Screening for precancerous anal lesions linked to human papillomaviruses: French recommendations for clinical practice.

In France, about 2000 new cases of anal cancer are diagnosed annually. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type, mostly occurring secondary to persistent HPV16 infection. Invasive cancer is preceded by precancerous lesions. In addition to patients with a personal history of precancerous lesions and anal cancer, three groups are at very high risk of anal cancer: (i) men who have sex with men and are living with HIV, (ii) women with a history of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) or vulvar HPV cancer, and (iii) women who received a solid organ transplant more than 10 years ago. The purpose of screening is to detect HSILs so that they can be treated, thereby reducing the risk of progression to cancer. All patients with symptoms should undergo a proctological examination including standard anoscopy. For asymptomatic patients at risk, an initial HPV16 test makes it possible to target patients at risk of HSILs likely to progress to cancer. Anal cytology is a sensitive test for HSIL detection. Its sensitivity is greater than 80% and exceeds that of proctological examination with standard anoscopy. It is indicated in the event of a positive HPV16 test. In the presence of cytological abnormalities and/or lesions and a suspicion of dysplasia on clinical examination, high-resolution anoscopy is indicated. Performance is superior to that of proctological examination with standard anoscopy. However, this technique is not widely available, which limits its use. If high-resolution anoscopy is not possible, screening by a standard proctological examination is an alternative. There is a need to develop high-resolution anoscopy and triage tests and to evaluate screening strategies.

French multicentre prospective evaluation of radiofrequency ablation in the management of haemorrhoidal disease.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the management of haemorrhoidal disease with 1 year's follow-up. METHOD: This prospective multicentre study assessed RFA (Rafaelo©) in outpatients with grade II-III haemorrhoids. RFA was performed in the operating room under locoregional or general anaesthesia. Primary endpoint was the evolution of a quality-of-life score adapted to the haemorrhoid pathology (HEMO-FISS-QoL) 3 months after surgery. Secondary endpoints were evolution of symptoms (prolapsus, bleeding, pain, itching, anal discomfort), complications, postoperative pain and medical leave. RESULTS: A total of 129 patients (69% men, median age 49 years) were operated on in 16 French centres. Median HEMO-FISS-QoL score dropped significantly from 17.4/100 to 0/100 (p < 0.0001) at 3 months. At 3 months, the rate of patients reporting bleeding (21% vs. 84%, p < 0.001), prolapse (34% vs. 91.3%, p < 0.001) and anal discomfort (0/10 vs. 5/10, p < 0.0001) decreased significantly. Median medical leave was 4 days [1-14]. Postoperative pain was 4/10, 1/10, 0/10 and 0/10 at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4. Seven patients (5.4%) were reoperated on by haemorrhoidectomy for relapse, and three for complications. Reported complications were haemorrhage (3), dysuria (3), abscess (2), anal fissure (1), external haemorrhoidal thrombosis (10), pain requiring morphine (11). Degree of satisfaction was high (+ 5 at 3 months on a - 5/+ 5 scale). CONCLUSION: RFA is associated with an improvement in quality of life and symptoms with a good safety profile. As expected for minimally invasive surgery, postoperative pain is minor with short medical leave. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION AND DATE: Clinical trial NCT04229784 (18/01/2020).

European Society of ColoProctology: guideline for haemorrhoidal disease.

