Epicardial mapping and ablation of biatrial macroreentrant tachycardia via Bachmann's bundle.

INTRODUCTION: Recent reports highlighted the role of epicardial connections in the development of biatrial tachycardia circuits. METHODS: We reported a case of 60-year-old female patient who was admitted with recurrent atrial tachycardia (AT) after endocardial pulmonary vein isolation and anterior mitral line formation. RESULTS: Epicardial activation map demonstrated fragmented continuous potentials at the Bachmann's bundle region with good entrainment response. Epicardial radiofrequency ablation terminated AT with complete block in the anterior mitral line. CONCLUSIONS: This case corroborates the data relevant to the role of interatrial connections-specifically Bachmann's bundle-in biatrial macroreentrant ATs and demonstrates that epicardial mapping is an effective method to identify the entire reentrant circuit.

MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES OF INCIDENTAL THYROID 18F-FDG UPTAKE IDENTIFIED ON 18F-FDG PET/CT IMAGING.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the clinical significance of incidental thyroid 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake in oncology patients with the focus achieving the most appropriate management of this challenging situation. Materials and method: Two thousand five hundred and eighty 18F-FDG PET/CT studies performed at our institute in the past 4 years were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with incidental FDG uptake in the thyroid gland were further analysed. Results: The prevalence of incidental FDG uptake in thyroid gland was 7.6% (129 patients). 26 patients (20.1%) had diffuse 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake, 103 patients (79.1%) had nodular uptake in thyroid gland. All diffuse uptake patients who were further examined diagnosed to be a benign condition. 53 patients in the nodular uptake group were further examined and the final histopathology examinations revealed an 18.8% malignancy rate. SUV max values ranged from 2 to 21.8 with a significant highness in malignant lesions. Conclusion: 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake in the thyroid gland may be diffuse or nodular. Diffuse uptake needs no further examination as it usually accompanied by benign thyroid disorders. Patients with nodular uptake whose general condition is good should be further examined due to high rates of malignancy.

Potential of essential oil combinations for surface and air disinfection.

In this study, it was aimed to develop a novel disinfectant from various essential oils containing active components with antimicrobial activity. The mixture of oregano, cinnamon and clove oils (1 : 1 : 1) with 10% oil concentration (SOM) was used as potential disinfectant on various areas and showed the highest antimicrobial activity among oil combinations tested. SOM reduced the numbers of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB; 2·27 log CFU per 25 cm2 ) and Escherichia coli (4·60 log CFU per 25 cm2 ) under the detection limits. Application of SOM (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6%) into incubators reduced TMAB and mould-yeast counts of incubator air by 82·9 and 100% respectively. SOM application (3%) into ambient air also reduced its TMAB and mould-yeast counts by 92 and 84·6% respectively. While ethanol is commonly used for the disinfection of environments, equipment and surfaces, SOM is an important alternative that may also be used for the disinfection of various surfaces as well as air.

Urinary incontinence in women aged 40 and older: Its prevalence, risk factors, and effect on quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence (UI) paves the way for many health problems ranging from discomforts of continuous wetness and irritation to social isolation and depression in women. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of UI in women aged 40 and older as well as its risk factors and also its effect on quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 286 women included in the sample. Subjects were selected randomly. The data were collected using a questionnaire, which was prepared by the researchers, and the Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using number, percentage, mean, Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression analysis in the SPSS program. RESULTS: It was found that 86 (30.1%) of the women experienced the symptom of UI. The women had mostly the mixed UI. The correlations between UI and age, educational level, status of employment, the presence of chronic diseases, chronic constipation, difficult birth history, and state of menopause were significant. Total mean score of the women with UI for the Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire was 73.62 ± 24.36 and the most affected domain of the quality of life field was social embarrassment. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, it was found that UI was prevalent in Turkish women and impaired their quality of life. The results can help to provide education and counseling services to women in a society-sensitive manner.

Case Report.

