Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and lipid profile ratio as cardiovascular risk markers in children with obesity.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity has been shown to be associated with low levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of sRAGE and its association with the lipid index in children with obesity. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of children with obesity aged between six and 11 years. Anthropometric measurements, glucose, lipid profile, insulin and sRAGE were evaluated; body mass index, total cholesterol/high-density cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), triglycerides/glucose (TG/glucose), and triglycerides/HDL-C (TG-HDL-C) ratios and HOMA-IR were also calculated. RESULTS: Eighty children were studied, among which 50% were males and 50% females. Females had higher values for waist circumference, HOMA-IR, and TG/HDL-C and TG/glucose ratios. No significant differences were found for sRAGE. When the variables were compared according to TG/HDL-C ratio tertiles, higher TC/HDL, TG/glucose, and sRAGE values were found at upper tertile. A significant correlation was observed between sRAGE and HOMA-IR (p < 0.03) in males, and between sRAGE and TG/HDL-C (p < 0.01) and TG/glucose ratios (p < 0.008) in females. CONCLUSIONS: The female gender showed more cardiovascular risk factors and higher sRAGE at TG/HDL-C upper tertile. Further studies are required to test the possible predictive effect of higher risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular complications.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha mostrado que la obesidad está asociada a niveles bajos de la forma soluble del receptor para productos finales de glicación avanzada (sRAGE). OBJETIVO: Evaluar los niveles de sRAGE y su asociación con el índice lipídico en niños con obesidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de niños de seis a 11 años de edad con obesidad. Se evaluaron medidas antropométricas, glucosa, perfil lipídico, insulina y sRAGE; también se calculó índice de masa corporal, colesterol total/C-HDL, triglicéridos/glucosa, triglicéridos/C-HDL y HOMA-IR. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 80 niños, 50 % hombres y 50 % mujeres. Las mujeres presentaron mayor perímetro de cintura, HOMA-IR, triglicéridos/C-HDL y triglicéridos/glucosa. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en sRAGE. Al comparar las variables conforme a los terciles de la relación triglicéridos/C-HDL, en el tercil superior se encontraron mayores valores de colesterol total/HDL, triglicéridos/glucosa y sRAGE. Se observó correlación significativa entre sRAGE y HOMA-IR (p < 0.03) en los hombres y entre sRAGE, triglicéridos/C-HDL (p < 0.01) y triglicéridos/glucosa (p < 0.008) en las mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: El sexo femenino mostró más factores de riesgo cardiovascular y mayor sRAGE en el tercil superior de triglicéridos/C-HDL. Se requieren más estudios para probar el posible efecto predictor de mayor riesgo para desarrollar complicaciones metabólicas y cardiovasculares.

Contribution of RAGE axis activation to the association between metabolic syndrome and cancer.

Far beyond the compelling proofs supporting that the metabolic syndrome represents a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, a growing body of evidence suggests that it is also a risk factor for different types of cancer. However, the involved molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood, and they have been mainly focused on the individual contributions of each component of the metabolic syndrome such as obesity, hyperglycemia, and high blood pressure to the development of cancer. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) axis activation has emerged as an important contributor to the pathophysiology of many clinical entities, by fueling a chronic inflammatory milieu, and thus supporting an optimal microenvironment to promote tumor growth and progression. In the present review, we intend to highlight that RAGE axis activation is a crosswise element on the potential mechanistic contributions of some relevant components of metabolic syndrome into the association with cancer.

Reduction of small dense LDL and Il-6 after intervention with Plantago psyllium in adolescents with obesity: a parallel, double blind, randomized clinical trial.

