Generic dynamic molecular devices by quantitative non-steady-state proton/water-coupled electron transport kinetics.

Dynamic molecular devices operating with time- and history-dependent performance raised new challenges for the fundamental study of microscopic non-steady-state charge transport as well as functionalities that are not achievable by steady-state devices. In this study, we reported a generic dynamic mode of molecular devices by addressing the transient redox state of ubiquitous quinone molecules in the junction by proton/water transfer. The diffusion limited slow proton/water transfer-modulated fast electron transport, leading to a non-steady-state transport process, as manifested by the negative differential resistance, dynamic hysteresis, and memory-like behavior. A quantitative paradigm for the study of the non-steady-state charge transport kinetics was further developed by combining the theoretical model and transient state characterization, and the principle of the dynamic device can be revealed by the numerical simulator. On applying pulse stimulation, the dynamic device emulated the neuron synaptic response with frequency-dependent depression and facilitation, implying a great potential for future nonlinear and brain-inspired devices.

Improving both performance and stability of n-type organic semiconductors by vitamin C.

Organic semiconductors (OSCs) are one of the most promising candidates for flexible, wearable and large-area electronics. However, the development of n-type OSCs has been severely held back due to the poor stability of their most candidates, that is, the intrinsically high reactivity of negatively charged polarons to oxygen and water. Here we demonstrate a general strategy based on vitamin C to stabilize n-type OSCs, remarkably improving the performance and stability of their device, for example, organic field-effect transistors. Vitamin C scavenges reactive oxygen species and inhibits their generation by sacrificial oxidation and non-sacrificial triplet quenching in a cascade process, which not only lastingly prevents molecular structure from oxidation damage but also passivates the latent electron traps to stabilize electron transport. This study presents a way to overcome the long-standing stability problem of n-type OSCs and devices.

Atomic engineering of two-dimensional materials via liquid metals.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, known for their distinctive electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, have attracted considerable attention. The precise atomic-scale synthesis of 2D materials opens up new frontiers in nanotechnology, presenting novel opportunities for material design and property control but remains challenging due to the high expense of single-crystal solid metal catalysts. Liquid metals, with their fluidity, ductility, dynamic surface, and isotropy, have significantly enhanced the catalytic processes crucial for synthesizing 2D materials, including decomposition, diffusion, and nucleation, thus presenting an unprecedented precise control over material structures and properties. Besides, the emergence of liquid alloy makes the creation of diverse heterostructures possible, offering a new dimension for atomic engineering. Significant achievements have been made in this field encompassing defect-free preparation, large-area self-aligned array, phase engineering, heterostructures, etc. This review systematically summarizes these contributions from the aspects of fundamental synthesis methods, liquid catalyst selection, resulting 2D materials, and atomic engineering. Moreover, the review sheds light on the outlook and challenges in this evolving field, providing a valuable resource for deeply understanding this field. The emergence of liquid metals has undoubtedly revolutionized the traditional nanotechnology for preparing 2D materials on solid metal catalysts, offering flexible possibilities for the advancement of next-generation electronics.

Recent progress in emerging two-dimensional organic-inorganic van der Waals heterojunctions.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted significant attention in recent decades due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. Among them, to meet the growing demand for multifunctional applications, 2D organic-inorganic van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions have become increasingly popular in the development of optoelectronic devices. These heterojunctions demonstrate impressive capability to synergistically combine the favourable characteristics of organic and inorganic materials, thereby offering a wide range of advantages. Also, they enable the creation of innovative device structures and introduce novel functionalities in existing 2D materials, avoiding the need for lattice matching in different material systems. Presently, researchers are actively working on improving the performance of devices based on 2D organic-inorganic vdW heterojunctions by focusing on enhancing the quality of 2D materials, precise stacking methods, energy band regulation, and material selection. Therefore, this review presents a thorough examination of the emerging 2D organic-inorganic vdW heterojunctions, including their classification, fabrication, and corresponding devices. Additionally, this review offers profound and comprehensive insight into the challenges in this field to inspire future research directions. It is expected to propel researchers to harness the extraordinary capabilities of 2D organic-inorganic vdW heterojunctions for a wider range of applications by further advancing the understanding of their fundamental properties, expanding the range of available materials, and exploring novel device architectures. The ongoing research and development in this field hold potential to unlock captivating advancements and foster practical applications across diverse industries.

