Sex differences and predictors of anti-osteoporosis medication use in the 12 months after hip fracture surgery in adults 65 or older.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates sex differences and predictors of anti-osteoporosis medication (AOM) use following a hip fracture, with a focus on older men who exhibit higher mortality rates post-fracture compared to women over the age of 65. METHODS: Participants included 151 men and 161 women aged 65 and older with hip fractures. The outcome, AOM use, was assessed at baseline (≤ 22 days of hospitalization) and at 2, 6, and 12 months post-hip fracture. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) modeled sex differences and predictors of AOM use during the year post-fracture in 255 participants with complete baseline data and ≥ 1 follow-up observation. RESULTS: Of the 312 participants, only 53 used AOM at baseline, and 35 initiated use during follow-up. In the unadjusted GEE model, AOM use was significantly less likely in men (OR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.22-0.78) compared to women. For both men and women, baseline use of AOM was a significant predictor (OR = 28.3; 95% CI, 5.4-148.0 vs. 41.6; 95% CI, 14.0-123.0). The other significant predictors by sex were osteoporosis diagnosis (OR = 3.19; 95% CI, 1.16-8.77) and minimal alcohol use (OR = 3.26; 95% CI, 1.34-7.94) for women versus age (OR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18) for men. CONCLUSION: In older adults with hip fractures, AOM use is low over the year post-fracture and men are less likely to report AOM use compared to women which has implications for important sex differences in predictors of use. Further research is needed to address overall disparities and sex differences in AOM use.

Simplification of Mobility Tests and Data Processing to Increase Applicability of Wearable Sensors as Diagnostic Tools for Parkinson's Disease.

Quantitative mobility analysis using wearable sensors, while promising as a diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease (PD), is not commonly applied in clinical settings. Major obstacles include uncertainty regarding the best protocol for instrumented mobility testing and subsequent data processing, as well as the added workload and complexity of this multi-step process. To simplify sensor-based mobility testing in diagnosing PD, we analyzed data from 262 PD participants and 50 controls performing several motor tasks wearing a sensor on their lower back containing a triaxial accelerometer and a triaxial gyroscope. Using ensembles of heterogeneous machine learning models incorporating a range of classifiers trained on a set of sensor features, we show that our models effectively differentiate between participants with PD and controls, both for mixed-stage PD (92.6% accuracy) and a group selected for mild PD only (89.4% accuracy). Omitting algorithmic segmentation of complex mobility tasks decreased the diagnostic accuracy of our models, as did the inclusion of kinesiological features. Feature importance analysis revealed that Timed Up and Go (TUG) tasks to contribute the highest-yield predictive features, with only minor decreases in accuracy for models based on cognitive TUG as a single mobility task. Our machine learning approach facilitates major simplification of instrumented mobility testing without compromising predictive performance.

The inverse association between cancer history and incident cognitive impairment: Addressing attrition bias.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer is inversely associated with cognitive impairment. Whether this is due to statistical handling of attrition (death and censoring) is unknown. METHODS: We quantified associations between cancer history and incident cognitive impairment among Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study participants without baseline cognitive impairment or stroke (n = 2604) using multiple competing-risks models and their corresponding estimands: cause-specific, subdistribution, and marginal hazards, plus composite-outcome (cognitive impairment or all-cause mortality) hazards. All-cause mortality was also modeled. RESULTS: After covariate adjustment (demographics, apolipoprotein E ε4, lifestyle, health conditions), cause-specific and marginal hazard ratios (HRs) were similar to each other (≈ 0.84; P values < 0.05). The subdistribution HR was 0.764 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.645-0.906), and composite-outcome Cox model HR was 1.149 (95% CI = 1.016-1.299). Cancer history was positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.813; 95% CI = 1.525-2.156). DISCUSSION: Cause-specific, subdistribution, and marginal hazards models produced inverse associations between cancer and cognitive impairment. Competing risk models answer slightly different questions, and estimand choice influenced findings here. HIGHLIGHTS: Cancer history is inversely associated with incident cognitive impairment. Findings were robust to handling of competing risks of death. All models also addressed possible informative censoring bias. Cancer history was associated with 16% lower hazard of cognitive impairment. Cancer history was associated with 81% higher all-cause mortality hazard.