Obesity can lead children and adolescents to an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A diet supplemented with Plantago psyllium has been shown to be effective in reducing LDL-C and IL-6 in adolescents. However, there are no studies that have explored small-dense LDL (sdLDL) or HDL subclasses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a fiber dietary intervention on LDL and HDL subclasses in adolescents with obesity. In this parallel, double blind, randomized clinical trial, the participants were assigned to Plantago psyllium or placebo (10g/day for 7 weeks). We randomized 113 participants, and evaluated and analyzed 100 adolescents (50 in each group), 15 to 19 years with a body mass index of 29-34. We measured biochemical markers LDL and HDL subclasses using the Lipoprint system (Quantimetrix) and IL-6 by ELISA. Post-treatment there was a decrease in sdLDL between the groups 2.0 (0-5.0) vs 1 (0-3.0) mg/dl (p = 0.004), IL-6 median 3.32 (1.24-5.96) vs 1.76 (0.54-3.28) pg/ml, p <0.0001. There were no differences in HDL subclasses and no adverse effects were reported in either group.Conclusions: Small dense LDL and IL-6 reduced in adolescents with obesity when consuming Plantago psyllium. This may be an early good strategy for the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk in this vulnerable population.Trial registration: ISRCTN # 14180431. Date assigned 24/08/2020 What is Known: • Supplementing the diet with Plantago psyllium lowers LDL-C levels. What is New: • First evidence that soluble fiber supplementation like Plantago psyllium decreases small dense LDL particles in association with lowered IL-6, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in obese adolescents.

INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-1, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH FRUCTOSE CONSUMPTION IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY.

BACKGROUND: Over consumption of added sugar is associated with obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and insulin resistance (IR). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to study the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and NAFLD and their relationship with fructose consumption in children with obesity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in children 6-11 years old with obesity. Anthropometric measurements, fructose consumption, glucose, lipid profile, insulin, and IGFBP-1 levels were evaluated; the homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) was used. NAFLD was evaluated by ultrasound. RESULTS: We studied 83 children with a mean age of 9.2 ± 1.3 years. About 93% of the girls presented IR and lower levels of IGFBP-1 (p = 0.0001). The group with the lower levels of IGFBP-1 had higher HOMA-IR (p = 0.000002); IGFBP-1 was associated with fructose consumption (r = -0.25; p = 0.03), body mass index (BMI) (r=-0.42; p = 0.02), and HOMA-IR (r=-0.61; p = 0.002). About 81% of the children were classified as having mild or moderate/severe NAFLD, and these groups had higher HOMA-IR (p = 0.036) and fructose consumption (p = 0.0014). CONCLUSIONS: The girls had more metabolic alterations. The group with lower levels of IGFBP-1 (hepatic IR) was associated with higher BMI, HOMA-IR, and fructose consumption; the group with higher severity of NAFLD showed higher HOMA-IR and fructose consumption.

Higher D-lactate levels are associated with higher prevalence of small dense low-density lipoprotein in obese adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR), increased levels of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) as well as with augmented hepatic de novo lipogenesis, which implies increased triose phosphate fluxes that may lead to increased methylglyoxal (MG) and its catabolic end product D-lactate. We hypothesized that obese adolescents have increased D-lactate serum levels associated with high incidence of sd-LDL. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study where the anthropometric characteristics, atherogenic dyslipidemia complex, sd-LDL (Lipoprint, Quantimetrix) and D-lactate (kinetic enzymatic analysis) were explored in 30 lean vs. 30 obese adolescents (16 females and 14 males per group) without metabolic syndrome (MetS). Endothelial function by flow-mediated dilation (FMD, by ultrasound) and arterial lesion by carotid intima media thickness (CIMT, by ultrasound) were also measured. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 16.8 ± 1.4 years. Obese adolescents had a body mass index of 32.7 ± 3.8 vs. 21.8 ± 2.1 in lean participants. The obesity group showed higher D-lactate levels: 6.2 ± 3.0 vs. 4.5 ± 2.5 µmol/L, higher levels of insulin: 15 (9.6-23.5) vs. 7.9 (6.5-10.5) µIU/mL; triglyceride (TG): 1.46 (1.1-1.8) vs. 0.84 (0.6-1.2) mmol/L; non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (NON-HDL-C): 2.8 ± 0.9 vs. 2.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L; total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C) index: 2.9 ± 0.7 vs. 2.4 ± 0.5; TG/HDL-C index: 2.2 (1.5-2.8) vs. 1.1 (0.8-1.8); %LDL-3: 4.2 ± 4.07 vs. 1.9 ± 2.7; smaller LDL size: 270.6 ± 3 vs. 272.2 ± 1.1 Å. D-lactate correlated positively with LDL-2: r = 0.44 and LDL-3 (sd-LDL): r = 0.49 and negatively with large LDL-1: r = -0.48 and LDL size: r = -0.46; (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Obese adolescents showed higher CIMT: 0.51 ± 0.08 vs. 0.46 ± 0.08 mm and lower FMD: 20.3% ± 6.7% vs. 26.0% ± 9.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Obese adolescents display subclinical signs of IR and endothelial dysfunction. Higher serum sd-LDL levels correlated positively with D-lactate levels. These findings suggest an association between atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia and whole body MG fluxes already detectable in apparently healthy obese adolescents.

