RESUMO
Barley-koji is prepared by inoculating barley, a beneficial prebiotic source, with the fungi Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii. In this study, the prebiotic effects of barley-koji on human colonic microbiota were evaluated in vitro compared with barley, using pig feces. The enzyme-resistant fraction of the following sample groups each was added to respective fermenters: cellulose, barley (Commander and ß104), and barley-koji (Commander-koji and ß104-koji). Short-chain fatty acid and ammonia-nitrogen production increased and decreased, respectively, in barley-koji and barley groups. Furthermore, the propionate concentration increased in the barley group, showing a positive correlation with the abundance of the genus Dialister. In the barley-koji group, however, acetate and n-butyrate concentrations increased during the early stages of incubation, and the relative abundance of the genus Megasphaera was higher than those of the other genera. Therefore, this study demonstrated that barley-koji might possess beneficial physiological properties for colonic fermentation, which differ from those of barley.
Assuntos
Hordeum , Animais , Aspergillus , Fermentação , Hordeum/microbiologia , Humanos , SuínosRESUMO
The safety and efficacy of polyphenol-containing adzuki bean extract on lipid metabolism were evaluated in human subjects in an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel intervention study. No adverse effects were observed in the participants receiving adzuki bean extract. The adzuki bean group showed a significant increase in the ΔHDL-C concentration compared with the placebo group after 4 weeks of intervention (3.76 ± 7.79 mg/dL vs. -0.08 ± 6.03 mg/dL), respectively, and both groups showed reduced ∆HDL-C concentrations, with the adzuki bean extract group showing a return to the baseline levels (0.36 ± 5.36 mg/dL) and the placebo group showing a decrease to below the baseline levels (-3.17 ± 7.79 mg/dL) at week 8. This short-term study represents the first step in establishing the practicality, safety, and plausibility of HDL-C maintaining effects of adzuki bean extract in human subjects.
Assuntos
LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Vigna/química , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia/análise , Pressão Sanguínea , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Placebos , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Polifenóis/análiseRESUMO
The effect of a combination of inulin (INU) and polyphenol-containing adzuki bean extract (AE) on intestinal fermentation was examined in vitro using fermenters for 48 h and in vivo using rats for 28 d. The total short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the fermenters were decreased by a combination of INU and AE, but the concentration in the INU + AE group was higher than the cellulose (CEL) and CEL + AE groups. The cecal propionate concentration was increased by a combination of INU and AE compared with their single supplement. The ammonia-nitrogen concentration in the fermenters and rat cecum was decreased by INU and AE. Cecal mucin levels were increased by INU and AE respectively. Therefore, our observations suggested that the combination of INU and AE might be a material of functional food that includes several healthy effects through intestinal fermentation.
Assuntos
Fermentação/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inulina/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polifenóis/química , Vigna/química , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/metabolismo , Interações Medicamentosas , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , SuínosRESUMO
The effects of resistant starch (RS) in dry potato powders prepared by various processes on intestinal fermentation in rats were assessed. Rats were fed raw potato powder (RP), blanched potato powder (BP), steamed potato powder (SP), or drum-dried potato powder (DP) for 4 weeks. The cecal RS content was significantly higher in the RP group than in the control diet (CN) group and other dry potato powder groups. Cecum pH was significantly lower in the RP group compared to the CN group, and was also significantly lower than that in the SP, BP, and DP groups. Lactic acid bacteria levels in the RP group were significantly higher than those in the CN group, and levels in the SP group also increased relative to the control group. Lactobacillus levels in the RP group were higher than in the CN and other dry potato powder groups. Cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the RP group followed by the SP group exhibited significantly higher levels relative to the control levels. Dry potato powders containing RS produced during the cooking process may represent a useful food material that increases intestinal concentrations of SCFA and enhances the growth of certain lactic acid bacteria.
