Effects of a human amniotic membrane extract on ARPE-19 cells.

BACKGROUND: Human Amniotic Membrane (hAM) is endowed with several biological activities and might be considered an optimal tool in surgical treatment for different ophthalmic pathologies. We pioneered the surgical use of hAM to treat retinal pathologies such as macular holes, tears, and retinal detachments, and to overcome photoreceptor damage in age-related macular degeneration. Although hAM contributed to improved outcomes, the mechanisms of its effects are not yet fully understood. The characterization and explanation of the effects of hAM would allow the adoption of this new natural product in different retinal pathologies, operative contexts, and hAM formulations. At this end, we studied the properties of a hAM extract (hAME) on the ARPE-19 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: A non-denaturing sonication-based technique was developed to obtain a suitable hAME. Viability, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were studied in hAME-treated ARPE-19 cells. The hAME was able to increase ARPE-19 cell viability even in the presence of oxidative stress (H2O2, TBHP). Moreover, hAME prevented the expression of EMT features, such as EMT-related proteins, fibrotic foci formation, and migration induced by different cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that the hAME retains most of the properties observed in the whole tissue by others. The hAME, other than providing a manageable research tool, could represent a cost-effective and abundant drug to treat retinal pathologies in the future.

Atypic Retinitis Pigmentosa Clinical Features Associated with a Peculiar CRX Gene Mutation in Italian Patients.

Purpose: To describe an atypical phenotypic pattern of late-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP) due to the same specific c.425A>G (p.Tyr142Cys) heterozygous mutation in the cone-rod homeobox gene (CRX gene) in two unrelated Italian patients. Case 1: A 67-year-old woman (P.P.) was incidentally diagnosed with sector RP at the age of 50. The patient was initially asymptomatic and did not have any family history of retinal dystrophy. Fundus examination showed the presence of typical retinal pigmentary deposits with a peculiar pericentral/sector distribution. Genomic sequencing disclosed the missense mutation c.425A>G (p.Tyr142Cys) in the CRX gene. During the follow-up period of 7 years, the patient maintained good visual acuity and complained only of mild symptoms. Case 2: A 76-year-old man (P.E.) presented with nyctalopia and visual field constriction since the age of 50. Fundus examination showed the presence of retinal pigment deposits with a concentric pericentral and perimacular pattern. A full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) showed extinguished scotopic responses and reduced abnormal photopic and flicker cone responses. Genomic sequencing identified the same missense mutation, c.425A>G (p.Tyr142Cys), in the CRX gene. Similarly to the first case, during the whole follow-up of 7 years, the visual acuity remained stable, as did the visual field and the patient's symptoms. Conclusions: We report the first cases of late-onset retinitis pigmentosa related to a specific heterozygous CRX gene mutation in exon 4. We also report two atypical phenotypic RP patterns related to mutations in the CRX gene.

Intrascleral hydration for 23-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy Sclerotomy Closure.

PURPOSE: To describe and evaluate the effectiveness of a new technique to close 23-gauge sclerotomies in transconjunctival pars plana vitrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, consecutive, interventional study of 90 eyes of 90 patients who underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with the introduction of the new sealing technique was conducted. The 23-gauge sclerotomies were hydrated with a 30-gauge needle inserted in the scleral stroma near the scleral opening. RESULTS: A total of 90 eyes of 90 patients were recruited in the study. The number of the eyes requiring suture for sclerotomy closure was 3.3% (3 of 90), and the sclerotomies requiring suture were 1.4% (4 of 270). Three eyes had hypotony on Day 1. No statistically significant difference was registered between preoperative intraocular pressure and postoperative intraocular pressure on Days 15 and 30. No leaking of endotamponade bubble filling was noticed on Day 1. No postoperative complications were registered during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: The intrascleral stroma hydration is a simple and fast technique that does not require extra surgical materials.

Clinical and genetic findings in Italian patients with sector retinitis pigmentosa.

