RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Quinolone resistance is usually caused by various chromosomal mutations, but has been more recently associated with plasmids which carry the qnr determinant. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of qnr genes in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Jamaica. METHODS: A total of 255 non-duplicate fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates, comprising 232 Escherichia coli, 20 Klebsiella species and three Enterobacter spp were collected between October 2007 and November 2008 from hospitalized patients in Jamaica. The presence of the qnr gene was screened by PCR using specific primers for qnrA, qnrB and qnrS in extracted plasmid DNA. RESULTS: Eighty-three (32.5%) of these isolates were qnr-positive, of which 47.0% housed the qnrA gene only, 1.2% qnrB and 9.6% qnrS only. Another 36.1% possessed both qnrA and qnrS genes. Approximately 30% of the quinolone-resistant E coli isolates harboured the qnr gene while 50% Klebsiella spp and all Enterobacter spp were positive. CONCLUSION: The emergence of qnr-mediated quinolone resistance among clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates is described for the first time in Jamaica.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Humanos , Jamaica , Klebsiella/genética , Plasmídeos/genéticaRESUMO
Few psychological assessment instruments exist for Jamaicans. Studies that address the appropriateness of foreign instruments for Jamaicans are sparse and empirical focus on psychopathology and its aetiology in Jamaican adults is virtually nonexistent. The present study addressed these deficits via Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) which revealed that factors on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were not replicated for a Jamaican sample (N = 352). Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) on the TAS-20 revealed one factor labelled Unawareness and Confusion Regarding Emotions (UCRE). Also, EFA yielded six BSI dimensions labelled Somatic Complaints, Paranoia, Hostility, Mild Depression/Dysthymia, Major Depression with Psychotic Features, and Agoraphobia with Panic. Regression analyses on the Jamaican-based TAS-20 and BSI factors revealed a positive relationship between UCRE and each BSI factor and total BSI score. Mild Depression, Agoraphobia with Panic, Paranoia, Hostility, Mild Depression and Major Depression were higher for women and younger Jamaicans, respectively, but younger Jamaicans with higher UCRE scores had higher scores on Paranoia, Major Depression, and total score. The findings suggest that Jamaican mental health policy and programmes should focus on the difficulties some Jamaicans experience in recognising and expressing their emotions.
Assuntos
Sintomas Afetivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Psicometria , Adolescente , Adulto , Sintomas Afetivos/epidemiologia , Cultura , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Regressão , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Quinolone resistance is usually caused by various chromosomal mutations, but has been more recently associated with plasmids which carry the qnr determinant. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of qnr genes in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Jamaica. METHODS: A total of 255 non-duplicate fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates, comprising 232 Escherichia coli, 20 Klebsiella species and three Enterobacter spp were collected between October 2007 and November 2008 from hospitalized patients in Jamaica. The presence of the qnr gene was screened by PCR using specific primers for qnrA, qnrB and qnrS in extracted plasmid DNA. RESULTS: Eighty-three (32.5%) of these isolates were qnr-positive, of which 47.0% housed the qnrA gene only, 1.2% qnrB and 9.6% qnrS only. Another 36.1% possessed both qnrA and qnrS genes. Approximately 30% of the quinolone-resistant E coli isolates harboured the qnr gene while 50% Klebsiella spp and all Enterobacter spp were positive. CONCLUSION: The emergence of qnr-mediated quinolone resistance among clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates is described for the first time in Jamaica.
OBJETIVO: La resistencia a la quinolona es generalmente causada por varias mutaciones cromosomáticas, pero más recientemente ha sido asociada con plásmidos portadores del determinante qnr. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la prevalencia de genes qnr en los aislados clínicos de Enterobacteriaceae en Jamaica. MÉTODOS: Un total de 255 aislados clínicos no duplicados de Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a la fluoroquinolona, incluyendo 232 de Escherichia coli, 20 especies de Klebsiella y tres Enterobacter spp, fueron recogidos entre octubre de 2007 y noviembre de 2008, de pacientes hospitalizados en Jamaica. La presencia del gen qnr fue tamizada mediante marcadores PCR, usando primers específicos para qnrA, qnrB y qnrS en el ADN plásmido extraído. RESULTADOS: Ochenta y tres (32.5%) de éstos aislados fueron qnr-positivos. De ellos, 47.0% alojaban solamente el gen qnrA, 1.2% el qnrB y 9.6% el qnrS solamente. Otro 36.1% poseía tanto genes qnrA cuanto genes qnrS. Aproximadamente 30% de los aislados E. coli resistentes a la quinolona, albergaban el gen qnr mientras que 50% de Klebsiella spp y todas las Enterobacter spp fueron positivas. CONCLUSIÓN: Se describe por primera vez el surgimiento de la resistencia a las quinolonas mediada por qnr en Jamaica.