Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic on private ENT consulting practice during the first month of lockdown in Réunion Island in 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the first month of lockdown related to the 2020 SARS-Cov-2 epidemic on the consulting activity of private ENT physicians in Réunion Island. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicenter prospective study analyzed the consulting activity of 12 ENT physicians in full-time private practice. The main endpoints were the number, characteristics and conditions of consultations. Secondary endpoints comprised presenting symptoms, diagnosis, prescriptions, adverse effects, and progression of monthly consulting turnover. RESULTS: Six hundred and ninety three consultations were performed during the study period (Appendix 1), with 50% emergency consultations. In 57.9% were face-to-face, 28.4% by phone and 13.7% video. In face-to-face consultation, the physician wore gloves in 53.8% of cases and a mask in 92.2%: surgical mask in 71.6% of cases and FFP2 in 28.4%. The three most frequent symptoms (48.5% of cases) were otalgia, hearing impairment, and vertigo. The three most frequent diagnoses (60.6% of cases) were otitis, intra-auricular foreign body (including wax), and pharyngeal infection. The three most frequently prescribed complementary exams (74.3% of cases) were imaging, hearing work-up, and specialist opinion. The three most frequently prescribed treatments (52.7% of cases) were intra-auricular drops, oral antibiotics, and nasal spray. The incidence of adverse effects was 0.001%. None of the physicians or patients seemed to have been infected by Covid-19 during the study period. There was a 47.3-91% (median, 75.6%) drop in monthly consultation turnover. CONCLUSION: The present study underscored the availability and adaptability of ENT physicians in the Réunion Island in an epidemic context, although economic impact was detrimental.

Differential induction of glutathione S-transferases in the clam Ruditapes decussatus exposed to organic compounds.

Studies of glutathione S-transferase (GST) induction were performed in the Mediterranean clam Ruditapes decussatus after controlled exposure to organics in holding tanks. Clams were treated with phenobarbital (PB), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichlorethylene (p,p'-DDE). Three different substrates, i.e., 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), ethacrynic acid (ETHA), and paranitrobenzene chloride (PNBC), were used to determine GST activities in order to distinguish the isoenzymes induced by contamination. The isoforms conjugating ETHA were significantly induced by treatment with PB and BaP, whereas exposure to p,p'-DDE induced isoforms conjugating CDNB and ETHA. An antibody against affinity-purified GSTs from R. decussatus was prepared by injection into rabbit. The serum containing the antibody gave a positive reaction with both the purified GSTs from R. decussatus and the low molecular weight GSTs from rat. Subcellular fractions from both control and treated animals were analyzed by Western blot. Cytosolic extracts from clams contaminated with PB and p,p'-DDE showed a 24-kDa band in addition to the 26-kDa band recognized by the antibody. Results of these studies suggest that, in R. decussatus, organics may induce GSTs belonging to the pi class.

Biochemical response of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from Bizerta (Tunisia) to chemical pollutant exposure.

Three biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase [GST] activity, catalase [CAT] activity, and malonedialdehyde [MDA] levels) were measured in specimens of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from two different stations (BC and MJ) in the lagoon of Bizerta (Tunisia). Animals were allowed to acclimate in the laboratory for some days. They were then exposed for 48 h to two concentrations of pp'DDE and two doses of mercury chloride. The acclimation period increased CAT activities and MDA levels in control mussels from both sites. GST activities were not modified during the acclimation period, whereas the sampling site of mussels appeared to exert a significant influence (higher values in control mussels from MJ than in those from BC). The treatment with both contaminants also increased GST activities of mussels from BC and not from MJ. It is hypothesized that animals from this last location are more exposed to the urban waste waster disposal, their biochemical response (GST activity) to pollutant exposure will be less marked. The treatment with pp'DDE or mercury did not show significant trend in CAT activities or MDA levels due to the variation of controls, and comparison of sites for mussels exposed to either pollutant therefore seems difficult. The acclimation period in the laboratory and the origin of mussels must be taken into consideration when studying the biochemical responses of mussels experimentally exposed to chemical pollutants.

Biomarkers in Ruditapes decussatus: a potential bioindicator species.

The clam Ruditapes decussatus is distributed worldwide and due to its ecological and economical interest has been proposed as a bioindicator in areas where mussels are not available. The accumulation of several anthropogenic compounds in their tissues suggests that they possess mechanisms that allow them to cope with the toxic effects of these contaminants. Besides pollutant uptake, the use of biomarkers is pointed out in this paper since it is a promising approach to monitor the effect of these contaminants in the marine environment. Biomarkers complement the information of the direct chemical characterization of different types of contaminants. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the role of several biomarkers: (metallothioneins (MT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (GPx) (total and selenium-dependent), lipid peroxidation (measured as MDA, one of the final products of lipid peroxidation), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), measured in different tissues of the clam R. decussatus, in laboratory conditions and under various environmental stresses, in two ecosystems (Ria Formosa lagoon- Portugal) and Bizerta lagoon (Tunisia) in a perspective of a multibiomarker approach to assess environmental changes. Experiment and field studies are in good agreement since MT levels, especially in the gills, the first target tissue of these contaminants, can be used as biomarker of exposure to Cd. GPx and MDA may also be determined in this respect. AChE activity is inhibited by pesticide and, to a less extent, by metal exposure in the gills and whole soft body of clams. However, the induction of GST isoforms experimentally demonstrated is not observed in the field because only global GST activity was determined. The whole set of results opens new research perspectives for the use of this species to assess the effect of mixtures of pollutants in the aquatic environment.