Purpose: To describe clinical and genetic features in a series of Italian patients with sector retinitis pigmentosa (sector RP). Methods: Fifteen patients with sector RP were selected from the database of Hereditary Retinal Degenerations Referring Center of Careggi Hospital (Florence, Italy). Eleven patients from five independent pedigrees underwent genetic analysis with next-generation sequencing (NGS) confirmed with Sanger sequencing. The diagnosis of sector RP was based on the detection of topographically limited retinal abnormalities consistent with corresponding sectorial visual field defects. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus color pictures as well as fundus autofluorescence (FAF), spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), full-field electroretinography (ERG), and 30-2 Humphrey visual field (VF) data were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: For the 30 eyes, the mean BCVA was 0.05 ± 0.13 logMAR, and the mean refractive error was -0.52 ± 1.89 D. The inferior retina was the most affected sector (86.7%), and the VF defect corresponded to the affected sector. FAF showed a demarcation line of increased autofluorescence between the healthy and affected retina, corresponding on SD-OCT to an interruption of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) band in the diseased retina. Dark-adapted ERG amplitudes were decreased in comparison to normative values. In five unrelated families, the sector RP phenotype was associated with sequence variants in the RHO gene. The same mutation c.568G>A p.(Asp190Asn) was found in nine patients of four families. Conclusions: Typical sector RP is a mild form of RP characterized by preserved visual acuity with limited retinal involvement and, generally, a more favorable prognosis than other forms of RP.

Outcome and genetic analysis of patients affected by retinal capillary hemangioblastoma in von Hippel Lindau syndrome.

Purpose: To describe genetic analysis, treatment results, and complications of patients affected by retinal capillary hemangioblastoma (RCH) in von Hippel Lindau (VHL) syndrome. Methods: We collected 17 patients with VHL syndrome, who underwent a molecular test and an ophthalmic evaluation at the Eye Clinic of the University Hospital of Florence from January 2005 to February 2020. We focused on eyes showing RCHs examined using color fundus photographs, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Results: Eight eyes of six patients (6/17; 35%) showed RCHs at the fundoscopic examination. All RCHs were treated with laser therapy. Three eyes underwent episcleral surgery, one eye showing vitreous hemorrhage received three intravitreal (IV) anti-VEGF injections and three cryotherapy procedures, and one eye underwent vitrectomy. In patients with RCHs, five were characterized by a truncating mutation of the VHL protein, and one patient showed a missense mutation. We have reported two VHL mutations not reported in literature. Conclusions: Patients with multiple RCHs, who developed RCH secondary effects, showed truncating mutations of the VHL protein. We recommend early screening and close monitoring, especially if RCHs are detected at presentation, for every patient with VHL syndrome independently of the results of the molecular test for a missense or a truncating mutation in VHL.

Evaluation of intraoperative slow-release dexamethasone implant combined with idiopathic epiretinal membrane removal.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative slow-release dexamethasone implant (DEX) combined with removal of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS: In this observational retrospective study, data of 40 patients with phakic eyes affected by idiopathic ERM were analysed. All patients underwent cataract phacoemulsification, 25-gauge (G) pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), ERM removal with DEX implant ("DEX YES" group, #20) or without DEX implant ("DEX NO" group, #20). We collected data on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) < 20/40 Snellen charts, central macular thickness (CMT) ≤ 400 µm (measured by SD-OCT) and integrity of sub-foveal ellipsoid/myoid zone. BCVA, CMT and intraocular pressure (IOP) were evaluated at baseline as well as 15, 30 and 90 days after surgery. RESULTS: In the "DEX YES" group, statistically significant BCVA improvement was observed at 15, 30 and 90 days (p < 0.001), while in the "DEX NO" group, improvements were observed only at 30 and 90 days (p < 0.001). In both groups, CMT significantly decreased at each follow-up visit (p < 0.001), and no statistically significant increase of IOP was detected at each follow-up visit. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, DEX accelerated the improvement of BCVA at 15 days after surgery. However, no evidence of further anatomical (CMT) and functional (BCVA) DEX effectiveness combined with removal of idiopathic ERM by 25-G PPV at 30 and 90 days follow-up was observed.

CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY INDEX IN YOUNG CHOROIDEREMIA PATIENTS.