Multicomponent Home-based Physical Therapy Versus Usual Care for Recovery After Hip Fracture.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effect of 2 home-based 16-week multi-component physical therapy interventions on functional recovery compared to usual care after hip fracture. DESIGN: Cross-study comparison using participants from the Community Ambulation Project (CAP; a randomized controlled trial) were compared to the Baltimore Hip Studies-seventh cohort (BHS-7; an observational cohort study) at 3 different time points (CAP: 15, 31, 55 weeks; BHS-7: 8, 26, and 52 weeks). SETTING: General community PARTICIPANTS: Combined convenience sample of hip-fracture patients 8-26 weeks post admission from a prospective cohort study and randomized controlled trial. (N=549) INTERVENTIONS: CAP participants were randomized to one of 2 interventions (PUSH: specific multi-component intervention; PULSE: non-specific multi-component intervention) after standard rehabilitation; BHS-7 participants received usual care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean function (as measured by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and gait speed) was estimated in each cohort as quadratic functions of time using data from 3 post-fracture assessments in both studies (CAP: 15, 31, 55 weeks; BHS-7: 8, 26, and 52 weeks). RESULTS: The harmonized samples included 101 PUSH, 100 PULSE, and 128 BHS-7 participants that had different demographic and clinical characteristics. Mean baseline SPPB scores (meters per second) were PUSH: 5.5 (SD=2.2), PULSE: 5.5 (SD=2.4), and BHS-7: 4.6 (SD=2.5); and mean gait speeds were 0.60 m/s (SD=0.20) for PUSH, 0.59 m/s (SD=0.17) for PULSE, and 0.46 m/s SD=(0.21) for BHS-7, respectively. Estimated between-group differences for SPPB improvement from 75 days to 1-year post admission were 0.7 (P=.04) in PUSH vs BHS-7; and 0.9 (P=.01) in PULSE vs BHS-7. Mean differences in change in gait speed were 0.08 (P=.002) for PUSH vs BHS-7; and 0.06 (P=.02) PULSE vs BHS-7 (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this cross-study comparison that combined participants from 2 separate studies, with different designs and samples, suggest that home-based multi-component physical therapy programs were associated with greater functional improvement after hip fracture compared to usual care.

Effect of Multicomponent Home-Based Training on Gait and Muscle Strength in Older Adults After Hip Fracture Surgery: A Single Site Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of 16-week home-based physical therapy interventions on gait and muscle strength. DESIGN: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-four older adults (N=34) post hip fracture were randomly assigned to either experimental group (a specific multi-component intervention group [PUSH], n=17, 10 women, age=78.6±7.3 years, 112.1±39.8 days post-fracture) or active control (a non-specific multi-component intervention group [PULSE], n=17, 11 women, age=77.8±7.8 years, 118.2±37.5 days post-fracture). INTERVENTION: PUSH and PULSE groups received 32-40 sessions of specific or non-specific multi-component home-based physical therapy, respectively. Training in the PUSH group focused on lower extremity strength, endurance, balance, and function for community ambulation, while the PULSE group received active movement and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on extremities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gait characteristics, and ankle and knee muscle strength were measured at baseline and 16 weeks. Cognitive testing of Trail Making Test (Part A: TMT-A; Part-B: TMT-B) was measured at baseline. RESULTS: At 16 weeks, both groups demonstrated significant increases in usual (P<.05) and fast (P<.05) walking speed, while there was no significant difference in increases between the groups. There was only 1 significant change in lower limb muscle strength over time (non-fractured side) between the groups, such that PUSH did better (mean: 4.33%, 95% confidence interval:1.43%-7.23%). The increase in usual and fast walking speed correlated with the baseline Trail-making Test-B score (r=-0.371, P=.037) and improved muscle strength in the fractured limb (r=0.446, P=.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: Gait speed improved in both home-based multicomponent physical therapy programs in older adults after hip fracture surgery. Muscle strength of the non-fractured limb improved in the group receiving specific physical therapy training. Specific interventions targeting modifiable factors such as muscle strength and cognitive performance may assist gait recovery after hip fracture surgery.