Background: Thyroid hormone resistance (RTH) is defined as a decrease in response to thyroid hormones in the target tissue. Most patients present with nonspecific findings. In this article, we aimed to represent a 22-year-old female patient who presented with palpitation, fatigue, and heat intolerance. She was thought to have thyroid hormone resistance and her genetic examination revealed NM_001128177.1 (THRß): c.1034G > A (p.Gly345Asp) pathogenic variation in the THRß gene. Case report: A 22-year-old female patient presented with complaints of fatigue, heat intolerance and palpitations. She was taking Propranolol twice daily at admission. Her family history revealed hypothyroidism in her grandmother. Her physical examination results were as follows: height 160 cm, weight 65 kg, body mass index 25.4kg/m2, body temperature 36.5°C, respiratory rate 18/min, heart rate 86 beats/min, blood pressure 120/80 mmHg. Her palms were sweaty. The heart sounds were normal, and no heart murmur was auscultated. The laboratory results were TSH: 5.31uU/mL, fT3: 6.83 pg/mL, and fT4: 2.43 ng/dL. THRß gene mutation analysis was requested for our patient whose clinical history and laboratory results were compatible with thyroid hormone resistance. The pathogenic variation NM_001128177.1(THRß):c.1034G>A (p.Gly345Asp) was detected after analysis. Conclusion: A diagnosis of RTH requires high clinical suspicion and a genetic mutation analysis should be requested in the case of clinical suspicion. In this way, unnecessary anti-thyroid treatment can be prevented.

Toxicopathological effects of feeding aflatoxins B1 in broilers and its ameliosration with indigenous mycotoxin binder.

Mycotoxicosis is the second most important problem faced by the Pakistan poultry industry, after high feed prices. The present experimental study was designed to investigate the toxicopathological effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in commercial broiler chicks and its amelioration with locally produced mycotoxin binder. Total of 125 broiler chicks was divided into five equal groups (A-E). Group A served as negative control, group B (300 µg AFB1/kg feed) as positive control, group C (300 µg AFB1/kg + Local Mycotoxin Binder (LMB), 1 g/kg feed), group D (300 µg AFB1/kg + 2 g LMB/kg feed), and group E (300 µg AFB1/kg + Commercial Mycotoxin Binder (CMB), 2 g/kg of feed). Parameters studied included mortality, feed intake, bodyweights, absolute and relative organ weights, and gross and microscopic lesions in visceral organs. Clinical signs including alertness, fecal consistency, and feather shine were significantly lower in group B compared with control group A. The feed intake of 2 g/kg LMB treated group was significantly higher than that of the positive control group B. Also mean bodyweights of group D birds was higher than that of group B birds indicating an ameliorative effect of LMB. Histopathological results showed that moldy feed produced necrotic changes in the liver and kidneys in group B birds. However, in group D and E birds, the hepatic and renal parenchyma was normal, showing a protective effect of LMB. In the present study, a higher dose of LMB (2 g/kg) in group D showed higher bodyweights and feed intake. In group D, birds hepatic and renal parenchyma was also normal. The results suggested that local mycotoxin binder ameliorated the toxicopathological effects of AFB1 in mortality, feed intake, bodyweights, organ weights and, gross and microscopic lesions in visceral organs. These ameliorative effects of LMB were dose-dependent. The results of the present study concluded that AFB1 intoxication leads to decrease in bodyweights, feed intake in dose-related manner. The mortality was also dose-dependent. Gross and microscopic changes in the aflatoxin groups were more pronounced, however, all these deleterious effects were ameliorated in higher dose of LMB (group D) and CMB (group E). In group C, these deleterious effects were partially ameliorated. Local mycotoxin binder is an economical solution for aflatoxicosis problem, making poultry production more cost-effective.