Inorganic Halide Perovskite Nanowires/Conjugated Polymer Heterojunction-Based Optoelectronic Synaptic Transistors for Dynamic Machine Vision.

Inspired by the retina, artificial optoelectronic synapses have groundbreaking potential for machine vision. The field-effect transistor is a crucial platform for optoelectronic synapses that is highly sensitive to external stimuli and can modulate conductivity. On the basis of the decent optical absorption, perovskite materials have been widely employed for constructing optoelectronic synaptic transistors. However, the reported optoelectronic synaptic transistors focus on the static processing of independent stimuli at different moments, while the natural visual information consists of temporal signals. Here, we report CsPbBrI2 nanowire-based optoelectronic synaptic transistors to study the dynamic responses of artificial synaptic transistors to time-varying visual information for the first time. Moreover, on the basis of the dynamic synaptic behavior, a hardware system with an accuracy of 85% is built to the trajectory of moving objects. This work offers a new way to develop artificial optoelectronic synapses for the construction of dynamic machine vision systems.

Key mRNAs and lncRNAs of pituitary that affect the reproduction of FecB + + small tail han sheep.

BACKGROUND: The pituitary directly regulates the reproductive process through follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Transcriptomic research on the pituitaries of ewes with different FecB (fecundity Booroola) genotypes has shown that some key genes and lncRNAs play an important role in pituitary function and sheep fecundity. Our previous study found that ewes with FecB + + genotypes (without FecB mutation) still had individuals with more than one offspring per birth. It is hoped to analyze this phenomenon from the perspective of the pituitary transcriptome. RESULTS: The 12 Small Tail Han Sheep were equally divided into polytocous sheep in the follicular phase (PF), polytocous sheep in the luteal phase (PL), monotocous sheep in the follicular phase (MF), and monotocous sheep in the luteal phase (ML). Pituitary tissues were collected after estrus synchronous treatment for transcriptomic analysis. A total of 384 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (182 in PF vs. MF and 202 in PL vs. ML) and 844 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) (427 in PF vs. MF and 417 in PL vs. ML) were obtained from the polytocous-monotocous comparison groups in the two phases. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs in the two phases were enriched in signaling pathways known to play an important role in sheep fecundity, such as calcium ion binding and cAMP signaling pathways. A total of 1322 target relationship pairs (551 pairs in PF vs. MF and 771 pairs in PL vs. ML) were obtained for the target genes prediction of DELs, of which 29 DEL-DEG target relationship pairs (nine pairs in PF vs. MF and twenty pairs in PL vs. ML). In addition, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed to explore the regulatory relationships of DEGs, and some important regulatory relationship pairs were obtained. CONCLUSION: According to the analysis results, we hypothesized that the pituitary first receives steroid hormone signals from the ovary and uterus and that VAV3 (Vav Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 3), GABRG1 (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor, Gamma 1), and FNDC1 (Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 1) played an important role in this process. Subsequently, the reproductive process was regulated by gonadotropins, and IGFBP1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1) was directly involved in this process, ultimately affecting litter size. In addition, TGIF1 (Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-Induced Factor 1) and TMEFF2 (Transmembrane Protein With EGF Like And Two Follistatin Like Domains 2) compensated for the effect of the FecB mutation and function by acting on TGF-ß/SMAD signaling pathway, an important pathway for sheep reproduction. These results provided a reference for understanding the mechanism of multiple births in Small Tail Han Sheep without FecB mutation.

Large-Area Conductive MOF Ultrathin Film Controllably Integrating Dinuclear-Metal Sites and Photosensitizers to Boost Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction with H2O as an Electron Donor.