Advanced glycation end products and their receptors did not show any association with body mass parameters in metabolically healthy adolescents.

AIM: We determined the relationship between circulating advanced glycation end products (AGEs), AGE receptors and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in metabolically healthy obese and normal weight adolescents. METHODS: In 2015, we recruited 80 normal weight adolescents and 80 with obesity from schools Leon city, Mexico, and put them into metabolically healthy (HOMA-IR <3.0) and unhealthy (HOMA-IR >3.0) groups. We measured their body mass index (BMI) and carried out detailed blood analyses. RESULTS: We found a higher triglycerides, triglycerides/high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) index, HOMA-IR, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the metabolically healthy group and found correlations between HOMA-IR with BMI, the TG/HDL-C index and IL-6 and the TG/HDL-C index and BMI and (TNF-α). There was no correlation between markers of obesity and circulating N-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) or soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE). Some unhealthy adolescents had higher CML (15.5 ± 2.7 U/mL, p < 0.028) and sRAGE (3123 ± 1364 pg/mL, p < 0.001) than the healthy group. CONCLUSION: HOMA-IR and the TG/HDL-C index were associated with BMI and inflammation markers. CML and sRAGE were not associated with obesity or inflammation. These parameters were higher in unhealthy obese adolescents.

Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Cardiometabolic Risk.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This report analyzes emerging evidence about the role of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) as a cardiometabolic risk factor. Two important aspects are discussed: First, the modulation of AGE load by dietary AGEs; second, if the evidence of clinical and observational studies is enough to make dietary recommendations towards lowering AGE intake. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical studies in subjects with diabetes mellitus have shown that high intake of dietary AGEs increases inflammation markers, oxidative stress, and could impair endothelial function. In subjects at risk for cardiometabolic diseases (with overweight, obesity, or prediabetes), dietary AGE restriction decreases some inflammatory molecules and improves insulin sensitivity. However, studies in healthy subjects are limited, and not all of the studies have shown a decrease in circulating AGEs. Therefore, it is still unclear if dietary AGEs represent a health concern for people potentially at risk for cardiometabolic diseases. The evidence shows that dietary AGEs are bioavailable and absorbed, and the rate of excretion depends on dietary intake. The metabolic fate of most dietary AGEs remains unknown. Regardless, most studies have shown that by diminishing AGE intake, circulating levels will also decrease. Thus, dietary AGEs can modulate the AGE load at least in patients with DM, overweight, or obesity. Studies with specific clinical outcomes and large-scale observational studies are needed for a better risk assessment of dietary AGEs and to establish dietary recommendations accordingly.

High-performance liquid chromatography determination of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl in urine using 4-methoxy-o-phenylenediamine as derivatizing reagent.

Bioanalytical relevance of glyoxal (Go) and methylglyoxal (MGo) arises from their role as biomarkers of glycation processes and oxidative stress. The third compound of interest in this work is diacetyl (DMGo), a component of different food products and alcoholic beverages and one of the small α-ketoaldehydes previously reported in urine. The original idea for the determination of the above compounds by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorimetric detection was to use 4-methoxy-o-phenylenediamine (4MPD) as a derivatizing reagent and diethylglyoxal (DEGo) as internal standard. Acetonitrile was added to urine for matrix precipitation, and derivatization reaction was carried out in the diluted supernatant at neutral pH (40 °C, 4 h); after acidification, salt-induced phase separation enabled recovery of the obtained quinoxalines in the acetonitrile layer. The separation was achieved within 12 min using a C18 Kinetex column and gradient elution. The calibration detection limits for Go, MGo, and DMGo were 0.46, 0.39, and 0.28 µg/L, respectively. Within-day precision for real-world samples did not exceed 6%. Several urine samples from healthy volunteers, diabetic subjects, and juvenile swimmers were analyzed. The sensitivity of the procedure proposed here enabled detection of differences between analyte concentrations in urine from patients at different clinical or exposure-related conditions.