Protective effect of melatonin and agomelatine on adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat model: a renal scintigraphy and biochemical study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the possible protective effects of melatonin and agomelatine on an animal model of adriamycin nephrotoxicity by 99mTc DMSA renal scintigraphy and biochemical methods. METHODS: Ten weeks old 49 male Wistar rats were randomly separated into seven groups; namely control (CON), adriamycin (ADR), melatonin (MEL), agomelatine (AGO), melatonin + adriamycin (MEL+ADR), agomelatine + adriamycin (AGO+ADR) and melatonin + agomelatine + adriamycin (MEL+AGO+ADR) groups. Nephrotoxicity was induced by a three-dose of 18 mg/kg adriamycin, i.p. at a 24 h interval on the 5th, 6th and 7th days. A dose of melatonin and agomelatine (40 mg/kg/i.p, the same doses) were injected for 7 days before and after the injected of ADR (18 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. On the 8th day of the experiment, all animals were evaluated and scintigraphic and biochemical parameters were assessed, respectively. RESULTS: ADR significantly increased blood urea nitrogen (1040 %) and plasma creatinine (1020 %), and decreased 99mTc DMSA uptake levels (59 %) compared to the control (p < 0.001). Pretreatment with MEL, AGO, MEL+AGO mitigated these abnormalities produced by ADR in the kidney (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: 99mTc DMSA for the early determination of ADR-induced nephrotoxicity had an important role. Also, a significant correlation was found between biochemical and scintigraphy parameters. Adriamycin caused significant damages to kidneys that were reduced with MEL and AGO (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 39).

Cardioprotective effect of melatonin and agomelatine on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a rat model: an electrocardiographic, scintigraphic and biochemical study.

AIM: The present study aimed to determine the protective effect of melatonin and agomelatine on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by electrocardiographic, scintigraphic and biochemical methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-nine male Wistar rats were randomly separated into seven groups; control (CON), doxorubicin (DOX), melatonin (MEL), agomelatine (AGO), melatonin+doxorubicin (MEL+DOX), agomelatine+doxorubicin (AGO+DOX) and melatonin+ agomelatine+ doxorubicin (MEL+AGO+DOX) groups. Cardiotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DOX (18 mg/kg daily for three days). Rats receiving MEL and AGO treatment in the DOX-induced cardiotoxicity group received MEL and AGO (40 mg/kg/day, i.p., for seven days). They were injected with doxorubicin (18 mg/kg, i.p.) on days 5, 6, and 7. The rats were given MEL and AGO as substance control (40 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 7 days). On day 8 of the experiment, animals were evaluated by means of electrocardiography (ECG) and 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate (99mTc PYP) scintigraphy and their biochemical parameters [blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), cardiac troponin T (cTnT)] were examined. RESULTS: DOX-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats is characterized by conduction abnormalities in the ECG pattern (including decreased P wave and QRS complex duration, increased QT and RR intervals, and ST-segment elevation), increased serum BUN, CK, and cTnT parameters and increased 99mTc PYP uptake (p < 0.001). Pretreatment with MEL, AGO, or MEL+AGO effectively alleviated DOX-induced ECG abnormalities close to normal (p < 0.001). Moreover, serum biochemical evidence and 99mTc PYP uptake values demonstrated that pretreatment with MEL, AGO, or MEL+AGO has the same protective effect against the abnormalities produced in the heart by DOX (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MEL and AGO have a potential protective effect on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. At the same time, this study suggests that 99mTc PYP is a non-invasive method suitable for early determination of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (Tab. 3, Fig. 5, Ref. 41).

Protective effects of vitamin E on sodium arsenite-induced toxicity, testicular measurements and histopathological studies of testes in Teddy goat bucks.

The objective of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of arsenic on testicular measurements and histology of adult Teddy goats bucks and to examine whether these toxic effects are scavenged by vitamin E. Twelve adult Teddy goat bucks were divided randomly into three groups, A, B and C. Group A was kept as control, the B was given sodium arsenite 5 mg/kg BW per day, and group C was fed with vitamin E 200 mg/kg BW per day + arsenic 5 mg/kg BW per day. This treatment was continued for 84 days. Analysis of data revealed that the testicular measurements (scrotal circumference, width, length and weight) were significantly reduced in arsenic-treated animals, whereas there were ameliorating effects of vitamin E on these parameters. The major histopathological changes were present in the form of loss of germinal epithelium, atrophy of Leydig cells and vacuolations. Vitamin E in combination with sodium arsenite increased the active spermatogenesis as well as restoration of germinal epithelium. It can be concluded from the present findings that sodium arsenite causes toxicity in the male reproductive system of Teddy goat bucks with major changes in parenchyma of testes. Supplementation of vitamin E has protective effects on the toxicity of sodium arsenite on the reproductive system of male Teddy goat bucks.