Owing to the electrical conductivity and periodic porosity, conductive metal-organic framework (cMOF) ultrathin films open new perspectives to photocatalysis. The space-selective assembly of catalytic sites and photosensitizers in/on cMOF is favorable for promoting the separation of photogenerated carriers and mass transfer. However, the controllable integration of functional units into the cMOF film is rarely reported. Herein, via the synergistic effect of steric hindrance and an electrostatic-driven strategy, the dinuclear-metal molecular catalysts (DMC) and perovskite (PVK) quantum dot photosensitizers were immobilized into channels and onto the surface of cMOF ultrathin films, respectively, affording [DMC@cMOF]-PVK film photocatalysts. In this unique heterostructure, cMOF not only facilitated the charge transfer from PVK to DMC but also guaranteed mass transfer. Using H2O as an electron donor, [DMC@cMOF]-PVK realized a 133.36 µmol·g-1·h-1 CO yield in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, much higher than PVK and DMC-PVK. Owing to the excellent light transmission of films, multilayers of [DMC@cMOF]-PVK were integrated to increase the CO yield per unit area, and the 10-layer device realized a 1115.92 µmol·m-2 CO yield in 4 h, which was 8-fold higher than that of powder counterpart. This work not only lightens the development of cMOF-based composite films but also paves a novel avenue for an ultrathin film photocatalyst.

Constructing Nano-Heterostructure with Dual-Site to Boost H2 O2 Activation and Regulate the Transformation of Free Radicals.

A major issue with Fenton-like reaction is the excessive consumption of H2 O2 caused by the sluggish regeneration rate of low-valent metal, and how to improve the activation efficiency of H2 O2 has become a key in current research. Herein, a nano-heterostructure catalyst (1.0-MnCu/C) based on nano-interface engineering is constructed by supporting Cu and MnO on carbon skeleton, and its kinetic rate for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride is 0.0436 min-1 , which is 2.9 times higher than that of Cu/C system (0.0151 min-1 ). The enhancement of removal rate results from the introduced Mn species can aggregate and transfer electrons to Cu sites through the electron bridge Mn-N/O-Cu, thus preventing Cu2+ from oxidizing H2 O2 to form O2 •- , and facilitating the reduction of Cu2+ and generating more reactive oxygen species (1 O2 and ·OH) with stronger oxidation ability, resulting in H2 O2 utilization efficiency is 1.9 times as much as that of Cu/C. Additionally, the good and stable practical application capacity in different bodies demonstrates that it has great potential for practical environmental remediation.

Conjugation Linked PEDOT:PSS with Low Impedance and High Stretchability for Epidermal Electrophysiology.

Long-term epidermal recording of bioelectricity is of paramount importance for personal health monitoring. It requires stretchable and dry film electrodes that can be seamlessly integrated with skin. The simultaneous achievement of high conductivity and skin-like ductility of conducting materials is a prerequisite for reliable signal transduction at the dynamic interface, which is also the bottleneck of epidermal electrophysiology. Here, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are introduced as "conjugation linkers" into a topologically plasticized conducting polymer (PEDOT:PSS). A thin-film electrode with high conductivity (≈3250 S cm-1) and high stretchability (crack-onset strain>100%) is obtained. In particular, the conjugation linker enables the high volumetric capacitance and the low film resistance, both of which synergically reduce the interfacial impedance. The capabilities of this electrode is further demonstrated in the precise recording of various electrophysiological signals.

Recent advances in n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors and their multi-functional applications.

Organic semiconductors have received broad attention and research interest due to their unique integration of semiconducting properties with structural tunability, intrinsic flexibiltiy and low cost. In order to meet the requirements of organic electronic devices and their integrated circuits, p-type, n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors are all necessary. However, due to the limitation in both material synthesis and device fabrication, the development of n-type and ambipolar materials is quite behind that of p-type materials. Recent development in synthetic methods of organic semiconductors greatly enriches the range of n-type and ambipolar materials. Moreover, the newly developed materials with multiple functions also put forward multi-functional device applications, including some emerging research areas. In this review, we give a timely summary on these impressive advances in n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors with a special focus on their synthesis methods and advanced materials with enhanced properties of charge carrier mobility, integration of high mobility and strong emission and thermoelectric properties. Finally, multi-functional device applications are further demonstrated as an example of these developed n-type and ambipolar materials.

Rydberg State Single-Mode Polariton Lasing with Ultralow Threshold via Symmetry Engineering.