PURPOSE: To evaluate choroidal features in young patients affected by choroideremia (CHM). METHODS: Young CHM patients and control subjects were recruited at the Eye Clinic in Florence. High-resolution choroidal imaging was obtained using swept-source optical coherence tomography with long optical coherence tomography scans (12 × 9 mm optical coherence tomography scans). We considered the subfoveal choroidal area within 9 mm of the optic disk in the horizontal plane and the subfoveal choroidal area within a 3-mm diameter centered over the fovea. The subfoveal choroidal thickness, total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and choroidal vascularity index were assessed using the "ImageJ" software in both groups. RESULTS: Eight patients (16 eyes; mean age, 19.3 ± 5.2 years) and seven control subjects (14 eyes; mean age, 19.0 ± 5.0 years) were included in this study. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes of seven CHM patients and in all control subjects and 20/25 in both eyes in one CHM patient. Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness did not differ between CHM patients and control subjects. Luminal area9mm, stromal area9mm, and total choroidal area9mm were reduced in patients compared with the control group. Luminal area3mm, stromal area3mm, and total choroidal area3mm did not differ between patients and control subjects. Choroidal vascularity index9mm and choroidal vascularity index3mm were not different between patients and control subjects. CONCLUSION: There are no differences in the choroidal vascularity index between young CHM patients and control subjects; this result suggests a simultaneous, proportional impairment of both the stromal and vascular components of the choroid in the early stages of the disease.

Pattern dystrophy-like changes and coquille d'oeuf atrophy in elderly patients affected by pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the retinal features of elderly patients affected by pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective case series of 62 eyes of 31 elderly PXE patients (age > 50 years). Clinical data, ultra-widefield fundus imaging (color, red-free (RF), infra-red imaging (IR), fundus autofluorescence (FAF)), and OCT examinations were collected. Diagnosis was confirmed by genetic testing or skin biopsy. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (10 males and 21 females (mean age 61.3 years, range 50-74 years)) were included in our study. Visual acuity ranged from 20/20 Snellen equivalent to 20/200. The mean follow-up was 66.4 ± 20.7 months (range 10-88). Pattern dystrophy-like changes (PD) (52 eyes of 26 patients, 83.8%) and atrophy resembling the "diffuse trickling" pattern described in geographic atrophy were present in the majority of patients. Twenty-three eyes of 12 patients (67.6%) had peripapillary atrophy, 9 eyes of 5 patients (26.4%) macular atrophy, 6 eyes of 3 patients (17.6%) displayed posterior pole atrophy and in 6 eyes of 3 patients (17.6%), atrophy could be detected beyond the vascular arcades (mid-peripheral atrophy). End-stage atrophy covered the entire area indicated as "coquille d'oeuf" (eggshell). Choroidal neovascularization occurred in 49 eyes of 26 patients (94.2%) with PD and in 6 eyes of 3 patients (60%) without PD. Genetic examinations were available for 29 patients (29/31, 93.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The elderly PXE patients were characterized by pattern dystrophy-like changes with more or less extensive atrophy, progressive over time, which in some cases affected the whole area of the coquille d'oeuf during the course of the disease.

VITRECTOMY WITH INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING AND AIR TAMPONADE FOR MYOPIC FOVEOSCHISIS.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the functional and anatomical outcomes of 23-gauge or 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and air tamponade for the treatment of myopic foveoschisis. METHODS: Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. The records of 29 patients (32 eyes), with myopic foveoschisis who were treated by 23-gauge or 25-gauge 3-port pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and air tamponade, were reviewed. At each visit, a complete ophthalmic examination, intraocular pressure, best-corrected visual acuity, and central foveal thickness measured using optical coherence tomography were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-five eyes of 23 patients (M:F = 4:19) matched the inclusion criteria, whereas 7 eyes of 6 patients were excluded. The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity (Snellen equivalent) was 0.62 (20/80) (SE: 0.061), and the mean preoperative central foveal thickness was 619.5 µm (SE: 16.38) at baseline. Visual acuity significantly improved of 5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters (45 letters) at the 1-month follow-up (P < 0.001), 2 lines (50 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters) at the 6-month follow-up (P < 0.001), and it reached 55 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters at the 1-year follow-up visit (P < 0.001). Central foveal thickness decreased to 292.4 µm (SE: 15.93), to 227.3 µm (SE: 14.05), and to 208.8 µm (SE: 12.86), respectively, at the 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups (for each P < 0.001). There were no differences in best-corrected visual acuity or central foveal thickness changes between the foveal detachment group and the nonfoveal detachment group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Small-gauge vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and air tamponade results in favorable anatomical and functional outcomes for patients affected by myopic macular foveoschisis.

INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING VERSUS INVERTED FLAP TECHNIQUE FOR TREATMENT OF FULL-THICKNESS MACULAR HOLES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN A LARGE SERIES OF PATIENTS.