The relationship between dietary advanced glycation end products and indicators of diabetes severity in Mexicans and non-Hispanic whites: a pilot study.

Diet is an important source of exogenous advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Dietary AGEs content depends on nutrient composition and on the way food is processed/cooked. The objective of our study was to compare AGEs intake of two different ethnic groups (Mexicans and non-Hispanic whites) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and to study the relationship between dietary AGEs and diabetes-related complications. Complications were self-reported by subjects (n = 65) and categorized according to a published DM disease severity index as low risk or moderate-high risk. Dietary records for 10 days were used to estimate dietary AGEs from a published food table. Non-Hispanic whites had higher intake of dietary AGEs (natural logarithm was used, LogAGEs) when compared with Mexicans, which was consistent with their higher intake of saturated fat. In addition, for each unit increase in the LogAGEs, a participant was 3.7 times more likely to have moderate-high risk for cardiovascular disease.

Dietary advanced glycation end products restriction diminishes inflammation markers and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The augmented consumption of dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs) has been associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, however, there is insufficient information over the effect on insulin resistance. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of dAGEs restriction on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde, C-reactive protein (CRP), and insulin resistance in DM2 patients. We carried out a randomized 6 weeks prospective study in two groups of patients: subjects with a standard diet (n = 13), vs low dAGEs (n = 13). At the beginning and the end of study, we collected anthropometric measurements, and values of circulating glucose, HbA1c, lipids, insulin, serum AGEs, CRP, TNF-α and malondialdehyde. Anthropometric measurements, glucose, and lipids were similar in both groups at base line and at the end of the study. Estimation of basal dAGEs was similar in both groups; after 6 weeks it was unchanged in the standard group but in the low dAGEs group decreased by 44% (p<0.0002). Changes in TNF-α levels were different under standard diet (12.5 ± 14.7) as compared with low dAGEs (-18.36 ± 17.1, p<0.00001); changes in malondialdehyde were different in the respective groups (2.0 ± 2.61 and -0.83 ± 2.0, p<0.005) no changes were found for insulin levels or HOMA-IR. In conclusion, The dAGEs restriction decreased significantly TNF-α and malondialdehyde levels.

Polymorphisms -374 T/A and -429 T/C of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products (RAGE) and Serum Levels of RAGE (sRAGE) Are Not Associated with Metabolic Syndrome.

RAGE is a multi-ligand transmembrane glycoprotein that promotes biological signals associated with inflammatory responses and degenerative diseases. sRAGE is a soluble variant, proposed as an inhibitor of RAGE activity. -374 T/A and -429 T/C polymorphisms of the advanced glycation end products receptor AGER gene are associated with the development of some diseases, such as type of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and micro and macrovascular disease in diabetes among others but their role in metabolic syndrome (MS) is still unknown. We studied 80 healthy men without MS, and 80 men with MS according to the harmonized criteria. -374 T/A and -429 T/C polymorphisms were genotyped by RT-PCR, and sRAGE was measured by ELISA. Allelic and genotypic frequencies did not differ between Non-MS and MS groups (-374 T/A p = 0.48, p = 0.57 and -429 T/C p = 0.36, p = 0.59). Significant differences were found in fasting glucose levels and diastolic blood pressure among the genotypes of the -374 T/A polymorphism in the Non-MS group (p < 0.01 and p = 0.008). Glucose levels were different between -429 T/C genotypes in the MS group (p = 0.02). sRAGE levels were similar in both groups, but in the Non-MS group showed a significant difference between individuals with only 1 or 2 components of the metabolic syndrome (p = 0.047). However, no associations of any SNP with MS were found (recessive model p = 0.48, dominant model p = 0.82 for -374 T/A; recessive model p = 0.48, dominant model p = 0.42 for -429 T/C). -374 T/A and -429 T/C polymorphisms are not associated with MS in Mexican population and have no influence on serum sRAGE levels.

Lean adolescents with insulin resistance display higher angiopoietin like protein 3, ApoC-III and chylomicron remnant dyslipidemia.