The Association Between Engagement in Activities of Daily Living and Care Interactions for Residents Living With Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Care interactions are essential to residents with dementia. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to describe the characteristics and quality of staff-resident care interactions among nursing home residents living with dementia and to test whether the quality of staff-resident care interactions varied by resident level of engagement in the interaction. Specifically, it was hypothesized that controlling for age, gender, comorbidities, cognition, and function, actively engaged residents would have more positive care interactions with staff compared with passively engaged residents. METHODS: This was a secondary data analysis using baseline data from the Evidence Integration Triangle for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia intervention study. RESULTS: A total of 532 residents were included. Actively engaged residents had significantly more positive interactions compared to passively engaged residents. CONCLUSIONS: Passively engaged residents may be at risk to receive poor quality care interactions. Strategies and interventions to optimize care interactions for these individuals are needed.

Spirituality in Parkinson's Disease within a Sample from the USA.

Spirituality and religious beliefs are important for coping with medical conditions. The dopaminergic system is involved in reward behavior, and its dysfunction in Parkinson Disease (PD) raises questions about religiosity and spirituality in people with PD. This study examines the association between levels of spirituality and religiosity and the severity of PD motor and non-motor symptoms. The secondary aim investigates the perceived impact of PD diagnosis on spirituality and religiosity. This was a cross-sectional analysis of demographic, physical, mental, and spirituality and religiosity status in patients with PD recruited for the Health Outcomes Measurement (HOME) Study at the University of Maryland Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Baltimore, USA. Spirituality and religiosity were assessed using the Spiritual Well-being Scale, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Spiritual Religious and Personal Belief field-test instrument. The sample size was 85 PD patients. The mean age (standard deviation) was 65.5 (9.4) years and 67.1% were male. Higher levels of spirituality and religiosity were associated with younger age, sex (female), less education, religious affiliation (Christian), and mental health status. After adjusting for age, education, gender, race, marital status, religion, physical health, mental health, and comorbidity, only anxiety was associated with all of the spirituality/religiosity assessments. The majority of patients reported no change in their religious or spiritual beliefs following diagnosis. Greater spirituality and religiosity were associated with less anxiety. Also, younger women with PD showed higher levels of spirituality and religiosity. Longitudinal studies on more diverse populations are needed.

People aging with HIV - protecting a population vulnerable to effects of COVID-19 and its control measures.

Certain comorbidities known to increase the risk of poor outcomes in COVID-19 exist at higher rates in people with HIV; people aging with HIV (PAWH) face additional risk due to the association of advanced age with COVID-19 mortality. Cognitive and functional deficits and social barriers have been identified in cohorts of people aging with HIV. It is postulated that the COVID-19 pandemic potentially threatens PAWH disproportionately to the general population, both in mortality risk due to age and comorbidities, and in potential deleterious effects of policies that seek to drastically limit in-person interaction and access to healthcare systems. A description of and preliminary data from a demonstration project to improve geriatric assessments of people with HIV over age 50 in an urban HIV clinic are presented, in support of this theory. Advice is offered on key strategies utilized to continue to provide care to PAWH during the COVID-19 pandemic, including transition to telemedicine, vaccination, revision of staff roles, repurposing of funding, and a new reliance on available local resources.

Somatoform Symptoms in Parkinson Disease.

BACKGROUND: Co-occurring somatoform symptoms complicate the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: To learn more about the relationship between somatoform symptoms and PD by comparing demographic and clinical features across PD groups differing in somatoform symptom severity. METHOD: Using standardized Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) scores to measure somatoform symptom severity, we assigned 1093 individuals with PD to one of four subgroups using comparisons to normative means: low (M < -½ SD), average (M ± ½ SD), high (M +½ SD to +1 SD), very high (M > +1 SD). We used demographics and disease severity measures to assess each subgroup. RESULTS: Most of the individuals with PD (56%) had high or very high somatoform symptom levels. Increased somatoform symptom levels were associated with female gender, lower socioeconomic status, greater disease duration, increased PD severity (Total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale), greater disability (Older Americans Resource and Services Disability subscale), increased BSI-18 Depression and Anxiety subscale scores, lower cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), lower self-efficacy scores (Self-Efficacy to Manage Chronic Disease Scale), lower quality of life scores (SF-12 Health Status Survey), and greater medical comorbidity (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatrics) (all comparisons: P < 0.001). We found no significant between-group differences for age, race, or marital status. CONCLUSION: Somatoform symptom severity in individuals with PD is associated with greater PD severity and disability and is more common in females and in individuals with low socioeconomic status. Greater awareness of somatoform symptoms should help improve PD treatment.