Symmetry plays an essential role in the fundamental properties of a physical system. In this work, we report on the realization of tunable single-mode polariton lasing from highly excited Rydberg states via symmetry engineering. By breaking the symmetry of the polaritonic wave function through potential wells and controlling the spatial overlap between the gain region and the eigen mode, we are able to generate single-mode polariton lasing, reversibly and dynamically, from quantized polariton states. Increasing the asymmetry of the potential well, single-mode lasing can be achieved even for the highly excited Rydberg state with a principle quantum number of N = 14. Moreover, as a result of the excellent reservoir-eigen mode overlap and efficient spatial confinement, the threshold of lasing can be reduced up to 6 orders of magnitude, compared with those conventional pumping schemes. Our results present a new strategy toward the realization of thresholdless polariton lasing with dynamical tunability.

Electronic Metal-Support Interactions Boost *OOH Intermediate Generation in Cu/In2Se3 for Electrochemical H2O2 Production.

Two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) is a promising method for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, high energy barriers for the generation of key *OOH intermediates hinder the process of 2e- ORR. Herein, we prepared a copper-supported indium selenide catalyst (Cu/In2Se3) to enhance the selectivity and yield of 2e- ORR by employing an electronic metal-support interactions (EMSIs) strategy. EMSIs-induced charge rearrangement between metallic Cu and In2Se3 is conducive to *OOH intermediate generation, promoting H2O2 production. Theoretical investigations reveal that the inclusion of Cu significantly lowers the energy barrier of the 2e- ORR intermediate and impedes the 4e- ORR pathway, thus favoring the formation of H2O2. The concentration of H2O2 produced by Cu/In2Se3 is ~2 times than In2Se3, and Cu/In2Se3 shows promising applications in antibiotic degradation. This research presents a valuable approach for the future utilization of EMSIs in 2e- ORR.

High Mobility Emissive Excimer Organic Semiconductor Towards Color-Tunable Light-Emitting Transistors.

Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) are highly integrated and minimized optoelectronic devices with significant potential superiority in smart displays and optical communications. To realize these various applications, it is urgently needed for color-tunable emission in OLETs, but remains a great challenge as a result of the difficulty for designing organic semiconductors simultaneously integrating high carrier mobility, strong solid-state emission, and the ability for potential tunable colors. Herein, a high mobility emissive excimer organic semiconductor, 2,7-di(2-anthryl)-9H-fluorene (2,7-DAF) was reasonably designed by introducing a rotatable carbon-carbon single bond connecting two anthracene groups at the 2,7-sites of fluorene, and the small torsion angles simultaneously guarantee effective conjugation and suppress fluorescence quenching. Indeed, the unique stable dimer arrangement and herringbone packing mode of 2,7-DAF single crystal enables its superior integrated optoelectronic properties with high carrier mobility of 2.16 cm2 ⋅ V-1 ⋅ s-1 , and strong excimer emission with absolute photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 47.4 %. Furthermore, the voltage-dependent electrically induced color-tunable emission from orange to blue was also demonstrated for an individual 2,7-DAF single crystal based OLETs for the first time. This work opens the door for a new class of high mobility emissive excimer organic semiconductors, and provides a good platform for the study of color-tunable OLETs.

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Hetero-Phase Nanostructure Photocatalysts with Molecular-Scale Tunable Energy Levels.

As an effective method to modulate the physicochemical properties of materials, crystal phase engineering, especially hetero-phase, plays an important role in developing high-performance photocatalysts. However, it is still a huge challenge but significant to construct porous hetero-phase nanostructures with adjustable band structures. As a kind of unique porous crystalline materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) might be the appropriate candidate, but the MOF-based hetero-phase is rarely reported. Herein, we developed a secondary building unit (SBU) regulating strategy to prepare two crystal phases of Ti-MOFs constructed by titanium and 1,4-dicarboxybenzene, i.e., COK and MIL-125. Besides, COK/MIL-125 hetero-phase was further constructed. In the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, COK/MIL-125 possessed the highest H2 yield compared to COK and MIL-125, ascribing to the Z-Scheme homojunction at hetero-phase interface. Furthermore, by decorating with amino groups (i.e., NH2-COK/NH2-MIL-125), the light absorbing capacity was broadened to visible-light region, and the visible-light-driven H2 yield was greatly improved. Briefly, the MOF-based hetero-phase possesses periodic channel structures and molecularly adjustable band structures, which is scarce in traditional organic or inorganic materials. As a proof of concept, our work not only highlights the development of MOF-based hetero-phase nanostructures, but also paves a novel avenue for designing high-performance photocatalysts.