Assuntos
Culinária , Fermentação , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/química , Amido/análise , Animais , Peso Corporal , Ceco/metabolismo , Ceco/microbiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Intestinos/microbiologia , Masculino , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Pós , Ratos , Amido/metabolismoRESUMO
Here, we identify the rat brain (rb) CLCA1 metalloprotease motif and its role in rbCLCA1 processing. GFP tagging or c-myc tagging adjacent to the rbCLCA1 signal sequence was used to detect rbCLCA1 expression and localization patterns if they matched those of other CLCA family members. Immunoblot analysis revealed that massive deletion of the metalloprotease motif affects the protein cleavage process by restricting two cleavage products to only one product. rbCLCA1 as well as the mutant proteins H155A, E156Q, H159A, D166A, E167A, E170A, and D171A overexpressed in HEK293T cells showed plasma membrane localization; and intracellular localizations of H159A and E167A were observed in permeabilized and non-permeabilized conditions. C-terminally GFP-tagged rbCLCA1 showed either ER localization or overall signal within the cells rather than on the cell surface. Cell surface biotinylation analysis was used to show that rbCLCA1, H155A, E156Q, D166A, E170A, and D171A reach the cell surface while little H159A and E167A reach the cell surface. Taken together, our findings indicate that the amino acids H159 and E167 in the rbCLCA1 metalloprotease motif are important in rbCLCA1 processing for localization to the cell surface. Our data demonstrate that rbCLCA1 localization is dependent on the H159 and E167, suggesting either the metalloprotease motif including H159 and E167 may be the key site for rbCLCA1 cellular processing or that a novel rbCLCA1 regulation mechanism exists with a metalloprotease activity.
Assuntos
Metaloproteases/química , Metaloproteases/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Domínio Catalítico , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Membrana Celular/genética , Retículo Endoplasmático/enzimologia , Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Metaloproteases/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Família Multigênica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Transporte Proteico , Ratos , Alinhamento de Sequência , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
The effects of two types of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus; white, WM; brown, BM) powders on intestinal fermentation in rats were investigated in terms of the physical characteristics of animals and by bacterial and HPLC analyses of cecal contents. Short-chain fatty acid levels were found to be significantly higher in the WM group than in the BM and the control (CN) groups; coliform bacteria levels in the BM group were significantly lower than those in the CN group, with the WM group inducing an apparent but insignificant decrease in coliforms. Anaerobe levels in the WM group were significantly higher than those in the CN group and, compared with the CN group, the BM and WM groups exhibited significantly increased feces weight and cecum weight, respectively. These results indicate that the mushroom powders, and in particular the WM powder, have beneficial effects on the intestinal environment in rats.
Assuntos
Agaricus/química , Ceco/efeitos dos fármacos , Ceco/metabolismo , Fermentação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ceco/química , Ceco/microbiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pós , RatosRESUMO
Several humoral factors, such as adiponectin and urate, have been suggested to affect metabolic syndromes. Previously, we reported a reduction in blood adiponectin concentrations after a high-fructose diet partially via the vagus nerve in rats. Although a lithogenic diet (LD), i.e., supplementation of a normal control diet (CT) with 0.6% cholesterol and 0.2% sodium cholate, reduced blood adiponectin concentrations, the involvement of the vagus nerve in this mechanism remains unclear. To estimate the involvement of the vagus nerve in the regulation of blood adiponectin concentrations using an LD, male imprinting control region mice that had been vagotomized (HVx) or only laparotomized (Sham) were administered a CT or an LD for 10 weeks. Serum adiponectin concentrations in the Sham-LD, HVx-CT, and HVx-LD groups were reduced by half compared with the Sham-CT group. The hepatic mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), which reportedly stimulates adiponectin secretion from white adipose tissue, were lower in the LD groups compared with the CT groups. HepG2 hepatoma cells showed that various bile acids reduced the mRNA expression of FGF21. Moreover, the LD increased serum urate concentrations and reduced hepatic expressions of the acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1) mRNA and glucokinase, suggesting insufficient regeneration of ATP from AMP. In conclusion, serum adiponectin concentration may be regulated via the vagus nerve in normal mice, whereas a reduction of hepatic Fgf21 mRNA by bile acids may also lower serum adiponectin levels. Moreover, the LD may promote hepatic AMP accumulation and subsequently increase the serum urate concentration in mice.