AIM: The goal of this European Society of ColoProctology project was to establish a multidisciplinary, international guideline for haemorrhoidal disease (HD) and to provide guidance on the most effective (surgical) treatment for patients with HD. METHODS: The development process consisted of six phases. In phase one we defined the scope of the guideline. The patient population included patients with all stages of haemorrhoids. The target group for the guideline was all practitioners treating patients with haemorrhoids and, in addition, healthcare workers and patients who desired information regarding the treatment management of HD. The guideline needed to address both the diagnosis of and the therapeutic modalities for HD. Phase two consisted of the compilation of the guideline development group (GDG). All clinical members needed to have affinity with the diagnosis and treatment of haemorrhoids. Further, attention was paid to the geographical distribution of the clinicians. Each GDG member identified at least one patient in their country who could read English to comment on the draft guideline. In phase three review questions were formulated, using a reversed process, starting with possible recommendations based on the GDG's knowledge. In phase four a literature search was performed in MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Embase (Ovid) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The search was focused on existing systematic reviews addressing each review question, supplemented by other studies published after the time frame covered by the systematic reviews. In phase five data of the included papers were extracted by the surgical resident (RT) and checked by the methodologist (JK) and the GDG. If needed, meta-analysis of the systematic reviews was updated by the surgical resident and the methodologist using Review Manager. During phase six the GDG members decided what recommendations could be made based on the evidence found in the literature using GRADE. RESULTS: There were six sections: (i) symptoms, diagnosis and classification; (ii) basic treatment; (iii) outpatient procedures; (iv) surgical interventions; (v) special situations; (vi) other surgical techniques. Thirty-four recommendations were formulated. CONCLUSION: This international, multidisciplinary guideline provides an up to date and evidence based summary of the current knowledge of the management of HD and may serve as a useful guide for patients and clinicians.

How to manage anal ulcerations and anorectal stenosis in Crohn's disease: algorithm-based decision making : French National Working Group Consensus 2018.

The French National Society of Coloproctology established national recommendations for the treatment of anoperineal lesions associated with Crohn's disease. Treatment strategies for anal ulcerations and anorectal stenosis are suggested. Recommendations have been graded following international recommendations, and when absent professional agreement was established. For each situation, practical algorithms have been drawn.

Management of anoperineal lesions in Crohn's disease: a French National Society of Coloproctology national consensus.

The French National Society of Coloproctology established national recommendations for the treatment of anoperineal lesions associated with Crohn's disease. Treatment strategies for acute abscesses, active fistulas (active denovo and still active under treatment), fistulas in remission, and rectovaginal fistulas are suggested. Recommendations have been graded following the international recommendations, and when absent, professional agreement has been established. For each situation, practical algorithms have been drawn.

Ambulatory haemorrhoidal surgery: systematic literature review and qualitative analysis.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study are to review the advantages and drawbacks of the ambulatory management of patients scheduled for haemorrhoidal surgery and to highlight the reasons for unplanned hospital admission and suggest preventive strategies. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature from January 1999 to January 2013 using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Manuscripts were specifically analysed for failure and side effects of haemorrhoidal surgery in ambulatory settings. RESULTS: Fifty relevant studies (6082 patients) were retrieved from the literature review. The rate of ambulatory management failure ranged between 0 and 61%. The main reasons for failure were urinary retention, postoperative haemorrhage and unsatisfactory pain control. Spinal anaesthesia was associated with the highest rates of urinary retention. Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation has less frequent side effects susceptible to impair ambulatory management than haemorrhoidectomy and stapled haemorrhoidopexy. However, the fact that haemorrhoidopexy is less painful than haemorrhoidectomy may allow ambulatory management. CONCLUSION: Day-case haemorrhoidal surgery can be performed whatever the surgical procedure. Postoperative pain deserves special prevention measures after haemorrhoidectomy, especially by using perineal block or infiltrations. Urinary retention is a common issue that can be responsible for failure; it requires a preventive strategy including short duration spinal anaesthesia. Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation is easy to perform in outpatients but deserves more complete evaluation in this setting.

[Large iatrogenic colonic perforation treated by endoscopic suturing]. / Large perforation colique au cours d'une coloscopie traitée par fermeture endoscopique: rapport de deux observations.