Depressive symptom heterogeneity among older adults after hip fracture.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate patterns of depressive symptoms after hip fracture and examine their impact on functional recovery. METHODS: participants (n = 304) included older adults from the Baltimore Hip Studies 7th cohort who experienced a hip fracture. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline or 2-, 6- or 12-month post-hip fracture using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Gait speed was measured after hip fracture at 2-, 6- or 12-month follow-up. Latent class analysis was used to identify individuals with similar patterns of depressive symptoms after hip fracture. Item response probabilities characterised symptom profiles, and posterior probability estimates were used to assign participants to a baseline depressive symptom subtype. Weighted estimated equations compared post-fracture gait speed between baseline symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. RESULTS: four patterns of depressive symptoms were identified: asymptomatic (50.8%), somatic (28.6%), melancholic (11.4%) and anhedonic (9.2%). The somatic subtype was characterised by difficultly concentrating and reduced energy and movement, whereas anhedonic symptoms were associated with the inability to experience pleasure. Melancholic symptoms corresponded to anhedonia, decreased physical activity and other psychological and somatic complaints. Compared with the asymptomatic group, somatic symptoms were consistently associated with slower gait speed, -0.03 metres per second (m/s) and between-group differences for melancholic symptomology were as large as -0.05 m/s, but the associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: findings demonstrate unique depressive symptom subtypes in older adults after hip fracture and provide confirmatory evidence of unique clinical phenotypes; however, their impact on functional recovery after hip fracture remains unclear.

Comparative study of PROMISⓇ self-efficacy for managing chronic conditions across chronic neurologic disorders.

PURPOSE: Self-efficacy (SE) for managing chronic conditions is the belief that one can carry out behaviors to reach health goals. The study objective is to investigate (1) SE for managing chronic conditions across diverse neurologic conditions, (2) demographic and disease determinants of SE, and (3) SE as a predictor of health and disability. METHODS: Patients with chronic neurologic conditions (epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, Parkinson disease, stroke; n = 834) completed five SE for Managing Chronic Conditions instruments (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System®; PROMIS®). Other assessments included PROMIS depression, fatigue, physical function, and global health. RESULTS: Two of the five SE domains showed differences across the five disorders (ANOVA; SE for Managing Daily Activities p < .001 and Managing Symptoms p < .01). The three domains with no differences were Managing Medications/Treatments, Emotions, and Social Interactions. Lowest SE was in neuropathy, and highest in epilepsy (Managing Activities) and stroke (Managing Symptoms). Multivariate regression showed SE measures to be better predictors of mental health, global health, and disability than either disease severity or diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: SE for managing chronic conditions differs across neurologic disorders, with lowest SE for managing activities and symptoms in neuropathy, and highest in patients with epilepsy and stroke. PROMIS SE measures are better predictors of mental health, disability, and quality of life than disease severity or diagnosis.

Multidimensionality of the PROMIS self-efficacy measure for managing chronic conditions.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the PROMIS Self-Efficacy Measure for Managing Chronic Conditions (PROMIS-SE) domain distributions and examined the factor structure of the PROMIS-SE. METHODS: A total of 1087 individuals with chronic conditions participated in this study. PROMIS-SE's item banks and two short forms (eight-item and four-item) measuring five behavioral domains (daily activities(DA), Emotions(EM), medications and treatments(MT), social interactions(SS), and Symptoms(SX)) were examined. PROMIS-SE's T-score ranges and distributions were examined to identify domain metric distributions and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test a multidimensional model fit to the PROMIS-SE. RESULTS: PROMIS-SE domains showed different T-score ranges and distributions for item banks and two short forms across all five domains. While PROMIS-SE EM demonstrated the highest T-scores (least negatively skewed), MT had the lowest T-scores (most negatively skewed) for all three forms. In general, respondents were more likely to achieve highest self-efficacy ratings (very confident) for domains DA, MT, and SS as compared to domains EM and SX. CFA confirmed that a multidimensional model adequately fit all three PROMIS-SE forms. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that self-efficacy T-distributions are not consistent across domains (i.e., managing medications and treatments domain was more negatively skewed difficult than other domains), which is a requirement for making inter-domain comparisons. A multidimensional model could be used to enhance the PROMIS-SE's estimate accuracy and clinical utility.

