Increasing educational attainment and mortality reduction: a systematic review and taxonomy.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the relationship between increasing educational attainment and mortality reduction has important policy and public health implications. This systematic review of the literature establishes a taxonomy to facilitate evaluation of the association between educational attainment and early mortality. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched Ovid Medline, Embase, PubMed and hand searches of references for English-language primary data analyses using education as an independent variable and mortality as a dependent variable. Initial searches were undertaken in February 2015 and updated in April 2016. RESULTS: One thousand, seven hundred and eleven unique articles were identified, 418 manuscripts were screened and 262 eligible studies were included in the review. After an iterative review process, the literature was divided into four study domains: (1) all-cause mortality (n = 68, 26.0%), (2) outcome-specific mortality (n = 89, 34.0%), (3) explanatory pathways (n = 51, 19.5%), and (4) trends over time (n = 54, 20.6%). These four domains comprise a novel taxonomy that can be implemented to better quantify the relationship between education and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: We propose an organizational taxonomy for the education-mortality literature based upon study characteristics that will allow for a more in-depth understanding of this association. Our review suggests that studies that include mediators or subgroups can explain part, but not all, of the relationship between education and early mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration # CRD42015017182 .

Playing surface and sport contact status modulate time to lower extremity musculoskeletal injury at a greater level than concussion history among collegiate student-athletes.

OBJECTIVES: While previous investigations have demonstrated a positive correlation between previous concussion and risk of subsequent lower extremity musculoskeletal injury (LEMSKI), the effect of sport- and patient-specific factors on time to injury has not been thoroughly described. This study's main objective was to evaluate the relationship between prior concussion and time to LEMSKI among a population of collegiate student-athletes. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the relationship between playing surface, sport contact status, and biologic sex on time to LEMSKI. We hypothesized that those with previous concussions, those competing on synthetic surfaces, and those competing in collision sports would experience decreased latency to LEMSKI overall. METHODS: A retrospective observational analysis of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I student-athletes was conducted utilizing a mixed linear model analysis with contrasts. Inclusion criteria included participation in the Pac-12 Health Analytics Program with a documented LEMSKI between 2017 and 2020. Exclusion criteria included concurrent concussion and LEMSKI, injury resulting in serious morbidity or mortality, and incomplete medical record. Participants were classified by whether they sustained a concussion prior to LEMSKI in each athletic season. RESULTS: Of 1179 athletes included, 1140 had no previous concussion and 37 had a previous concussion. There was no observed effect of previous concussion (F â€‹= â€‹0.038; p â€‹= â€‹0.846) on time to LEMSKI overall. Student-athletes competing on constructed surfaces sustained a subsequent LEMSKI 14.5 days sooner (SE â€‹= â€‹5.255; p â€‹= â€‹0.045), and those competing on organic surfaces sustained a subsequent LEMSKI 23.5 days sooner (SE â€‹= â€‹4.018; p â€‹< â€‹0.001) in the season than those competing on synthetic surfaces. Contact sport student-athletes sustained a subsequent LEMSKI 52.1 days sooner than collision sport student-athletes (SE â€‹= â€‹5.248; p â€‹< â€‹0.001), and limited contact sport student-athletes sustained a subsequent LEMSKI 42.29 days sooner than collision sport student-athletes (SE â€‹= â€‹4.463; p â€‹< â€‹0.001). There was no observed effect of biologic sex (F â€‹= â€‹0.602; p â€‹= â€‹0.438) on time to LEMSKI overall. CONCLUSION: There was no observed impact of concussion on time on LEMSKI overall in this collegiate athletic population. Contact sports were associated with decreased time to LEMSK, while synthetic surfaces were associated with increased time to LEMSKI in this population. There was no observed impact of biologic sex on time to LEMSKI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case-control, level of evidence III.

A Comprehensive Primer for Quality Assessment in Orthopaedic Surgery: Quality Measures, Payment Programs, and Registries.