Towards characterization of photo-excited electron transfer and catalysis in natural and artificial systems using XFELs.

The ultra-bright femtosecond X-ray pulses provided by X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) open capabilities for studying the structure and dynamics of a wide variety of biological and inorganic systems beyond what is possible at synchrotron sources. Although the structure and chemistry at the catalytic sites have been studied intensively in both biological and inorganic systems, a full understanding of the atomic-scale chemistry requires new approaches beyond the steady state X-ray crystallography and X-ray spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures. Following the dynamic changes in the geometric and electronic structure at ambient conditions, while overcoming X-ray damage to the redox active catalytic center, is key for deriving reaction mechanisms. Such studies become possible by using the intense and ultra-short femtosecond X-ray pulses from an XFEL, where sample is probed before it is damaged. We have developed methodology for simultaneously collecting X-ray diffraction data and X-ray emission spectra, using an energy dispersive spectrometer, at ambient conditions, and used this approach to study the room temperature structure and intermediate states of the photosynthetic water oxidizing metallo-protein, photosystem II. Moreover, we have also used this setup to simultaneously collect the X-ray emission spectra from multiple metals to follow the ultrafast dynamics of light-induced charge transfer between multiple metal sites. A Mn-Ti containing system was studied at an XFEL to demonstrate the efficacy and potential of this method.

Ca(2+)/calmodulin regulates salicylic-acid-mediated plant immunity.

Intracellular calcium transients during plant-pathogen interactions are necessary early events leading to local and systemic acquired resistance. Salicylic acid, a critical messenger, is also required for both of these responses, but whether and how salicylic acid level is regulated by Ca(2+) signalling during plant-pathogen interaction is unclear. Here we report a mechanism connecting Ca(2+) signal to salicylic-acid-mediated immune response through calmodulin, AtSR1 (also known as CAMTA3), a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-binding transcription factor, and EDS1, an established regulator of salicylic acid level. Constitutive disease resistance and elevated levels of salicylic acid in loss-of-function alleles of Arabidopsis AtSR1 suggest that AtSR1 is a negative regulator of plant immunity. This was confirmed by epistasis analysis with mutants of compromised salicylic acid accumulation and disease resistance. We show that AtSR1 interacts with the promoter of EDS1 and represses its expression. Furthermore, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-binding to AtSR1 is required for suppression of plant defence, indicating a direct role for Ca(2+)/calmodulin in regulating the function of AtSR1. These results reveal a previously unknown regulatory mechanism linking Ca(2+) signalling to salicylic acid level.

Coping with stresses: roles of calcium- and calcium/calmodulin-regulated gene expression.

Abiotic and biotic stresses are major limiting factors of crop yields and cause billions of dollars of losses annually around the world. It is hoped that understanding at the molecular level how plants respond to adverse conditions and adapt to a changing environment will help in developing plants that can better cope with stresses. Acquisition of stress tolerance requires orchestration of a multitude of biochemical and physiological changes, and most of these depend on changes in gene expression. Research during the last two decades has established that different stresses cause signal-specific changes in cellular Ca(2+) level, which functions as a messenger in modulating diverse physiological processes that are important for stress adaptation. In recent years, many Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) binding transcription factors (TFs) have been identified in plants. Functional analyses of some of these TFs indicate that they play key roles in stress signaling pathways. Here, we review recent progress in this area with emphasis on the roles of Ca(2+)- and Ca(2+)/CaM-regulated transcription in stress responses. We will discuss emerging paradigms in the field, highlight the areas that need further investigation, and present some promising novel high-throughput tools to address Ca(2+)-regulated transcriptional networks.

Technical feasibility of liver transplantation without cold storage.