Assuntos
Adiponectina , Fígado , Nervo Vago , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Fígado/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ácido Úrico , Nervo Vago/metabolismoRESUMO
Supplementation of betaine is associated with improved cardiac health, potentially due to its function in re-methylation of homocysteine, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the effects of oral betaine supplementation on blood pressure homeostasis in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats in an 8 week-feeding trial with control (SHR-con and WKY-con) and 1% betaine supplemented (SHR-b and WKY-b) diets. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure in the SHR-b group were significantly lower at week 8 (p = 0.013, p = 0.011, p = 0.010, respectively). Furthermore, serum nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly (p < 0.05) improved in the WKY-b and SHR-b groups, suggesting a healthy endothelial function. Additionally, the serum angiotensin I converting enzyme level in SHR-b rats was also significantly lowered, which may have been another reason for lower blood pressure. A significantly higher non-HDL level in the SHR-b group might reflect enhanced lipid secretion into the circulation in the form of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Betaine is known for its effect on the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a key component of VLDL. However, the long-term net outcomes of both blood pressure lowering and serum lipid increment should be further studied.
RESUMO
Sorghum is a potential prebiotic ascribed to the high native resistant starch (RS) content. Our previous studies on raw sorghum have revealed prominent amino acid fermentation despite the high RS content. Interestingly, autoclaved-freeze-dried sorghum fed rats exhibited beneficial microbial and biochemical profiles. Having a keen interest to reciprocally scrutinize the underlying mechanisms behind these contrasting outcomes, we used an in vitro porcine batch fermentation model. The fermentable substrates in raw and autoclaved-freeze-dried (three cycles) sorghum (AC) after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion fostered similar bacterial community structures, yet with significant differences in the characteristic amylolytic microbial taxa abundance and their temporal variation. Further, significant differences in the concentration of organic acids in raw and AC manifested the differences in the predicted abundance of the underlying pathways of carbohydrate and organic acid metabolism. Thus, this study highlights the propensity of the heat-moisture treatment of sorghum in modifying the fermentability of its RS.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Inulin-type fructan ameliorates metabolic diseases associated with obesity in animals. However, relatively little information is available on the comparative effects of inulins with different degree of polymerization (DP) on the lipid or glucose metabolism. AIM: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of inulins with various DP on metabolic disorders associated with obesity in rats fed a high-fat diet under food restriction. METHODS: Rats were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with 5 % inulin-GR (Raftiline GR), inulin-Tokachi (Tokachi), or inulin-HP (Raftiline HP) without cellulose for 28 days at normal energy intakes or 14.5 % energy restriction. RESULTS: Under food restriction, the dietary inulin-Tokachi (mean DP 15) and -HP (mean DP 24), but not -GR (mean DP 10), reduced (p < 0.05) the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and liver triglyceride concentration in rats, compared to the control diet. The cecal neutral steroid, bile acid, and propionate concentrations in the Tokachi and HP groups were higher (p < 0.05) than in the CONT group, and the cecal Bifidobacterium count in the Tokachi group was higher (p < 0.05) than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that, depending on DP, dietary supplementation with inulin (DP 15 or DP 24) in rats fed a high-fat diet, regardless of food intake, positively modulates lipid metabolism and fecal microbiota but not glucose metabolism.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia , Frutanos/química , Frutanos/farmacologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Aterosclerose/patologia , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Esquema de Medicação , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/fisiologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Polímeros , RatosRESUMO
We investigated the cholesterol-lowering effect of a potato ethanol residue (PER). The plasma cholesterol levels excluding high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower in the rats given a PER-containing diet for 6 weeks than in the control group, whereas the fecal cholesterol levels were higher. These results suggest that PER partially reduced plasma cholesterol levels via excretion of cholesterol into the feces.
Assuntos
Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacologia , Colesterol/sangue , Etanol/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/metabolismo , Animais , Anticolesterolemiantes/metabolismo , Fermentação , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
L-cysteine works as a precursor of the antioxidant, glutathione. We investigated the effects of L-cysteine (1% and 2%) on lipid metabolism and the antioxidative system in rats fed a normal diet. Administering L-cysteine dependently decreased the food intake, fat mass weight and body weight dose. Dietary L-cysteine also decreased the triglyceride levels in the serum and liver. However, there were no significant differences in the hepatic TBARS and glutathione (GSH) levels among the groups. The activities of catalase and glutathione reductase in the rats receiving 2% L-cysteine were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control rats. These results suggest that dietary L-cysteine dose-dependently affected the antioxidative enzyme activities, and the lipid levels in the serum and liver which might be related to the reduced food intake.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cisteína/farmacologia , Dieta , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Galinhas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/anatomia & histologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Commensal bacteria-derived metabolites are critical in regulating the host immune system. Although the impact of gut microbiota-derived hydrophilic metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, on immune cell functions and development has been well documented, the immunomodulatory effects of gut microbiota-derived lipids are still of interest. Here, we report that lipid extracts from the feces of specific-pathogen-free (SPF), but not germ-free (GF), mice showed regulatory T (Treg)-cell-inducing activity. We conducted RP-HPLC-based fractionation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based lipidome profiling and identified two bioactive lipids, 9,10-dihydroxy-12Z-octadecenoic acid (9,10-DiHOME) and all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), with Treg-inducing activity in vitro. The luminal abundance of 9,10-DiHOME in the large intestine was significantly decreased by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, indicating that 9,10-DiHOME may be a potential biomarker of colitis. These observations implied that commensal bacteria-derived lipophilic metabolites might contribute to Treg development in the large intestine.