An n-Type Conjugated Polymer with Low Crystallinity for High-Performance Organic Thermoelectrics.

Conjugated polymers (CPs) with low crystallinity are promising candidates for application in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs), particularly in flexible devices, because the disordered structures of these CPs can effectively accommodate dopants and ensure robust resistance to bending. However, n-doped CPs usually exhibit poor thermoelectric performance, which hinders the development of high-performance thermoelectric generators. Herein, we report an n-type CP (ThDPP-CNBTz) comprising two acceptor units: a thiophene-flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole and a cyano-functionalized benzothiadiazole. ThDPP-CNBTz shows a low LUMO energy level of below -4.20 eV and features low crystallinity, enabling high doping efficiency. Moreover, the dual-acceptor design enhances polaron delocalization, resulting in good thermoelectric performance. After n-doping, ThDPP-CNBTz exhibits an average electrical conductivity (σ) of 50.6 S cm-1 and a maximum power factor (PF) of 126.8 µW m-1 K-2, which is among the highest values reported for solution-processed n-type CPs to date. Additionally, a solution-processed flexible OTE device based on doped ThDPP-CNBTz exhibits a maximum PF of 70 µW m-1 K-2; the flexible device also shows remarkable resistance to bending strain, with only a marginal change in σ after 600 bending cycles. The findings presented in this work will advance the development of n-type CPs for OTE devices, and flexible devices in particular.

Universal Design and Efficient Synthesis for High Ambipolar Mobility Emissive Conjugated Polymers.

High ambipolar mobility emissive conjugated polymers (HAME-CPs) are perfect candidates for organic optoelectronic devices, such as polymer light emitting transistors. However, due to intrinsic trade-off relationship between high ambipolar mobility and strong solid-state luminescence, the development of HAME-CPs suffers from high structural and synthetic complexity. Herein, a universal design principle and simple synthetic approach for HAME-CPs are developed. A series of simple non-fused polymers composed of charge transfer units, π bridges and emissive units are synthesized via a two-step microwave assisted C-H arylation and direct arylation polymerization protocol with high total yields up to 61 %. The synthetic protocol is verified valid among 7 monomers and 8 polymers. Most importantly, all 8 conjugated polymers have strong solid-state emission with high photoluminescence quantum yields up to 24 %. Furthermore, 4 polymers exhibit high ambipolar field effect mobility up to 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1, and can be used in multifunctional optoelectronic devices. This work opens a new avenue for developing HAME-CPs by efficient synthesis and rational design.

The In Situ Optimization of Spinterface in Polymer Spin Valve by Electronic Phase Separated Oxides.

Tailoring the interface between organic semiconductor (OSC) and ferromagnetic (FM) electrodes, that is, the spinterface, offers a promising way to manipulate and optimize the magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of the organic spin valve (OSV) devices. However, the non-destructive in situ regulation method of spinterface is seldom reported, limiting its theoretical research and further application in organic spintronics. (La2/3 Pr1/3 )5/8 Ca3/8 MnO3 (LPCMO), a recently developed FM material, exhibits a strong electronic phase separation (EPS) property, and can be employed as an effective in situ spinterface adjuster. Herein, we fabricated a LPCMO-based polymer spin valve with a vertical configuration of LPCMO/poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/Co, and emphasized the important role of LPCMO/P3HT spinterface in MR regulation. A unique competitive spin-scattering mechanism generated by the EPS characteristics of LPCMO inside the polymer spin valve was discovered by abstracting the anomalous non-monotonic MR value as a function of pre-set magnetic field (Bpre ) and temperature (T). Particularly, a record-high MR ratio of 93% was achieved in polymer spin valves under optimal conditions. These findings highlight the importance of interdisciplinary research between organic spintronics and EPS oxides and offer a novel scenario for multi-level storage via spinterface manipulation.

Suppressing the Intrinsic Photoelectric Response of Organic Semiconductors for Highly-Photostable Organic Transistors.