Residual Disability, Mortality, and Nursing Home Placement After Hip Fracture Over 2 Decades.

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in 12-month postfracture residual disability, nursing home placement, and mortality among patients with a hip fracture between 1990 and 2011. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of 12-month outcomes from 3 cohort studies and control arms of 2 randomized controlled trials. SETTING: Original studies were conducted as part of the Baltimore Hip Studies (BHS). PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling patients ≥65 years of age hospitalized for surgical repair of a nonpathologic hip fracture (N=988). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Twelve-month residual disability, mortality, and nursing home residency were examined in case-mix adjusted models by sex and study. Residual disability was calculated by subtracting prefracture scores of Lower Extremity Physical Activities of Daily Living from scores at 12 months postfracture. We also examined the proportion of individuals with a 12-month score higher than their prefracture score (residual disability>0). RESULTS: Only small improvements were seen in residual disability between 1990 and 2011. No significant differences were seen for men between BHS2 (enrollment 1990-1991; mean residual disability=3.1 activities; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.16-4.10) and BHS7 (enrollment 2006-2011; mean=3.1 activities; 95% CI, 2.41-3.82). In women, residual disability significantly improved from BHS2 (mean=3.5 activities; 95% CI, 2.95-3.99) to BHS3 (enrollment 1992-1995; mean=2.7 activities; 95% CI, 2.01-3.30) with no significant improvements in later studies. After adjustment, a substantial proportion (91% of men and 79% of women) had a negative outcome (residual disability, died, or nursing home residence at 12 months) in the most recently completed study (BHS7). CONCLUSIONS: Over 2 decades, patients undergoing usual care post-hip fracture still had substantial residual disability. Additional clinical and research efforts are needed to determine how to improve hip fracture treatment, rehabilitation, and subsequent outcomes.

Effect of a Multicomponent Home-Based Physical Therapy Intervention on Ambulation After Hip Fracture in Older Adults: The CAP Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Disability persists after hip fracture in older persons. Current rehabilitation may not be sufficient to restore ability to walk in the community. Objective: To compare a multicomponent home-based physical therapy intervention (training) with an active control on ability to walk in the community. Design, Setting, and Participants: Parallel, 2-group randomized clinical trial conducted at 3 US clinical centers (Arcadia University, University of Connecticut Health Center, and University of Maryland, Baltimore). Randomization began on September 16, 2013, and ended on June 20, 2017; follow-up ended on October 17, 2017. Patients aged 60 years and older were enrolled after nonpathologic, minimal trauma hip fracture, if they were living in the community and walking without human assistance before the fracture, were assessed within 26 weeks of hospitalization, and were not able to walk during daily activities at the time of enrollment. A total of 210 participants were randomized and reassessed 16 and 40 weeks later. Interventions: The training intervention (active treatment) (n = 105) included aerobic, strength, balance, and functional training. The active control group (n = 105) received transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and active range-of-motion exercises. Both groups received 2 to 3 home visits from a physical therapist weekly for 16 weeks; nutritional counseling; and daily vitamin D (2000 IU), calcium (600 mg), and multivitamins. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome (community ambulation) was defined as walking 300 m or more in 6 minutes at 16 weeks after randomization. The study was designed to test a 1-sided hypothesis of superiority of training compared with active control. Results: Among 210 randomized participants (mean age, 80.8 years; 161 women [76.7%]), 197 (93.8%) completed the trial (187 [89.0%] by completing the 6-minute walk test at 16 weeks and 10 [4.8%] by adjudication of the primary outcome). Among these, 22 of 96 training participants (22.9%) and 18 of 101 active control participants (17.8%) (difference, 5.1% [1-sided 97.5% CI, -∞ to 16.3%]; 1-sided P = .19) became community ambulators. Seventeen training participants (16.2%) and 15 control participants (14.3%) had 1 or more reportable adverse events during the intervention period. The most common reportable adverse events reported were falls (training: 6 [5.7%], control: 4 [3.8%]), femur/hip fracture (2 in each group), pneumonia (training: 2, control: 0), urinary tract infection (training: 2, control: 0), dehydration (training: 0, control: 2), and dyspnea (training: 0, control: 2). Conclusions and Relevance: Among older adults with a hip fracture, a multicomponent home-based physical therapy intervention compared with an active control that included transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and active range-of-motion exercises did not result in a statistically significant improvement in the ability to walk 300 m or more in 6 minutes after 16 weeks. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01783704.

