatment in routine practice for stage I breast cancer in Geneva, with the same effect on survival as mastectomy. In this data set the addition of radiotherapy to BCS substantially reduces mortality from breast cancer without increasing other causes of mortality after 10 years of follow-up.

Impact of family history of breast cancer on tumour characteristics, treatment, risk of second cancer and survival among men with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer patients have a higher risk of developing a second primary cancer, but whether this risk differs according to the family history of breast or ovarian cancers remains to be elucidated. We aimed to determine the effect of a positive family history among men diagnosed with breast cancer on tumour characteristics, treatment, second cancer occurrence and overall survival. METHODS: We included 46 patients with known information on the family history of breast or ovarian cancer recorded at the Geneva Cancer Registry between 1970 and 2009. We compared patients with and without a family history with chi-square of heterogeneity, risk of second cancer with standardised incidence ratios (SIRs), and overall survival by Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS: Approximately 20% of men with breast cancer had a positive family history. No differences were observed between men with and without familial risk except that patients with increased risk were more likely to receive radiotherapy and hormone therapy when compared with patients without familial risk. This more complete therapy is likely to be explained by the heightened awareness of cancer treatment among breast cancer patients with affected family members. Six men developed a second cancer. SIRs for second cancer were not significantly increased among patients with or without familial risk (1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23-6.97 and 1.04, 95% CI 0.28-2.66, respectively). Overall survival was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis was similar among patients with or without familial risk. Our results are however based on small numbers and larger registry-based cohorts of males with precise data on familial risk are still warranted.

Lung cancer mortality risk among breast cancer patients treated with anti-estrogens.

BACKGROUND: The Women's Health Initiative randomized clinical trial reported that menopausal hormone therapy increases lung cancer mortality risk. If this is true, use of anti-estrogens should be associated with decreased lung cancer mortality risk. The authors compared lung cancer incidence and mortality among breast cancer patients with and without anti-estrogen therapy. METHODS: Our study included all 6655 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1980 and 2003 and registered at the Geneva Cancer Registry. Among these women, 46% (3066) received anti-estrogens. All women were followed for occurrence and death from lung cancer until December 2007. The authors compared incidence and mortality rates among patients with and without anti-estrogens with those expected in the general population by Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIRs) and Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs). RESULTS: After a total of 57,257 person-years, 40 women developed lung cancer. SIRs for lung cancer were not significantly decreased among breast cancer patients with and without anti-estrogens (0.63, 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.33-1.10; and 1.12, 95% CI, 0.74-1.62, respectively) while SMR was decreased among women with anti-estrogens (0.13, 95% CI, 0.02-0.47, P<.001) but not for women without anti-estrogens (0.76, 95% CI, 0.43-1.23). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with expected outcomes in the general population, breast cancer patients receiving anti-estrogen treatment for breast cancer had lower lung cancer mortality. This study further supports the hypothesis that estrogen therapy modifies lung cancer prognosis.

Incidental detection of synchronous primary tumours during staging workup for prostate cancer.

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: To assess the prevalence of incidental synchronous primary cancers discovered by abdominal CT scan among prostate cancer patients. METHODS: Patients with prostate cancer in Geneva, Switzerland, were retrospectively analysed regarding incidental diagnosis of synchronous second primary malignancies, including a cohort of 398 patients treated from 1991 through 2001 with radical radiotherapy (RT) and a second cohort of 419 patients treated from 1991 through 2001 by radical prostatectomy (RP) in order to analyse the differences between RT and RP patients. Both cohorts were evaluated regarding incidence of synchronous second primary cancers, compared with that expected in the general population (Standardized Incidence Ratio, SIR). The influence of staging workup on the diagnosis of incidental primary malignancies was studied. RESULTS: Six synchronous cancers (4 renal, 1 pancreatic, 1 rectal) were observed on abdomino-pelvic CT-scan among 480 patients (398 RT patients and 82 RP patients) (1.2%), who had been subjected to staging workup. For renal-cell carcinomas (RCC) in 398 RT patients (RCC) SIR was 18.19 (CI [Confidence Interval] 4.96-46.57), (p <0.001). After exclusion of 12 patients from RP cohort (n:419) in whom the prostate cancer was an incidental finding during surgery for bladder cancer (SIR 33.50 [CI 17.83-57.28]), (p <0.001), 407 patients were observed. There was no synchronous RCC among 325 RP patients who had no CT-scan. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with prostate cancer, abdominopelvic CT staging detects incidental second primary cancers (mostly commonly RCC) with a greater frequency than that expected.