Suppressing the photoelectric response of organic semiconductors (OSs) is of great significance for improving the operational stability of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) in light environments, but it is quite challenging because of the great difficulty in precisely modulating exciton dynamics. In this work, photostable OFETs are demonstrated by designing the micro-structure of OSs and introducing an electrical double layer at the OS/polyelectrolyte dielectric interface, in which multiple exciton dynamic processes can be modulated. The generation and dissociation of excitons are depressed due to the small light-absorption area of the microstripe structure and the excellent crystallinity of OSs. At the same time, a highly efficient exciton quenching process is activated by the electrical double layer at the OS/polyelectrolyte dielectric interface. As a result, the OFETs show outstanding tolerance to the light irradiation of up to 306 mW·cm-2 , which far surpasses the solar irradiance value in the atmosphere (≈138 mW·cm-2 ) and achieves the highest photostability ever reported in the literature. The findings promise a general and practicable strategy for the realization of photostable OFETs and organic circuits.

General Spatial Confinement Recrystallization Method for Rapid Preparation of Thickness-Controllable and Uniform Organic Semiconductor Single Crystals.

Organic semiconductor single crystals (OSSCs) are ideal materials for studying the intrinsic properties of organic semiconductors (OSCs) and constructing high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, there is no general method to rapidly prepare thickness-controllable and uniform single crystals for various OSCs. Here, inspired by the recrystallization (a spontaneous morphological instability phenomenon) of polycrystalline films, a spatial confinement recrystallization (SCR) method is developed to rapidly (even at several second timescales) grow thickness-controllable and uniform OSSCs in a well-controlled way by applying longitudinal pressure to tailor the growth direction of grains in OSCs polycrystalline films. The relationship between growth parameters including the growth time, temperature, longitudinal pressure, and thickness is comprehensively investigated. Remarkably, this method is applicable for various OSCs including insoluble and soluble small molecules and polymers, and can realize the high-quality crystal array growth. The corresponding 50 dinaphtho[2,3-b:2″,3″-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) single crystals coplanar OFETs prepared by the same batch have the mobility of 4.1 ± 0.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 , showing excellent uniformity. The overall performance of the method is superior to the reported methods in term of growth rate, generality, thickness controllability, and uniformity, indicating its broad application prospects in organic electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filter Trapped Embolus: A Risk Factor of Detachment of Thrombus Analysis Based on a Multicenter Prospective Observational Study.

PURPOSE: Up to now, the indications of inferior vena cava filter placement still remain controversial in the academic field. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors of detachment of thrombus and to evaluate the necessity of inferior vena cava filter placement to prevent fatal pulmonary embolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 2892 patients participated in the multicenter prospective observational study from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018, and underwent retrievable inferior vena cava filter (RIVCF) placement in 103 centers in China. The primary endpoint of the study was RIVCF trapped embolus detected by inferior vena cava venography/ultrasound/computed tomography scanning or visible macroscopic thrombus before or during RIVCF retrieval. The relative factors of RIVCF trapped embolus were analyzed accordingly. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 61.0 (50.0-71.0) years. Retrievable inferior vena cava filter trapped embolus occurred in 308 patients (10.65%). The fracture location, surgery location, and endovascular intervention differed between RIVCF trapped embolus and non-RIVCF trapped embolus groups (p<0.001, respectively). By multivariate analysis, RIVCF trapped embolus were less common in older patients (odds ratio [OR]=0.998; p<0.001) and more common in patients with below-the-knee fracture (OR=1.093, p=0.038), thigh fracture (OR=1.118, p=0.007), and pelvis surgery (OR=1.067, p=0.016). In addition, compared with patients without endovascular intervention, patients with percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) + catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) were more prone to develop RIVCF trapped embolus (OR=1.060, p=0.010). However, RIVCF trapped embolus was less common in patients with CDT (OR=0.961, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Lower limb fracture, pelvis surgery, and PMT + CDT are prone to cause trapped embolus. As a trapped embolus often represents the possibility of severe pulmonary embolism, lower limb fracture, pelvis surgery, and PMT + CDT could be risk factors of fatal pulmonary embolism. Due to the low incidence of trapped embolus, it is not necessary to place filters in elderly patients and CDT-only patients. CLINICAL IMPACT: The purpose of this paper is to standardize the use of inferior vena cava filter and avoid unnecessary filter implantation through the summary and analysis of a large number of clinical data. At the same time, more attention should be paid to and active treatment should be given to high-risk groups of pulmonary embolism.