Practicing orthopaedic surgeons are subject to both the requirement and the opportunity to participate in individual or group quality assessment, quality-based payment programs, and clinical data registries. An important limitation to participating in and receiving the benefits of quality measuring activities and programs is the lack of a current resource outlining quality assessment models, current quality metrics, and the presence and function of current quality programs, payment models, and active orthopaedic registries. This article is intended as a primer for the practicing orthopaedic surgeon and orthopaedic groups. We provide a detailed overview of current quality metric databases, their categorization and use, and orthopaedic surgeon's role in creating and shaping the definition of quality care and outcomes assessment in the future.

The Effect of a Brief, Web-Based Animated Video for Improving Comprehension and Implementation Feasibility for Reducing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial.

Neuromuscular injury prevention training (IPT) has been shown to reduce anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk by approximately 50%, but the implementation rate is low. One of the most important modifiable barriers for implementation is coaches' comprehension of risk and intervention strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a brief, web-based, animated video on ACL injury prevention comprehension and IPT implementation feasibility. Coaches in landing and cutting sports were recruited and randomized into three groups. (1) Intervention: brief multimedia animated video about ACL injury and prevention. (2) Active control: commonly accessed, text-based web resource about ACL injury and prevention. (3) Placebo control: brief multimedia video about concussions. Overall ACL comprehension-composed of basic ACL knowledge, risk knowledge, prevention knowledge, and severity knowledge-as well as implementation feasibility were all measured prior to and immediately following the interventions. Overall ACL comprehension improved the most in the animated video group (Cohen's d = 0.86) and, to a lesser degree, in the active control web-based article group (Cohen's d = 0.39). Both video and web-based article groups had greater implementation feasibility compared to the control group (p = 0.01). Overall, these initial results suggest that a brief, web-based, animated video has the potential to be a superior method for informing stakeholders in order to reduce traumatic injuries in sport.

Screening for Social Determinants of Health in Michigan Health Centers.

OBJECTIVE: Through an academic-community partnership with a statewide consortium of health centers (HCs) in Michigan, we characterize the current scope of screening for social determinants of health (SDH). METHODS: We requested copies of forms used to screen for SDH at the 39 HC organizations in Michigan. Using content analysis, we examined variation in screening domains and processes. We present descriptive analyses of HC characteristics and patient demographics. RESULTS: We received screening documentation from 23 of the 39 HCs (59%), representing 167 delivery sites. We found broad empiric consensus regarding a core set of 13 SDH screening domains that align with nationally recommended screening guidelines. Two additional domains, Culture and Functional Status, were screened for by <40% of HCs. While patient self-report is the most frequent mode of SDH screening (41%), many HCs use staff members to administer the screening documents. CONCLUSIONS: HCs across a large and diverse state are screening for SDH and largely agree on core SDH screening domains. Using existing empiric data from frontline providers can inform potential best practices in SDH screening.

Brief Mindfulness Practices for Healthcare Providers - A Systematic Literature Review.

Mindfulness practice, where an individual maintains openness, patience, and acceptance while focusing attention on a situation in a nonjudgmental way, can improve symptoms of anxiety, burnout, and depression. The practice is relevant for health care providers; however, the time commitment is a barrier to practice. For this reason, brief mindfulness interventions (eg, ≤ 4 hours) are being introduced. We systematically reviewed the literature from inception to January 2017 about the effects of brief mindfulness interventions on provider well-being and behavior. Studies that tested a brief mindfulness intervention with hospital providers and measured change in well-being (eg, stress) or behavior (eg, tasks of attention or reduction of clinical or diagnostic errors) were selected for narrative synthesis. Fourteen studies met inclusion criteria; 7 were randomized controlled trials. Nine of 14 studies reported positive changes in levels of stress, anxiety, mindfulness, resiliency, and burnout symptoms. No studies found an effect on provider behavior. Brief mindfulness interventions may be effective in improving provider well-being; however, larger studies are needed to assess an impact on clinical care.