BACKGROUND: Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL: chylomicrons and VLDL) are a key component of diabetes dyslipoproteinemia and cardiovascular risk. We have shown that it is already prevalent in obese adolescents in association with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) dysregulation. Insulin resistance (IR) suffices to produce TRL dyslipoproteinemia and LPL dysfunction even in the absence of obesity. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included euglycemic adolescents between 15 and 19 y, classified in 4 groups according to BMI, HOMA-IR and fasting lipid as: metabolically healthy lean (MHL, n = 30), metabolically unhealthy lean (MUL, n = 25), metabolically healthy obese (MHO, = 30), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO, n = 42). RESULTS: As compared to MHL, MUL participants showed 73% higher concentrations of ApoB-48; 84% of ApoC-III; 24% ANGPTL-3; 200% of TG; 218% of VLDL-C and 238% of TG/HDL-C c, No changes were found in LPL mass. Interestingly, the differences in these parameters between MUL and MHO were not significant. CONCLUSION: Euglycemic lean adolescents with IR display TRL dyslipoproteinemia with increased inhibition of LPL as highlighted by higher concentrations of ANGPTL-3, ApoC-III and fasting chylomicron remnants (ApoB-48).

Serum Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 Levels in Adolescents: Effect of Insulin Resistance.

Background: Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) is an adipokine that plays a causative role in obesity and diabetes. In a stratified cross-sectional study with adolescents, we explored whether changes in FABP4 are already present in lean adolescents, provided they display elements of insulin resistance (IR). Methods: Adolescents were divided in four groups according to body mass index and homeostasis model assessment-IR. Results: In metabolically unhealthy lean (MUL) adolescents (MUL, lean with IR), FABP4 was 33% higher than in healthy counterparts (metabolically healthy lean [MHL]). Obese adolescents without IR (metabolically healthy obesity [MHO]) had 50% higher levels of FABP4 than their lean counterparts (MHL), while levels of FABP4 in obese adolescents with IR (metabolically unhealthy obese [MUO]) were 220% higher than those of MUL adolescents. The differences were significant at least with P < 0.005. MUO > MHO > MUL. Our data demonstrate that the known FABP4 defect in adults with obesity also occurs in youth and even in lean adolescents, suggesting an early association between impaired glucose metabolism and FABP4 irrespective of body weight. FABP4 was more sensitive in discerning each of our 4 subgroups than either adiponectin or leptin. Moreover, evidence for a putative early adiponectin resistance in MUL suggests a combined defect in these adolescents that call for early detection and prevention of the metabolic disturbance that should stay away from concentrating only in subjects with obesity. Conclusions: Our data may serve to draw the considerable attention that is currently paid to FABP4 to the adolescent population, irrespective of the presence of obesity. Further studies with larger cohorts and analyses of visceral and liver fat are warranted.

Curcumin prevents proteins expression changes of oxidative phosphorylation, cellular stress response, and lipid metabolism proteins in liver of mice fed a high-fructose diet.

Increased fructose consumption has been associated with the development of metabolic diseases due to the modification in protein expression, altering metabolic and signaling pathways. Curcumin is a natural compound with a regulatory effect on genes and metabolic pathways. To identify the fructose-induced protein expression changes and the effect of curcumin on the change of protein expression in the liver of mice fed a standard diet and a high fructose diet, to elucidate the global role of curcumin. Four groups (n = 4/group) of male mice (C57BL6J) of six-weeks-old were formed. One group received a standard diet (C); another received curcumin at 0.75% w/w in the feed (C + C); one more received 30% w/v fructose in drinking water (F); and one group received 30% w/v fructose in drinking water and 0.75% w/w curcumin in food (F + C); for 15 weeks. Proteomic analysis was performed by LC-MS/MS, using the label-free technique with the MaxQuant programs for identification and Perseus for expression change analysis. Differentially expressed proteins (fold change ≥1.5 and p < 0.5) were analyzed by gene ontology and KEGG. A total of 1047 proteins were identified, of which 113 changed their expression in mice fed fructose, compared to the control group, and curcumin modified the expression of 64 proteins in mice fed fructose and curcumin compared to mice that only received fructose. Curcumin prevented the change of expression of 13 proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (NDUFB8, NDUFB3, and ATP5L) in the cellular response to stress (PSMA5, HIST1H1D) and lipid metabolism (THRSP, DGAT1, ECI1, and ACOT13). Curcumin in mice fed the standard diet increased the expression of proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, ribosomes, and PPAR pathways. In addition to fructose, increased expression of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, ribosomes, lipid metabolism, and carbon metabolism. However, curcumin prevented expression change in 13 hepatic proteins of fructose-fed mice involved in oxidative phosphorylation, cellular stress response, and lipid metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE: Curcumin is a natural compound with a regulatory effect on proteins and metabolic pathways. So, curcumin prevents the change of expression in 13 hepatic proteins of fructose-fed mice involved in oxidative phosphorylation, cellular stress response and lipid metabolism, as a supplement with protector activity on fructose-induced toxic effects.