Survival according to the site of bronchial microscopic residual disease after lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We performed a retrospective study evaluating the effect on survival of different sites of microscopic residual disease at the bronchial resection margin after surgical intervention for non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Survival of patients with different sites of residual disease was compared with survival of patients with curative resections, taking the pathologic TNM stage of the tumor into consideration. RESULTS: There was a trend for patients with stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer with residual disease limited to the epithelium and with peribronchial invasion to behave like patients with complete resections (61% and 41% five-year survival for stage I and II disease, respectively). This contrasts with patients with submucosal invasion and lymphatic infiltration, among whom there were no survivors at 5 years. There was no difference in survival between curative resections and residual disease of any type when the tumor was stage III or IV. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with stage I and II disease, when residual disease consists of submucosal invasion or lymphatic infiltration, specific and aggressive treatments to clear residual margins might be contemplated because of their possible adverse effect on survival. This contrasts with patients with stage III and IV disease, in whom survival is more related to the stage of the primary tumor than to residual disease.

Impact of socioeconomic status on prostate cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic disparities on prostate cancer presentation, treatment, and prognosis in Geneva, Switzerland, in which healthcare costs, medical coverage, and life expectancy are considered to be among the highest in the world. METHODS: This population-based study included all patients diagnosed with invasive prostate cancer among the resident population between 1995 and 2005. Patients were divided into 3 socioeconomic groups according to their last known occupation. Compared were patient and tumor characteristics and treatment patterns between socioeconomic groups. Cox multivariate regression analysis was used to assess and explain socioeconomic inequalities in prostate cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS: Compared with patients of high socioeconomic class, those of low socioeconomic class were more often foreigners, were found less frequently to have screen-detected cancer, were found to have a more advanced stage of disease at diagnosis, and less often had information regarding disease characteristics and staging. These patients underwent prostatectomy less frequently and were more often managed with watchful waiting. The risk of dying as a result of prostate cancer (hazards ratio [HR]) in patients of a low versus high socioeconomic status was increased 2-fold (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.5-2.6). After adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics and treatment, the mortality risk was no longer found to be significantly increased (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8-1.6). CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, patients of low socioeconomic class were found to be at increased risk of dying as a result of their prostate cancer. This increased mortality is largely attributable to delayed diagnosis, poor diagnostic workup, and less invasive treatments in these individuals.

Lymph node ratio as an alternative to pN staging in node-positive breast cancer.

PURPOSE: In the current pTNM classification system, nodal status of breast cancer is based on the number of involved lymph nodes and does not account for the total number of lymph nodes removed. In this study, we assessed the prognostic value of the lymph node ratio (LNR; ie, ratio of positive over excised lymph nodes) as compared with pN staging and determined its optimal cutoff points. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From the Geneva Cancer Registry, we identified all women diagnosed with node-positive breast cancer between 1980 and 2004 (n = 1,829). The prognostic value of LNRs was calculated for values ranging from 0.05 to 0.95 by Cox regression analysis and validated by bootstrapping. Based on maximum likelihood, we identified cutoff points classifying women into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk LNR groups. RESULTS: Optimal cutoff points classified patients into low- (< or = 0.20), intermediate- (> 0.20 and < or = 0.65), and high-risk (> 0.65) LNR groups, corresponding to 10-year disease-specific survival rates of 75%, 63%, and 40%, and adjusted mortality risks of 1 (reference), 1.78 (95% CI, 1.46 to 2.18), and 3.21 (95% CI, 2.54 to 4.06), respectively. In contrast to LNR risk categories, survival curves of pN2 and pN3 crossed after 15 years, and their adjusted mortality risks showed overlapping CIs: 2.07 (95% CI, 1.69 to 2.53) and 2.84 (95% CI, 2.23 to 3.61), respectively. CONCLUSION: LNR predicts survival after breast cancer more accurately than pN classification and should be considered as an alternative to pN staging.