PURPOSE: The success of liver transplantation (LT) is accompanied by an increased need for organs. The wider use of older donors and marginal organs with risk factors such as steatosis has lead to a new interest to improve the outcome with marginal organs. We herewith report a novel technique for LT with in situ preparation and immediate warm-ischemia liver transplantation (WI-LT). The aim of our study was to demonstrate the technical feasibility and report the transplant course. METHODS: Six patients underwent WI-LT at our institution. Hepatectomies during procurement and LT were both performed in parallel by different surgical teams. Technical factors and postoperative allograft function were analyzed. RESULTS: All six WI-LTs were performed without intraoperative complications with a mean warm-ischemia time (WIT) of 29.0 min. No patient developed primary non-function or required retransplantation. Mean alanine aminotransferase (194.0 ± 170.4 U/l) and aspartate aminotransferase (316.3 ± 222.1 U/l) values on the first postoperative day were low, indicating a low ischemia/reperfusion injury and an excellent liver function. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that WI-LT is a safe and technically feasible approach for LT with possibly reduced IRI and an excellent postoperative allograft quality. WI-LT may therefore be considered in individual patients especially with extended criteria donors to eventually improve postoperative allograft quality.

Complications of gynecological laparoscopy: experience of a single center.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and type of laparoscopic complications seen in a teaching hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred and forty-one diagnostic and operative laparoscopic procedures were performed by the same senior resident/resident surgical team. Direct entry technique was used for all procedures. RESULTS: The procedures included 74 (16.8%) diagnostic and 367 (83.2%) operative laparoscopies. The overall complication rate was 7.7% (34 cases). Conversion to laparotomy occurred in 16 cases (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The complication rate was found to be slightly higher than the rates quoted in the literature. This rate of 7.7% is still an acceptable one.

Effects of glucagon as a neurohormone on the central nervous system and glucose homeostasis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to elucidate the possible effects of the acute/long-term infusion of glucagon in the brain as the regulatory role on the endocrine secretions of the pancreas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety male Wistar albino rats were divided as Control, artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid (aCSF) (120 min), Glucagon (120 min), pancreatic denervation (PD)+aCSF (120 min), PD+Glucagon (120 min), aCSF (7 days), Glucagon (7 days), PD+aCSF (7 days) and PD+Glucagon (7 days). Glucagon and solvent (aCSF) were administered after pancreatic denervation (PD) by Hamilton syringe and osmotic mini pump (1 µg/10 µl/min) in the third ventricle of the brain. RESULTS: Acute intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of glucagon resulted in an elevation of glucagon levels and a concurrent reduction in blood glucose levels. Furthermore, in both the PD+aCSF (7 days) and PD+Glucagon (7 days) groups, there was a notable decrease in propiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP). Significant changes were observed in feed consumption and body weight, as well as pancreatic glucagon levels, with a simultaneous decrease in insulin levels in the PD (7 days), Glucagon (7 days), and PD+Glucagon (7 days) groups. These alterations were statistically significant when compared to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The research outcomes established that pancreas-secreted glucagon functions as a neurohormone within the brain, activating central pathways linked to blood glucose regulation. The presence of glucagon led to a decrease in POMC levels. Surprisingly, this reduction in POMC resulted in the suppression of AgRP. Contrary to expectations, the suppression of AgRP led to an increase in food intake rather than a decrease. As already highlighted in the results section, it was emphasized that POMC may play a more significant role than AgRP in influencing feeding behavior.

Interactions of SR45, an SR-like protein, with spliceosomal proteins and an intronic sequence: insights into regulated splicing.