Curcumin Prevents the Glycation of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Cell Respiration Proteins in the Heart of Mice Fed with a High-fructose Diet.

BACKGROUND: A high fructose diet (HFD) induces protein glycation. The latter is related to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Curcumin is a natural pleiotropic compound that may possess antiglycant properties. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to analyze the effect of curcumin on the content of glycated proteins in the hearts of 6-week-old mice fed with a HFD for 15 weeks. METHODS: Mice were allocated into four groups (n = 6/group): a control group that received a standard diet (CT); a group that received 30% w/v fructose in water (F); a group that received 0.75% w/w curcumin supplemented in food (C); a group that received 30% w/v fructose in water and 0.75% w/w curcumin supplemented in food (F+C). The content of glycated proteins in the heart was determined by Western Blot (whereas the spots were detected by 2D-PAGE) using anti-AGE and anti-CML antibodies. Densitometric analysis was performed using the ImageLab software. Glycated proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS, and an ontological analysis was performed in terms of biological processes and molecular function based on the STRING and DAVID databases. RESULTS: Fourteen glycated protein spots were detected, two of them with anti-AGE and the other 12 with anti- CML. In total, eleven glycated proteins were identified, out of which three had decreased glycation levels due to curcumin exposure. The identified proteins participate in processes such as cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC), and the organization of intermediate filaments. CONCLUSION: Curcumin decreased the fructose-induced glycation level of the ACO2, NDUFS7, and DLAT proteins.

Coping strategies and adherence to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Diverse psychosocial and cultural factors are related to adherence to treatment of type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM2) such as social support, coping styles and the cost of medical attention. OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of diverse psychosocial factors on adherence to treatment in patients with DM2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a cross sectional design we studied adherence to diet and medication, and its relationship with CS for diabetes, belief in conventional medicine, social support, and the perception of the burden of treatment cost on family finances. RESULTS: We included 210 patients a mean age of 56.3 years, 9.4 years since diagnosis. Male DM patients had better adherence to medication (p<0.016) and social support (p<0.004), and higher rates for supportant CS (31.8 vs. 29.0; p<0.009). Adherence to diet was associated with belief in conventional medicine (p<0.035) and marginally related to fatalistic CS (p<0.05). After testing social security coverage as dummy variable, a marginal association was found (p<0.15). Adherence to medication was associated with supportant CS (p<0.02) and marginally with avoidant CS (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Supportant CS was more frequent in men. Belief in conventional medicine, and supportant CS were associated with adherence to treatment. These factors should be considered for a more rational approach for the management of disease.

Dietary AGEs as Exogenous Boosters of Inflammation.

Most chronic modern non-transmissible diseases seem to begin as the result of low-grade inflammation extending over prolonged periods of time. The importance of diet as a source of many pro-inflammatory compounds that could create and sustain such a low-grade inflammatory state cannot be ignored, particularly since we are constantly exposed to them during the day. The focus of this review is on specific components of the diet associated with inflammation, specifically advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that form during thermal processing of food. AGEs are also generated in the body in normal physiology and are widely recognized as increased in diabetes, but many people are unaware of the potential importance of exogenous AGEs ingested in food. We review experimental models, epidemiologic data, and small clinical trials that suggest an important association between dietary intake of these compounds and development of an inflammatory and pro-oxidative state that is conducive to chronic diseases. We compare dietary intake of AGEs with other widely known dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, as well as the Dietary Inflammation Index (DII). Finally, we delineate in detail the pathophysiological mechanisms induced by dietary AGEs, both direct (i.e., non-receptor-mediated) and indirect (receptor-mediated).