BACKGROUND: The inverted flap (IF) technique has recently been introduced in macular hole (MH) surgery. The IF technique has shown an increase of the success rate in the case of large MHs and in MHs associated with high myopia. This study reports the anatomical and functional results in a large series of patients affected by MH treated using pars plana vitrectomy and gas tamponade combined with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling or IF. METHODS: This is a retrospective, consecutive, nonrandomized comparative study of patients affected by idiopathic or myopic MH treated using small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (25- or 23-gauge) between January 2011 and May 2016. The patients were divided into two groups according to the ILM removal technique (complete removal vs. IF). A subgroup analysis was performed according to the MH diameter (MH < 400 µm and MH ≥ 400 µm), axial length (AL < 26 mm and AL ≥ 26 mm), and the presence of chorioretinal atrophy in the macular area (present or absent). RESULTS: We included 620 eyes of 570 patients affected by an MH, 300 patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy and ILM peeling and 320 patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy and IF. Overall, 84.94% of the patients had complete anatomical success characterized by MH closure after the operation. In particular, among the patients who underwent only ILM peeling the closure rate was 78.75%; among the patients who underwent the IF technique, it was 91.93% (P = 0.001); and among the patients affected by full-thickness MH ≥400 µm, success was achieved in 95.6% of the cases in the IF group and in 78.6% in the ILM peeling group (P = 0.001); among the patients with an axial length ≥26 mm, success was achieved in 88.4% of the cases in the IF group and in 38.9% in the ILM peeling group (P = 0.001). Average preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 0.77 (SD = 0.32) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/118 Snellen) in the peeling group and 0.74 (SD = 0.33) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/110 Snellen) in the IF group (P = 0.31). Mean postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 0.52 (SD = 0.42) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/66 Snellen) in the peeling group and 0.43 (SD = 0.31) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/53 Snellen) in the IF group (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy associated with the inverted ILM flap technique seems to be effective surgery for idiopathic and myopic large MHs, improving both functional and anatomical outcomes.

Vitrectomy for idiopathic macular hole.

BACKGROUND: A macular hole is an anatomic opening in the retina that develops at the fovea. Macular holes can be seen in highly myopic eyes or following ocular trauma, but the great majority are idiopathic. Pars plana vitrectomy was introduced to treat full-thickness macular holes, which if left untreated have a poor prognosis since spontaneous closure and visual recovery are rare.Vitrectomy is a surgical technique involving the removal of the vitreous body that fills the eye. The surgeon inserts thin cannulas into the eyes through scleral incisions to relieve traction exerted by the vitreous or epiretinal membranes to the central retina and to induce glial tissue to bridge and close the hole. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this review was to examine the effects of vitrectomy for idiopathic macular hole on visual acuity. A secondary objective was to investigate anatomic effects on hole closure and other dimensions of visual function, as well as to report on adverse effects recorded in included studies. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register (4 March 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 2), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE (January 1946 to March 2015), EMBASE (January 1980 to March 2015), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS) (January 1982 to March 2015), the Web of Science Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (CPCI-S) (January 1980 to March 2015), the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/editAdvancedSearch), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 4 March 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials comparing vitrectomy (with or without internal limiting membrane peeling) to no treatment (that is observation) for macular holes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors independently extracted the data. We estimated best corrected visual acuity and macular hole closure at 6 to 12 months of follow-up. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies provided data on the comparison between vitrectomy and observation in eyes with macular hole and visual acuity less than 20/50. Two studies, conducted in the USA and published in 1996 and 1997, used a similar protocol and included participants with stage II macular hole (42 eyes randomised, 36 analysed, number of participants not reported) or participants with stage III/IV hole (129 eyes of 120 participants, 115 eyes in analyses). The third study, conducted in the UK and published in 2004, included 185 eyes of 174 participants with full-thickness macular hole (41 eyes with stage II holes and 74 eyes with stage III/IV holes in analyses). Studies were of good quality for randomisation and allocation concealment, whereas visual acuity measurement was unmasked.At 6 to 12 months, visual acuity was improved by about 1.5 Snellen lines (-0.16 logMAR, 95% confidence intervals -0.23 to -0.09 logMAR, 270 eyes, moderate-quality evidence). The chances of macular hole closure at 6 to 12 months were greatly increased using vitrectomy, yielding an odds ratio of 31.4 (95% confidence intervals 14.9 to 66.3, 265 eyes, high-quality evidence; raw sum data: 76% vitrectomy, 11% observation). Vitrectomy was beneficial both in smaller (stage II) and in larger (stage III/IV) macular holes.The largest study reported that cataract surgery was needed in about half of cases at two years after operation and that retinal detachment occurred in about 5% of operated eyes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy is effective in improving visual acuity, resulting in a moderate visual gain, and in achieving hole closure in people with macular hole. However, these results may not apply to modern surgery due to technological improvements in vitrectomy techniques.