Persistence of depressive symptoms and gait speed recovery in older adults after hip fracture.

OBJECTIVE: Depression after hip fracture in older adults is associated with worse physical performance; however, depressive symptoms are dynamic, fluctuating during the recovery period. The study aim was to determine how the persistence of depressive symptoms over time cumulatively affects the recovery of physical performance. METHODS: Marginal structural models estimated the cumulative effect of persistence of depressive symptoms on gait speed during hip fracture recovery among older adults (n = 284) enrolled in the Baltimore Hip Studies 7th cohort. Depressive symptoms at baseline and at 2-month and 6-month postadmission for hip fracture were evaluated by using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and persistence of symptoms was assessed as a time-averaged severity lagged to standardized 3 m gait speed at 2, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: A 1-unit increase in time-averaged Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression score was associated with a mean difference in gait speed of -0.0076 standard deviations (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.0184, 0.0032; P = .166). The association was largest in magnitude from baseline to 6 months: -0.0144 standard deviations (95% CI: -0.0303, 0.0015; P = 0.076). Associations for the other time intervals were smaller: -0.0028 standard deviations (95% CI: -0.0138, 0.0083; P = .621) at 2 months and -0.0121 standard deviations (95% CI: -0.0324, 0.0082; P = .238) at 12 months. CONCLUSION: Although not statistically significant, the magnitude of the numerical estimates suggests that expressing more depressive symptoms during the first 6 months after hip fracture has a meaningful impact on functional recovery.

Discordance Between Physician Assessment and Patient-Reported Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson Disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess concordance between physician assessment and patient-reported symptoms when screening for depression in Parkinson disease (dPD). BACKGROUND: Depression in Parkinson disease is highly prevalent (∼40%) and has a significant impact on quality of life and disability, yet physician recognition and treatment remain inadequate. METHODS: One thousand seventy-six patients with PD completed the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), a screening questionnaire for psychiatric symptoms, which was compared to item #3 (depression) on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). RESULTS: The mean BSI-18 depression score was 51.4 (9.7). Of the 170 (16%) patients screening positive for dPD on the BSI-18, 104 (61%) were not recognized as depressed by neurologists on the UPDRS. Factors associated with lower neurologist recognition included male gender, better mental health quality of life, and lack of antidepressant use. CONCLUSION: More than 60% of patients screening positive for depression on self-report were not recognized by neurologists on the UPDRS. A patient-reported screening tool for depression may improve recognition and management of dPD.

Validation of the PROMIS® measures of self-efficacy for managing chronic conditions.

PURPOSE: The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®) was designed to develop, validate, and standardize item banks to measure key domains of physical, mental, and social health in chronic conditions. This paper reports the calibration and validation testing of the PROMIS Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Conditions measures. METHODS: PROMIS Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Conditions item banks comprise five domains, Self-Efficacy for Managing: Daily Activities, Symptoms, Medications and Treatments, Emotions, and Social Interactions. Banks were calibrated in 1087 subjects from two data sources: 837 patients with chronic neurologic conditions (epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, Parkinson disease, and stroke) and 250 subjects from an online Internet sample of adults with general chronic conditions. Scores were compared with one legacy scale: Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item scale (SEMCD6) and five PROMIS short forms: Global Health (Physical and Mental), Physical Function, Fatigue, Depression, and Anxiety. RESULTS: The sample was 57% female, mean age = 53.8 (SD = 14.7), 76% white, 21% African American, 6% Hispanic, and 76% with greater than high school education. Full-item banks were created for each domain. All measures had good internal consistency and correlated well with SEMCD6 (r = 0.56-0.75). Significant correlations were seen between the Self-Efficacy measures and other PROMIS short forms (r > 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed PROMIS Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Conditions measures include five domains of self-efficacy that were calibrated across diverse chronic conditions and show good internal consistency and cross-sectional validity.