Perforation of the colon during colonoscopy is still one of the most severe complications of this technique and occurs with a frequency of between 0.12 % and 0.2 % of cases after diagnostic colonoscopy and in up to 3 % of patients after therapeutic colonoscopy. The site of perforation is usually the sigmoid colon. The gold standard for treatment of this complication is surgery to be performed as rapidly as possible: a simple suture and peritoneal cleaning, with limited resection and anastomosis or colostomy only in case of confirmed fecal peritonitis. However, interventional endoscopy has made progress, in particular endoscopic suturing and Natural Orifice Transluminal Endocopic Surgery (NOTES) has been developed. There are several reports of endoscopically sutured perforated colons, most less than 10mm. We report our experience of two colonic perforations which were at least 10mm treated by endoscopic suturing with hemoclips: a perforated sigmoid diverticulum during simple colonoscopy in the first case and a large polypectomy by endoscopic mucosal resection of the ascending colon in the second.

Online training on how to diagnose anoperineal lesions of Crohn's disease: Do pictures matter? A nationwide randomized study.

Any gastroenterologist must be trained to properly diagnose anoperineal lesions in patients with Crohn's disease (APLOC). The aim of this study was to establish whether adding pictures would improve teaching effectiveness of the diagnosis of APLOC to French gastroenterology trainees. METHOD: Trainees were asked to answer a first web-based survey consisting of evaluating 12 pictures of APLOC with a closed answer questionnaire. They were then randomized in 2 groups. Group A received an online teaching with typical pictures and APLOC definitions and group B definitions only. Trainees were asked again seven days later to answer a second survey with 12 other pictures of APLOC and 14 experts also answered this survey. Diagnostic scores were expressed in %. The primary endpoint was the comparison of the score of survey 2 between the two groups of trainees. Secondary endpoints were to compare results of survey 2 between trainees of both groups and experts, and assess diagnosis of each lesion. RESULTS: Two hundred fourty eight trainees among 465 answered survey 1, and 195 survey 2. The diagnostic score was 71.9% for groups A and B and 74.6% for experts (differences NS). After training diagnosis of ulceration was 72% for group A and 72.9% for group B, fistulae 85.2% versus 85.8%, erythema 44.1% vs. 55.6%, anoperineal scars 67.5% vs. 65.6%, and abscess 100% (differences NS). CONCLUSION: There was no difference between the two teaching methods. Further research should be performed aiming at improving teaching material and quotation baremes.

Guidelines for the treatment of hemorrhoids (short report).

Hemorrhoids are a common medical problem that is often considered as benign. The French Society of Colo-Proctology (Société nationale française de colo-proctologie [SNFCP]) recently revised its recommendations for the management of hemorrhoids (last issued in 2001), based on the literature and consensual expert opinion. We present a short report of these recommendations. Briefly, medical treatment, including dietary fiber, should always be proposed in first intention and instrumental treatment only if medical treatment fails, except in grade ≥III prolapse. Surgery should be the last resort, and the patient well informed of the surgical alternatives, including the possibility of elective ambulatory surgery, if appropriate. Postoperative pain should be prevented by the systematic implementation of a pudendal block and multimodal use of analgesics.

Update on the management of anal fissure.

Anal fissure is an ulceration of the anoderm in the anal canal. Its pathogenesis is due to multiple factors: mechanical trauma, sphincter spasm, and ischemia. Treatment must address these causative factors. While American and British scientific societies have published recommendations, there is no formal treatment consensus in France. Medical treatment is non-specific, aimed at softening the stool and facilitating regular bowel movements; this results in healing of almost 50% of acute anal fissures. The risk of recurrent fissure remains high if the causative factors persist. If non-specific medical treatment fails, specific medical treatment can be offered to reversibly decrease hypertonic sphincter spasm. Surgery remains the most effective long-term treatment and should be offered for cases of chronic or complicated anal fissure but also for acute anal fissure with severe pain or for recurrent fissure despite optimal medical treatment. Surgical treatment is based on two principles that may be combined: decreasing sphincter tone and excision of the anal fissure. Lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) is the best-evaluated technique and remains the gold standard in English-speaking countries. Since LIS is associated with some risk of irreversible anal incontinence, its use is controversial in France where fissurectomy combined with anoplasty is preferred. Other techniques have been described to reduce the risk of incontinence (calibrated sphincterotomy, sphincteroplasty). The technique of forcible uncalibrated anal dilatation is no longer recommended.