Computed tomography-pathologic assessment of laser-induced necrosis in rat liver.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) causes localized tissue necrosis. This study was performed to determine 1) whether the changes seen on computed tomography (CT) correspond to the necrosis pathologically, and 2) which CT technique best shows the necrosis. METHODS: Eighteen Wistar rats had ILP to their liver using a neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet [Nd:YAG] laser. Radio-opaque markers attached to the liver defined an imaging plane. Precontrast "dynamic" and delayed CT scans were performed. The size of necrosis was measured on CT, and macroscopically after resecting the liver. Computed tomography density numbers were measured from the necrotic area and normal liver for each CT technique. RESULTS: There was a good correlation between the necrosis size on CT and pathologically (P < .001). Maximum lesion-to-liver contrast was obtained on "dynamic" CT scans. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of tissue density changes on CT in rat liver after ILP match the extent of necrosis seen pathologically. The best CT technique use assessed for evaluating laser-induced liver necrosis is dynamic contrast-enhanced scanning.

Intraoperative axillary lymph node assessment in breast cancer.

Bedside assessment of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer is notoriously inaccurate. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the clinical assessment of the presence of axillary node metastases in patients with breast cancer, both at the bedside and intraoperatively. Intraoperative assessment was significantly more accurate than bedside assessment, having an accuracy of 86%, compared with 66% of bedside clinical assessment. As axillary lymph node involvement is an important prognostic factor in breast cancer, this technique which has a high specificity and far higher sensitivity than bedside clinical assessment and may have a valuable role to play in planning management.

Why should diagnostic benign breast biopsies weight less than twenty grams?

To reduce the cosmetic deformity resulting from diagnostic biopsies, current breast screening guidelines recommend that 80% of biopsy specimens that subsequently prove to be benign should weigh less than 20 g. The relationship between specimen weight and cosmesis is unknown and evidence to support a 20 g upper limit is lacking. Patient satisfaction following all benign biopsies weighing more than 20 g (n = 49) and a random sample of 30 of those weighing less than 20 g (n = 103) performed by one screening unit, over a 6 year period, was assessed by a postal questionnaire. Overall, 32% of patients were unhappy with the cosmetic outcome of their surgery. Patient dissatisfaction appeared to increase with specimen weight (6/23 [26%] < 20 g versus 13/36 [36%] > 20 g) but no statistically significant relationship between weight and cosmesis was apparent (P = 0.57). Reducing benign breast biopsy specimen weights to a minimum is a desirable objective. However, the current quality standard is not evidence-based, is too stringent and should be revised. Strategies need to be introduced to improve patient satisfaction following breast wire-localisation biopsies. In particular, patients should be counselled pre-operatively regarding possible adverse cosmetic outcome.

A survey of the management of breast cancer in England and Wales.

The management of breast cancer is controversial. In order to obtain an overview of the way that surgeons manage breast cancer in England and Wales and to assess trends in management by comparisons with the results of previous surveys a postal questionnaire was sent to all consultant general surgeons in England and Wales (n = 985). The response rate was 61%. Fine-needle aspiration is now the preferred technique to obtain a tissue diagnosis by 85% of surgeons. The majority of surgeons now treat early breast cancer either by breast-conserving surgery or offer the patient the choice of conservation or mastectomy. Comparisons with previous surveys carried out in the last 10 years suggest that fewer surgeons now recommend mastectomy. In all, 83% of surgeons indicated that they would biopsy the ipsilateral axilla routinely. Opinion is divided with regard to treatment of breast cancer in the elderly and treatment of an incompletely excised tumour, although the majority perform a mastectomy for a local recurrence after conservative surgery. Follow-up was regarded as worthwhile by 90%, but the majority do not routinely do follow-up investigations on asymptomatic patients apart from mammography. This study has shown very little consensus regarding the management of breast cancer in England and Wales. We suggest that the management of breast cancer should be in the hands of those with a special interest in the subject, as these surgeons will be more aware of ongoing clinical trials and current literature, more patients will then be entered into clinical trials and further trials instigated.

Phyllodes tumours.

Phyllodes tumours are rare fibroepithelial lesions that account for less than 1% of all breast neoplasms. With the non-operative management of fibroadenomas widely adopted, the importance of phyllodes tumours today lies in the need to differentiate them from other benign breast lesions. All breast lumps should be triple assessed and the diagnosis of a phyllodes tumour considered in women, particularly over the age of 35 years, who present with a rapidly growing "benign" breast lump. Treatment can be by either wide excision or mastectomy provided histologically clear specimen margins are ensured. Nodal metastases are rare and routine axillary dissection is not recommended. Few reliable clinical and histological prognostic factors have been identified. Local recurrence occurs in approximately 15% of patients and is more common after incomplete excision. It can usually be controlled by further surgery. Repeated local recurrence has been reported without the development of distant metastases or reduced survival. Approximately 20% of patients with malignant phyllodes tumours develop distant metastases. Long term survival with distant metastases is rare. The role of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal manipulation in both the adjuvant and palliative settings remain to be defined.

MR imaging of the breast: current status and future potential.

Current and potential roles for MR imaging in the management of breast disorders are reviewed along with the specific technical requirements for each application. Major topics include (1) evaluating breasts before biopsy to reduce the number of surgical biopsies for benign lesions, (2) staging of breast carcinoma in breast conservation candidates, (3) evaluating breasts with inconclusive conventional imaging, (4) coordination of minimally invasive surgery, and (5) evaluating silicone implant integrity.

Interstitial tumour photocoagulation.

Interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) is a new technique of in situ tumour destruction, using low power laser light energy, delivered percutaneously via thin optical fibres. We have applied this to treat patients with tumours of the liver, breast, and prostate, using sedation and local anaesthesia, and an Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser or a new portable diode (805 nm) laser. Tumour necrosis has been optimized by using a 1 x 4 fibre coupler which splits the laser beam, and allows equal delivery of energy down 4 fibres simultaneously; the most promising results to date are with treating liver metastases with smaller tumours (< 3 cm) often being completely destroyed. With further improvements in laser parameters and fibre-tips, and in the evaluation of the thermal effects of ILP by imaging, it may be possible to apply this technique to completely destroy small deep-seated tumours in other organs. With optimal technique, ILP may in the future become a practical, minimally invasive treatment option for patients with tumours of the liver and breast, in conjunction with systemic therapy.

Interstitial laser photocoagulation as a treatment for breast cancer.

This preliminary report describes the use of interstitial laser photocoagulation to manage small breast cancers. Forty-four patients were treated with a diode laser of 805 nm under local anaesthesia in the interval between diagnosis and surgery. Ultrasonography was used in 42 patients and computed tomography (CT) in two to place the fibre in the tumour and monitor laser effects. Laser-induced necrosis within the resected tumour varied from 0 to 25 mm in diameter. The presence of charring in the tumour around the fibre tip after treatment was associated with significantly larger diameters of necrosis than when charring did not occur (median 13 versus 6 mm, P = 0.002). Precharring the fibre resulted in a more predictable diameter of necrosis (median 14 mm). Ultrasonography was inaccurate in assessing laser damage; dynamic CT and magnetic resonance imaging may be of more use. Interstitial laser photocoagulation is simple and safe, and can produce necrosis of a reasonably predictable extent.