SR45 is a serine/arginine-rich (SR)-like protein with two arginine/serine-rich (RS) domains. We have previously shown that SR45 regulates alternative splicing (AS) by differential selection of 5' and 3' splice sites. However, it is unknown how SR45 regulates AS. To gain mechanistic insights into the roles of SR45 in splicing, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library with SR45. This screening resulted in the isolation of two spliceosomal proteins, U1-70K and U2AF(35) b that are known to function in 5' and 3' splice site selection, respectively. This screen not only confirmed our prior observation that U1-70K and SR45 interact, but also helped to identify an additional interacting partner (U2AF(35) ). In vitro and in vivo analyses revealed an interaction of SR45 with both paralogs of U2AF(35) . Furthermore, we show that the RS1 and RS2 domains of SR45, and not the RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain, associate independently with both U2AF(35) proteins. Interaction studies among U2AF(35) paralogs and between U2AF(35) and U1-70K revealed that U2AF(35) can form homo- or heterodimers and that U2AF(35) proteins can associate with U1-70K. Using RNA probes from SR30 intron 10, whose splicing is altered in the sr45 mutant, we show that SR45 and U2AF(35) b bind to different parts of the intron, with a binding site for SR45 in the 5' region and two binding regions, each ending with a known 3' splice site, for U2AF(35) b. These results suggest that SR45 recruits U1snRNP and U2AF to 5' and 3' splice sites, respectively, by interacting with pre-mRNA, U1-70K and U2AF(35) and modulates AS.

A comparison of different activated carbon performances on catalytic ozonation of a model azo reactive dye.

The objective of this study is to compare the performances of catalytic ozonation processes of two activated carbons prepared from olive stone (ACOS) and apricot stone (ACAS) with commercial ones (granular activated carbon-GAC and powder activated carbon-PAC) in degradation of reactive azo dye (Reactive Red 195). The optimum conditions (solution pH and amount of catalyst) were investigated by using absorbencies at 532, 220 and 280 nm wavelengths. Pore properties of the activated carbon (AC) such as BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter were characterized by N(2) adsorption. The highest BET surface area carbon (1,275 m(2)/g) was obtained from ACOS with a particle size of 2.29 nm. After 2 min of catalytic ozonation, decolorization performances of ACOS and ACAS (90.4 and 91.3%, respectively) were better than that of GAC and PAC (84.6 and 81.2%, respectively). Experimental results showed that production of porous ACs with high surface area from olive and apricot stones is feasible in Turkey.

Elective bladder preservation with multimodality treatment for bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: To observe the outcome of maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy in medically inoperable patients with bladder cancer. METHODS: This study included 30 patients with stage T 2-4 bladder cancer. The patients were first treated with TURBT, and then received 2 cycles of induction chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin, followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine. RESULTS: Median follow up was 28.9 months. Radiologically, complete and partial response rates were 60 and 36.7%, while cystoscopically they were 40 and 30%, respectively. Local progression (4 cases) and distant metastasis (11 cases) were noted. Median overall survival and progressionfree survival were 32 and 21 months, respectively. One -and 2-year overall survival and progression-free survival rates were 97.60% and 83.49%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The multimodal treatment performed in this study was well tolerated and achieved a high rate of bladder preservation in selected patients with bladder cancer.

How childhood trauma and emotions influence essential tremor and its severity in Sakarya Province.

OBJECTIVE: Essential tremor (ET) is among the most common central nervous system disorders. It is characterised by symmetrical and bilateral postural tremor, usually affecting the hands. Alongside such motor symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, often occur. This study aimed to investigate how anxiety, depression and childhood trauma influence ET patients' tremor frequency and severity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The participants comprised 85 patients and 70 control volunteers. Participating patients have been admitted to our clinic for hand tremor complaints and diagnosed with ET, according to the Washington Heights Inwood Genetic Study of Essential Tremor (WHIGET) diagnosis criteria, and they returned for follow-up for at least one year after their initial treatment. Patients with thyroid dysfunction, Parkinson's disease, central nervous system pathology, a history of smoking or alcohol use or a history of drug use that may cause tremor were excluded from the study. Patients' demographic data, such as their age and gender, age at disease onset, disease duration, family history and tremor severity were recorded. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were applied to all patients. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in BDI score averages and BAI score averages between the patient and control groups (p = 0.002; p = 0.001) and physical abuse, emotional neglect and sexual abuse scores on the CTQ scale (p = 0.001, p = 0.007 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood mental trauma and emotional mood disorders are more common among ET patients. However, these disorders do not appear to affect ET severity.