Disability Rating Scales in Parkinson's Disease: Critique and Recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: PD is associated with impairments that progress over time to disability. A large number of disability scales exist with little information on the best choice in PD. METHODS: Following methodology adopted by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force, a review of disability scales used in PD was completed. Based on prespecified criteria, the review categorized scales into: "Recommended"; "Recommended with Further Validation in PD Required" when well-validated scales have not been specifically tested for clinimetric properties in PD; "Suggested"; and "Listed." RESULTS: Twenty-nine disability instruments were identified with nine scales fulfilling criteria for "Recommended" and 7 "Recommended with Further Validation in PD Required." Eight scales are "Suggested" and five scales are "Listed" for use in PD. The nine Recommended scales (Functional Status Questionnaire, Lawton-Brody Activities of Daily Living, Nottingham Activities of Daily Living, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living, Self-Assessment PD Disability, Short Parkinson's Evaluation Scale/Scales for Outcomes in PD, Unified PD Rating Scale-II: Activities of Daily Living, Movement Disorders Society UPDRS Motor Experiences of Daily Living, PROMIS® and Neuro-QoL Physical Function), and the seven Recommended with Further Validation in PD Required are reviewed. CONCLUSION: Many disability measures are available and recommended for application in PD. The Task Force does not recommend the development of a new scale. Selection of the most appropriate instrument for a particular objective requires consideration of the characteristics of each scale and the goals of the assessment. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Asymmetric responsiveness of disability and health-related quality of life to improvement versus decline in Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: Clinical trials in Parkinson's disease commonly employ outcome measures of disability and quality of life. Responsiveness of these outcomes measures to symptomatic decline versus improvement has not been studied. We wanted to study the responsiveness of Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale (SE) and Short Form-12 (SF-12) to symptomatic decline versus improvement in Parkinson's disease over a 4-year period among a naturalistic cohort of patients. METHODS: Parkinson's disease patients (N = 228, disease duration 6.1 years) were followed for 4 years with assessments of disease severity, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), health-related quality of life (SF-12 physical/mental health), and disability (SE). The sample was subdivided into those who declined (N = 118) or improved (N = 102) on total-UPDRS. Responsiveness was assessed with Cohen's effect size and standardized response mean. RESULTS: At baseline, patients who improved over 4 years had greater disease severity and worse quality of life than decliners (p < .05). Decliners had a 13.5-point worsening on total-UPDRS, 26.3-39.8; p < .001) associated with concomitant decline on the SF-12 (physical health 42.9-39.2, mental health 50.0-46.6; both p < .001) and the SE (85-74 %; p < .001). Improvers had a 13.0-point improvement on total-UPDRS (39.8-26.8; p < .001) associated with minimal change on the SF-12 (physical health 40.8-39.5, mental health 47.1-46.3) and SE (79-79 %). Based on effect size, the rank order of responsiveness of measures for decliners from high to low was SE (-0.78), Short Form-12 mental health (-0.45), and SF-12 physical health (-0.34). Rank order of responsiveness for improvers was Short Form-12 physical health (-0.11), SF-12 mental health (-0.10), and SE (-0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Among decliners, measures of disability and quality of life were moderate to highly responsive to change in disease severity. Among improvers, both disability and quality of life were poorly responsive despite UPDRS improvement of comparable magnitude.

Assessment of the psychometrics of a PROMIS item bank: self-efficacy for managing daily activities.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the psychometrics of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System self-efficacy for managing daily activities item bank. METHODS: The item pool was field tested on a sample of 1087 participants via internet (n = 250) and in-clinic (n = 837) surveys. All participants reported having at least one chronic health condition. The 35 item pool was investigated for dimensionality (confirmatory factor analyses, CFA and exploratory factor analysis, EFA), item-total correlations, local independence, precision, and differential item functioning (DIF) across gender, race, ethnicity, age groups, data collection modes, and neurological chronic conditions (McFadden Pseudo R (2) less than 10 %). RESULTS: The item pool met two of the four CFA fit criteria (CFI = 0.952 and SRMR = 0.07). EFA analysis found a dominant first factor (eigenvalue = 24.34) and the ratio of first to second eigenvalue was 12.4. The item pool demonstrated good item-total correlations (0.59-0.85) and acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97). The item pool maintained its precision (reliability over 0.90) across a wide range of theta (3.70), and there was no significant DIF. CONCLUSION: The findings indicated the item pool has sound psychometric properties and the test items are eligible for development of computerized adaptive testing and short forms.