[Generational differences in overweight and obesity among Chinese adult resident].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the generational differences in overweight/obesity prevalence and central obesity prevalence among Chinese adult residents aged 20 years and above at the same ages. METHODS: A total of 38 908 healthy adult residents aged 20 years and above from "the China Health and Nutrition Survey" in 1991, 2000, 2009, and 2018 were selected for this study. Based on age at the time of the survey, the study subjects were divided into 6 age groups(20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and ≥70 years old) corresponding to 9 different generations of births in 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 generations, respectively. All analyses were stratified by sex. A chi-square test was used to compare generational differences in overweight/obesity and central obesity at similar ages in populations born in different generations. Non-parametric tests were used to compare generational differences in BMI and waist circumference. RESULTS: (1) Body mass index(BMI), overweight/obesity rate, waist circumference, and central obesity rate showed unfavorable generational differences(P<0.0001) among different generations of residents at similar ages. BMI, overweight/obesity prevalence, waist circumference, and central obesity prevalence were higher in the younger generation. Overweight/obesity and central obesity occurred at an earlier age in the younger generation. (2) Generational differences in overweight/obesity rates and central obesity rates followed gender specificity. Unfavorable generational differences(P<0.0001) occurred in overweight/obesity as well as central obesity between the two oldest generations of females, with maximum differences of 15.5% and 8.0%. Unfavorable generational differences(P<0.0001) occurred in overweight/obesity between the two adjacent generations of men and in central obesity between the two youngest generations of men, with maximum differences of 19.5% and 17.0%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight/obesity and central obesity among Chinese adults showed unfavorable generational differences. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and central obesity was higher in the younger generation. The younger generation develops overweight/obesity at an earlier age.

[Relationship between physical activity and muscle mass loss among people aged 60 and above in 15 provinces of China in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between physical activity and muscle mass loss among Chinese elderly aged 60 years and above in 15 provinces. METHODS: Data was collected from 2015 China Nutritional Transition Cohort Study. Information on demographic characteristics and physical activity was investigated by questionnaire. Dietary intake was estimated from three consecutive 24-h recalls for each individual. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass(ASM) was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA). Skeletal muscle mass(SMI) loss was diagnosed according Asian working group of sarcopenia(AWGS) 2019 recommendation(male: SMI <7.0 kg/m~2, female: <5.7 kg/m~2). A total of 4565 participants aged 60 years and above from 15 provinces in China with complete information were included in the final analysis. Different domains(occupational, domestic, travel and leisure), light physical activity(<3.0 METs), moderate physical activity(3.0-5.9 METs) and vigorous physical activity(≥6.0 METs) of physical activity among elderly adults were evaluated. Logistic multilevel model was used to analyze the relationship between low muscle mass and different intensity of physical activity duration. RESULTS: Among all participants aged 60 years and above in 15 provinces of China in 2015, women's participation rate in domestic physical activity was 91.7%, which was higher than men's rate of 62.3%. However, men's participation rate in occupational, travel and leisure physical activity were higher than those of women. The participation rate, duration of light physical activity and moderate physical activity were higher in women than in men(light physical activity: female duration 11.0 h/week vs. male duration 3.5 h/week; female participation rate 89.9% vs. male participation rate 62.8%; moderate physical activity: female duration 7.0 h/week vs. male duration 4.7 h/week; female participation rate 90.6% vs. male participation rate 75.2%). The median vigorous physical activity was 0 h/week in both male and female group. The prevalence of muscle mass loss was 13.9% among subjects. The median weekly light physical activity and moderate physical activity in muscle mass loss group were 5.8 h and 4.7 h, which were lower than in non-muscle mass loss group(9.3 h and 6.0 h). The OR of muscle mass lass was 0.71(95%CI 0.42-0.98, P<0.05) for the male with 3.5-6.9 hours of moderate physical activity per week, compared to moderate physical activity less than 3.5 h/week. And OR of the female was 0.67(95%CI 0.47-0.95, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The vast majority of physical activity in China among the elderly is domestic and light physical activity. Light physical activity and moderate physical activity duration increments in female and moderate physical activity duration increments in male were associated with decreased risk of muscle mass loss.

[Designing effective front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food in China:based on Delphi method].

OBJECTIVE: To design front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food adapted to the Chinese context. METHODS: Delphi method was used to evaluate the first graft of indicatorsof the front-of-package warning labels. The front-of-package warning labels suitable for China's national conditions was selected according to the direct scoring method. RESULTS: 4 sets of front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food were selected after two rounds of Delphi expert method. CONCLUSION: The final draft of the front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food is in line with expectations.

[Multilevel study on the effects of dietary nutrients on body mass index of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17].