The Relationship Between Psychosocial Factors and Adherence to Treatment in Men, Premenopausal and Menopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that begins in adulthood, and is caused by multiple factors. The onset of menopause involves changes that predispose women to the development of T2DM, which can worsen if the adherence to treatment is inadequate due to psychosocial factors or medications. The present study aims to describe the psychosocial factors that may affect adherence to treatment among men and premenopausal and menopausal women with T2DM. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 96 patients with T2DM, who were divided into three groups: 1) men (n=32); 2) premenopausal women (n=32); and 3) menopausal women (n=32). Somatometric and metabolic control data were obtained. Adherence to treatment and psychosocial factors were evaluated: social support, belief in conventional medicine, disease denial, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Adherence to medication had a negative correlation with depressive symptoms in men (p <0.001) and menopausal women (p <0.021). Dietary adherence had a positive correlation with belief in conventional medicine in men (p <0.037) and premenopausal women (p <0.029). CONCLUSION: Medication adherence in men and menopausal women was correlated with fewer depressive symptoms. Adherence to diet in men and premenopausal women was correlated with greater belief in conventional medicine. The results show the diversity of psychosocial factors among the groups that must be addressed in order to improve adherence.

Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation and Aerobic Training on Vascular Function in Individuals with Obesity across the Lifespan.

Children with obesity are at higher risk for developing cardiometabolic diseases that once were considered health conditions of adults. Obesity is commonly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension that contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, precedes vascular abnormalities including atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Thus, early detection and treatment of cardiometabolic risk factors are necessary to prevent deleterious vascular consequences of obesity at an early age. Non-pharmacological interventions including L-Citrulline (L-Cit) supplementation and aerobic training stimulate endothelial NO mediated vasodilation, leading to improvements in organ perfusion, blood pressure, arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis and metabolic health (glucose control and lipid profile). Few studies suggest that the combination of L-Cit supplementation and exercise training can be an effective strategy to counteract the adverse effects of obesity on vascular function in older adults. Therefore, this review examined the efficacy of L-Cit supplementation and aerobic training interventions on vascular and metabolic parameters in obese individuals.

Validation of an instrument to measure adherence to type 2 diabetes management.

Background Adherence to type 2 diabetes management is defined as the extent to which the behaviour of a person matches the one recommended by health care professionals. Control of this disease depends on adherence to diabetes management, which includes monitoring blood glucose levels, adopting a healthy diet, exercising, taking medication, quitting smoking, and undergoing psychosocial care and periodic check-ups. This can also prevent health complications and reduce medical costs. Objective The objective of this study is to validate a culturally appropriate instrument directed towards the Mexican population that measures a patient's level of adherence to their type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Method The study design was cross-sectional. The instrument was applied individually (face to face researcher-assisted survey) by a member of the team. The study sample included 200 participants, which were attended at an outpatient clinic. To evaluate the psychometric validity of the scale we calculated response frequencies, the discrimination of items for extreme groups, the validity, and the internal reliability. The scale of adherence for complete management in patients with type 2 diabetes includes disease monitoring, complication prevention, and social support using questions and answers based on the Likert scale, corresponding to the 5 stages of the transtheoretical model. Main outcome measure The validity and internal reliability of the instrument to measure adherence to type 2 diabetes management, which proved to be justifiable and reliable with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 and a total explained variance of 65.03%. Results The instrument was composed of 29 items and 6 factors: adherence to medical Cronbach's alpha = 0.92 and dietary treatment Cronbach's alpha = 0.88, change in dietary habits Cronbach's alpha = 0.89, adherence to physical activity and exercise Cronbach's alpha = 0.84, social support Cronbach's alpha = 0.79, and prevention of complications Cronbach's alpha = 0.70. The instrument obtained a content validity index (I-CVI) of 0.9. Conclusion The proposed instrument, which includes factors that measure adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patient's management, using the transtheoretical model of behaviour change to simultaneously identify patient motivation to change their lifestyle, is valid and reliable.