Repeatability of Retinal Macular Thickness Measurements in Patients with Clinically Significant Macular Edema Using Two Different Scanning Protocols of Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the repeatability of Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal thickness measurements in diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) using two different scanning protocols. METHODS: Seventy-one eyes of 71 diabetic patients with CSME were included in the study. Coefficients of repeatability and intrasession variation coefficients were tested with 20 × 15 degree raster scans consisting of 19 or 37 high-resolution line scans (15 or 8 frames per scan, respectively) that were repeated 2 times by 1 experienced examiner. The first scan was set as the reference scan; the second scan was the follow-up scan and was performed with the use of the follow-up mode. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation for the central foveal subfield (CSF) using the first scanning method was 404 ± 88 µm, while it was 399 ± 86 µm using the second protocol, which was not statistically significantly different (p = 0.35, paired test). Particularly examining the CSF, the coefficient of repeatability was 1.48 (6.00 µm) and 1.49 (5.95 µm) for the 19- and the 37-B-scan acquisition, respectively, showing a nonstatistically significant difference (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal thickness measurements in diabetic patients with CSME are repeatable using both scanning protocols (19 or 37 B-scans) with Spectralis OCT. The repeatability of the retinal thickness measurement does not improve by increasing the number of B-scans from 19 to 37.

Repeatability of Retinal Macular Thickness Measurements in Healthy Subjects and Diabetic Patients with Clinically Significant Macular Edema: Evaluation of the Follow-Up System of Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography.

BACKGROUND: It was the aim of this study to compare the repeatability of Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal thickness measurements in healthy subjects and diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) with or without the use of the follow-up system. METHODS: Thirty-eight eyes of 38 healthy subjects (control group) and 68 eyes of 68 diabetic patients with CSME were included in the study. The coefficient of repeatability (CR) and intrasession coefficients of variation were tested with 20 × 15 degree raster scans consisting of 19 high-resolution line scans (15 frames per scan) that were repeated 3 times by 1 experienced examiner. The first scan was set as the reference scan, whereas the second and third scans were the follow-up scans and were performed with and without the use of the follow-up mode, respectively. RESULTS: The means and standard deviations for the central foveal subfield (CSF) in healthy subjects and diabetic patients were 289 ± 21 and 402 ± 105 µm, respectively. Particularly in diabetic patients, examining the CSF, CR was 2.67% (10.73 µm) and 6.73% (27.01 µm) with and without using the follow-up mode, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis that the follow-up system improves the repeatability either in healthy subjects or in diabetic patients with poor fixation. The wider improvement in repeatability in diabetic patients in the follow-up system group compared to the no follow-up system group are probably related to poor patient fixation or eye movement in patients with CSME.

Results of intravitreal ranibizumab with a prn regimen in the treatment of extrafoveal and juxtafoveal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab with a "pro re nata" regimen in the treatment of nonsubfoveal neovascular membranes secondary to age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Retrospective noncomparative case series. Thirty-one eyes with naive nonsubfoveal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration were consecutively enrolled and treated with ranibizumab intravitreal injections according to a pro re nata regimen. The follow-up was performed monthly up to 6 months and quarterly up to 2 years (25 patients). Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study best-corrected visual acuity and lesion size analysis with fluorescein angiography were recorded. RESULTS: The mean baseline early treatment diabetic retinopathy study best-corrected visual acuity worsened from 20/40 (0.28 logMAR) at baseline to 20/50 (0.42 logMAR) at 1-year follow-up and 20/60 (0.53 logMAR) at 2-year follow-up. The mean lesions size nearly doubled from baseline at the 2-year follow up (1.19-2.47 mm). Twenty-two patients had one or more recurrences at 1-year follow-up. All 25 patients developed a recurrence at 2 years with 7 cases developing a recurrence by 12 months. Twelve cases progressed to subfoveal lesions by the 24-month visit. CONCLUSION: Other regimens described in the literature might result in a more the satisfactory outcome using more frequent follow-up and more frequent intravitreal injections.

Correction: Mazzini et al. Anatomical and Functional Outcomes after Endoresection and Adjuvant Ruthenium Brachytherapy for Uveal Melanoma: A Single-Center Experience. Life 2023, 13, 902.

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