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the relationship between dietary nutrients and body mass index of children and adolescents aged 7-17 in China. METHODS: The data comes from the "China Health and Nutrition Survey", and 5562 children and adolescents aged 7-17 who participated in at least one round(2000, 2006, 2011 and 2015) of the survey and had complete dietary and physical measurement survey data were selected as the research objects. A three-level(community-individual-observation level) linear random intercept mixed effect model of body mass index was constructed to analyze the influence of dietary nutrient intake of children and adolescents of different genders in urban and rural areas on their body mass index(BMI).24 hours for 3 consecutive days and family weight accounting were used to evaluate the dietary nutrient intake. RESULTS: BMI of urban children and adolescents is higher than that of rural children and adolescents. The BMI of children and adolescents aged 12-17 is higher than that of children and adolescents aged 7-11. BMI of boys was higher than that of girls, but the difference was statistically significant only in 2011 and 2015. After controlling for confounding factors such as individual level(survey year, age, physical activity and family per capita income) and community level(community urbanization index), the three-level model showed that the BMI of rural boys increased with the increase of cholesterol intake(P<0.01). BMI of urban girls increased with the increase of vitamin B_1 intake(P<0.05) and iron intake(P<0.01). BMI of rural girls increased with the increase of vitamin E intake(P<0.001) and sodium intake(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: There are some differences in dietary nutrients that affect the BMI level of 7-17 years old children and adolescents between urban and rural areas.

[Trends of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-17 in 16 provinces of China from 2000 to 2018].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution characteristics and trends of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in 16 provinces of China. METHODS: Data were collected from China health and nutrition survey in 2000, 2006, 2011, 2015 and 2018, 8398 children and adolescents aged 7-17 with complete data were selected as the research objects. Overweight and obesity were classified by body mass index(BMI) reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents. The distribution and trend of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-17 in 16 provinces of China were analyzed by using Cochran-Armitage trend test and two-level random intercept model. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 7-17 in China showed an upward trend from 2000 to 2018(P<0.05). The prevalence of overweight increased from 5.42% in 2000 to 12.92% in 2018, and the prevalence of obesity increased from 2.45% in 2000 to 12.36% in 2018. The result of multilevel model analysis showed that gender and urban and rural areas had significant effects on centralized BMI(P<0.05), the BMI increase value of boys was greater than that of girls(ß=0.2824), the BMI increase value of children and adolescents in rural areas was greater than that in urban areas(ß=0.5902). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-17 in 16 provinces of China are increasing.

Multi-trajectories of body mass index, waist circumference, gut microbiota, and incident dyslipidemia: a 27-year prospective study.

Background: Evidence is insufficient to establish a longitudinal association between combined trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and dyslipidemia. Our study aimed to explore the association between multi-trajectories of BMI and WC and incident dyslipidemia and identify microbiota and metabolite signatures of these trajectories. Methods: Stratified by sex, we used a group-based trajectory modeling approach to identify distinct multi-trajectories of BMI and WC among 10,678 participants from the China Health and Nutrition Survey over a 24-year period. For each sex, we examined the associations between these multi-trajectories (1991-2015) and the onset dyslipidemia (2018) using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyles factors. We characterized the gut microbial composition and performed LASSO and logistic regression to identify gut microbial signatures associated with these multi-trajectories in males and females, respectively. Results: We identified four multi-trajectories of BMI and WC among both males and females: Normal (Group 1), BMI&WC normal increasing (Group 2), BMI&WC overweight increasing (Group 3), and BMI&WC obesity increasing (Group 4). Among males, Group 2 (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.28-3.46), Group 3 (OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.56-4.63) and Group 4 (OR: 3.56, 95% CI: 1.85-6.83) had higher odds of developing dyslipidemia. However, among females, only those in Group 2 (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.03-2.30) were more likely to develop dyslipidemia. In males, compared with Group 1, we observed lower alpha-diversity within Groups 2,3, and 4, and significant beta-diversity differences within Groups 3 and 4 (p 0.001). We also identified 3, 8, and 4 characteristic bacterial genera in male Groups 2, 3 and 4, and 2 genera in female Group 2. A total of 23, 25 and 10 differential metabolites were significantly associated with the above genera, except for Group 2 in males. Conclusions: The ascending combined trajectories of BMI and WC are associated with a higher risk of dyslipidemia, even with normal baseline levels, especially in males. Shared and unique gut microbial and metabolic signatures among these high-risk trajectories could enhance our understanding of the mechanisms connecting obesity to dyslipidemia.

Amino Acids and Lipids Associated with Long-Term and Short-Term Red Meat Consumption in the Chinese Population: An Untargeted Metabolomics Study.

Red meat (RM) consumption is correlated with multiple health outcomes. This study aims to identify potential biomarkers of RM consumption in the Chinese population and evaluate their predictive ability. We selected 500 adults who participated in the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey and examined their overall metabolome differences by RM consumption by using elastic-net regression, then evaluate the predictivity of a combination of filtered metabolites; 1108 metabolites were detected. In the long-term RM consumption analysis 12,13-DiHOME, androstenediol (3α, 17α) monosulfate 2, and gamma-Glutamyl-2-aminobutyrate were positively associated, 2-naphthol sulfate and S-methylcysteine were negatively associated with long-term high RM consumption, the combination of metabolites prediction model evaluated by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 70.4% (95% CI: 59.9-80.9%). In the short-term RM consumption analysis, asparagine, 4-hydroxyproline, and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate were positively associated, behenoyl sphingomyelin (d18:1/22:0) was negatively associated with short-term high RM consumption. Combination prediction model AUC was 75.6% (95% CI: 65.5-85.6%). We identified 10 and 11 serum metabolites that differed according to LT and ST RM consumption which mainly involved branch-chained amino acids, arginine and proline, urea cycle and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. These metabolites may become a mediator of some chronic diseases among high RM consumers and provide new evidence for RM biomarkers.