RESUMO
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma remains an entity that is hard to approach therapeutically and has shown disappointing results in terms of survival. For many years, the only accepted option for this setting was the use of a multikinase inhibitor, sorafenib. Nevertheless, through the years, a deeper knowledge has arisen about how pathogenic pathways correlate with hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we provide an update of the most recent data regarding new agents under investigation and new possible targets for future treatments.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Complexos Multiproteicos/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-met/antagonistas & inibidores , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina , Metáfora , Complexos Multiproteicos/farmacologia , Prognóstico , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/farmacologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Via de Sinalização Wnt/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in males in the world. Plasma quantification of prostate-specific antigen substantially improved the early detection of prostate cancer, but still lacks the required specificity. Clinical management of prostate cancer needs advances in the development of new non-invasive biomarkers, ameliorating current diagnosis and prognosis and guiding therapeutic decisions. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. These miRNAs are expressed in the cells and are also present in cell-derived extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. Exosomes have been shown to act as mediators for cell to cell communication because of the regulatory functions of their content. High levels of exosomes are found in several body fluids from cancer patients and could be a potential source of non-invasive biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the diagnostic and prognostic utility of exosomal miRNAs in prostate cancer.