Identification of the STEMI-equivalent de Winter Electrocardiogram Pattern After Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chest pain who have ST elevations on electrocardiogram (ECG) are at high risk for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Recent literature has reported various STEMI equivalents, which may be equally threatening. One STEMI equivalent, previously named the de Winter pattern, describes ECG changes where there are ST-segment depressions in the precordial leads in association with tall, symmetrical, hyperacute T-waves. These changes have been connected with proximal left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. CASE REPORT: We have identified a case of the de Winter ECG pattern immediately after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. A 33-year-old man presented with waxing and waning severe substernal chest pain. The patient was on no prior medications, and had no risk factors for acute coronary syndrome. The initial ECG showed ST depression, which was followed by normalization in a repeat ECG only minutes later. The patient then developed ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. After defibrillation, return of spontaneous circulation was achieved and subsequent ECGs demonstrated the de Winter ECG pattern. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: The characteristic ECG changes within the de Winter ECG pattern may be missed or misdiagnosed as nonspecific, reversible ischemia. This can significantly lengthen the transportation to a center equipped with a percutaneous coronary intervention laboratory, and thus the start of reperfusion therapy. It is imperative that all practitioners learn to identify this novel ECG pattern as a STEMI equivalent to ensure appropriate intervention in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.

A case of imported severe plasmodium falciparum malaria in the emergency department and the current role of exchange transfusion treatment.

BACKGROUND: The role of exchange transfusion in the management of severe malaria is not well documented in Emergency Medicine literature. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this article is to review the importance of considering malaria in the differential diagnosis of the febrile returned traveler and to discuss the role of exchange transfusion in the management of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. CASE REPORT: A 59-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with severe P. falciparum malaria. Her physical examination was remarkable for scleral icterus, dry mucous membranes, and tachycardia. Her complete blood count revealed a white blood cell count of 6.9 k/uL, with 71% segmented neutrophils, 19% bands, a hemoglobin level of 11.9 g/dL, hematocrit of 37.2%, and a platelet count of 9 k/uL. Hepatorenal impairment was present and malaria parasites with ring form were seen on malaria prep in 18% of red blood cells. The patient was treated with fluids, platelets, quinidine gluconate, doxycycline, and exchange transfusion with significant improvement in the patient's clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of parasitemia presenting with acute kidney injury, hyperbilirubinemia, and thrombocytopenia supported the use of exchange transfusion as adjunct therapy. Exchange transfusion was a reasonable consideration in this case and was well tolerated by our patient. Institutions that are equipped with apheresis units should evaluate each case individually in concert with Centers for Disease Control experts and local consultants and weigh the risks and benefits of the use of exchange transfusion as an adjunct in the treatment of severe P. falciparum malaria.

The measurement of time to first antibiotic dose for pneumonia in the emergency department: a white paper and position statement prepared for the American Academy of Emergency Medicine.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of time to first antibiotic dose (TFAD) in the emergency department (ED) in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate original articles reporting outcomes in CAP patients before and after TFAD measurement and assess whether it increases antibiotic overuse in non-CAP conditions. METHODS: We performed searches using PubMed, addressing two questions: 1) Is the measurement of TFAD associated with improved outcomes in CAP? and 2) Is the measurement of TFAD associated with antibiotic overuse or interventions that could result in overuse in non-CAP conditions? Two independent reviewers assessed studies addressing these questions. RESULTS: Eight studies were identified. All were Grade C or D and of "Adequate" quality: two studies supported TFAD by showing improved outcomes (improved survival in one study and no survival difference but shorter hospital length-of-stay in the second) in CAP patients after the implementation of TFAD; one neutral article reported no difference in survival with improved TFAD timing; five studies opposed TFAD either by showing increases in antibiotic overuse in non-CAP patients, or suggesting that TFAD measurement would promote antibiotic misuse. CONCLUSION: Given inconsistent evidence to demonstrate that improving TFAD in CAP improves outcomes or that TFAD is associated with antibiotic overuse, a Class C indication has been assigned (not acceptable/not appropriate) for ED TFAD measurement. The American Academy of Emergency Medicine recommends that measurement of TFAD in CAP be discontinued.