Assuntos
Colite , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animais , Camundongos , Cromatografia Líquida , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Colite/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária , Diferenciação Celular , Lipídeos/farmacologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/efeitos adversos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Colo/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
We investigated the adverse effects of Japanese butterbur leaves (Petasites japonicus, Compositae) in male F344/DuCrj rats. The rats were fed a control diet or a treatment diet containing 5% butterbur leaf powder for 4 weeks. No differences were observed in body weight gain, food intake or feed efficiency between treatments, but relative liver weight in the butterbur group was significantly higher than that of the control group. In addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and glutathione levels in the serum and liver of the butterbur group were higher than those of the control group. Hepatic glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities and mRNA expression in the butterbur leaf group were higher than in the control group. Furthermore, hepatic cytochrome 2E1 mRNA expression was higher than in the control group. In vitro, an acetone extract of the butterbur leaf powder showed the strongest increase in TBARs level in a hepatic homogenate through 4 d. Our findings suggest that feeding 5% butterbur leaf powder to rats can cause adverse effects by increasing oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Petasites/química , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Folhas de Planta/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Análise Química do Sangue , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Período Pós-Prandial/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of polyphenol-rich adzuki bean extract on lipid metabolism, triglyceride accumulation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: For the in vivo study, rats were divided into four groups: group C was fed a control diet, group A was fed the control diet with 1% adzuki bean extract, group CF was fed a high fat diet, and group AF was fed a high fat diet with 1% adzuki bean extract. For the in vitro study, the ability of adzuki bean extract to suppress triglyceride incorporation, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity and inflammatory response was investigated in cultured human adipocytes. Data from the animal study showed that adzuki bean extract improved lipid metabolism in both the normal and high-fat diet groups. Adzuki bean extract treatment in the high-fat group resulted in significant reductions in total hepatic lipid accumulation and lipid secretion into the feces. Incubation of adipocytes with adzuki bean extract significantly decreased triglyceride accumulation, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity and inflammatory responses without affecting cell viability. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that adzuki bean extract has high potential to serve as a natural anti-obesity agent.
Assuntos
Adipócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fabaceae/química , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Polifenóis/uso terapêutico , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Fármacos Antiobesidade/uso terapêutico , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Fezes , Humanos , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Obesidade/metabolismo , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Sementes/química , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
High daily intake of polyphenol-rich meal in some countries could be regarded as a healthy meal. However, the knowledge about the bioavailability and functionality of the exiting amounts of polyphenol into the large intestine needs to be elucidated, particularly the beneficial health effects and its fermentation characteristics during fermentation. Thus, this review focuses on the influence of polyphenols metabolized by fermentation and elucidates their health attributes. Besides, it also summarized the potential benefits of polyphenols and discussed the need for further research to fully understand the health attributes of polyphenols.
RESUMO
The effects of betaine supplementation on D-galactosamine-induced liver injury were examined in terms of hepatic and serum enzyme activities and of the levels of glutathione and betaine-derived intermediates. The rats induced with liver injury showed marked increases in serum enzyme activity, but those receiving dietary supplementation of 1% betaine showed enzyme activity levels similar to a control group without liver injury. Administration of betaine also increased both hepatic and serum glutathione levels, even following D-galactosamine injection. The activity of glutathione-related enzymes was markedly decreased following injection of D-galactosamine, but remained comparable to that of the control group in rats receiving 1% betaine. The concentrations of hepatic S-adenosyl methionine and cysteine showed similar trends to that observed for hepatic glutathione levels. These results indicate that 1% betaine has a hepatoprotective effect by increasing hepatic and serum glutathione levels along with glutathione-related enzyme activities in rats.
Assuntos
Beta vulgaris/química , Betaína/administração & dosagem , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Glutationa/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Adenosil-Homocisteinase/efeitos dos fármacos , Adenosil-Homocisteinase/metabolismo , Alanina Transaminase/efeitos dos fármacos , Alanina Transaminase/metabolismo , Fosfatase Alcalina/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfatase Alcalina/metabolismo , Animais , Aspartato Aminotransferases/efeitos dos fármacos , Aspartato Aminotransferases/metabolismo , Beta vulgaris/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Galactosamina , Glutationa/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Peroxidase/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/efeitos dos fármacos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Masculino , Melaço , Ratos , S-Adenosilmetionina/efeitos dos fármacos , S-Adenosilmetionina/metabolismoRESUMO
To clarify the functional properties of potato pulp (PP), a waste product resulting from extraction of starch from potatoes, we examined the effects of PP on cholesterol metabolism and cecal conditions in rats. Plasma total cholesterol (T-Chol) levels were lower in rats fed a PP-supplemented diet for four weeks than in those fed a control diet. Cecal pH was lowered due to an increase in the levels of cecal total short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, in the PP group compared to the control group. Furthermore, animals fed with the PP-supplemented diet showed increased cecal ratios of Lactobacillus and Clostridia and decreased cecal ratios of Bacteroides and Gammaproteobacteria with slightly negative and positive correlations with plasma T-Chol levels, respectively. In conclusion, ingestion of PP for four weeks is likely to improve both cecal conditions and cholesterol metabolism, suggesting that PP has prebiotic effects.
Assuntos
Ceco/microbiologia , Colesterol/metabolismo , Clostridium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Lactobacillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum tuberosum/química , Animais , Bacteroides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peso Corporal , Ceco/química , Colesterol/sangue , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Fezes/química , Fezes/microbiologia , Gammaproteobacteria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Prebióticos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Eliminação de Resíduos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Preliminary studies have shown that a lithogenic diet (LG), which contains cholesterol and cholic acid, induces gallstones and hepatic lipid accumulation (HLA), and reduction of blood triglyceride in mice. We hypothesized that an LG induces HLA by diminishing hepatic triglyceride excretion; however, there is no clear understanding of the mechanism of LG-induced HLA. This study aimed to investigate transcript expression related to the synthesis, expenditure, and efflux of hepatic triglyceride, in mice fed an LG for 4 weeks. Results showed lower plasma concentrations of triglyceride in the LG group than in the control group, but no symptoms of hepatic injury were observed. Hepatic mRNA expressions of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (Pnpla3), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1) were also reduced in the LG group. Deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid promoted intracellular lipid accumulation, reduced triglyceride concentration in media, and suppressed expression of PNPLA3 and MTTP in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. These findings suggest that deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid promote HLA by inhibiting the expression of PNPLA3, ACOX1, and MTTP that are involved in lipid metabolism.
Assuntos
Ácidos e Sais Biliares/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Lipase/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/etiologia , Fosfolipases A2 Independentes de Cálcio/metabolismo , Acil-CoA Oxidase/metabolismo , Animais , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Colesterol/metabolismo , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Lipase/genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/genética , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Fosfolipases , Fosfolipases A2 Independentes de Cálcio/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Gut microbial fermentation of soluble dietary fibers promotes general and substrate-specific health benefits. In this study, the fermentation characteristics of two soluble branched-dietary fibers, namely, agavin (a type of agave fructans) and digestion-resistant maltodextrin (RD) were investigated against cellulose, using a simulated colonic fermenter apparatus employing a mixed culture of swine fecal bacteria. After 48 h of complete fermentation period, the microbial composition was different among all groups, where Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. dominated the agavin treatment, while the members of the families Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae dominated the RD treatment. Agavin treatment exhibited a clearly segregated two-phased prolonged fermentation trend compared to RD treatment as manifested by the fermentation rates. Further, the highest short-chain fatty acids production even at the end of the fermentation cycle, acidic pH, and the negligible concentration of ammonia accumulation demonstrated favorable fermentation attributes of agavin compared to RD. Therefore, agavin might be an effective and desirable substrate for the colonic microbiota than RD with reference to the expressed microbial taxa and fermentation attributes. This study revealed a notable significance of the structural differences of fermentable fibers on the subsequent fermentation characteristics.