Lixisenatide in early parkinson's disease: efficacy, safety, and future directions: a correspondence.

Parkinson's disease (PD) presents as a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, resulting from dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Current treatment strategies primarily aim to alleviate symptoms through pharmacotherapy and supportive therapies. However, emerging research explores novel therapeutic avenues, including the repurposing of drugs like lixisenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist initially developed for type 2 diabetes. This correspondence summarizes a phase 2 clinical trial investigating lixisenatide's efficacy in early PD, demonstrating a potential for mitigating motor disability progression. Findings reveal a marginal improvement or stabilization in motor function among lixisenatide-treated individuals compared to placebo, emphasizing its therapeutic promise. Nonetheless, the emergence of gastrointestinal adverse events underscores the need for careful monitoring and management. Further extensive trials are warranted to delineate lixisenatide's efficacy and safety profile, fostering collaborative efforts towards precision treatments in PD.

A Comprehensive Review on the Electrocardiographic Manifestations of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Patterns and Prognosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) refers to cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis and is usually associated with worse outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the electrocardiographic (ECG) signs and features associated with CS, as well as examine modern techniques and their importance in CS evaluation. RECENT FINDINGS: The exact pathogenesis of CS is still unclear, but it stems from an abnormal immunological response triggered by environmental factors in individuals with genetic predisposition. CS presents with non-cardiac symptoms; however, conduction system abnormalities are common in patients with CS. The most common electrocardiographic (ECG) signs include atrioventricular blocks and ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Distinct patterns, such as fragmented QRS complexes, T-wave alternans, and bundle branch blocks, are critical indicators of myocardial involvement. The application of advanced ECG techniques such as signal-averaged ECG, Holter monitoring, wavelet-transformed ECG, microvolt T-wave alternans, and artificial intelligence-supported analysis holds promising outcomes for opportune detection and monitoring of CS. Timely utilisation of inexpensive and readily available ECG possesses the potential to allow early detection and intervention for CS. The integration of artificial intelligence models into ECG analysis is a promising approach for improving the ECG diagnostic accuracy and further risk stratification of patients with CS.

Air pollution and cardiovascular health in South Asia: A comprehensive review.

Air pollution is a pressing environmental health concern, with a growing impact on developing nations, particularly in South Asia. Extensive research has linked air pollution to various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In South Asia, air pollution is a critical issue, with a high concentration of the world's most polluted cities and widespread exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. WHO reports that outdoor and indoor air pollution together claim 7 million lives annually. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone are prominent culprits. South Asia, with 60 % of its population exposed to hazardous pollution levels, is home to 37 of the world's 40 most polluted cities. PM2.5 concentrations in South Asia often exceed WHO guidelines by up to 20 times. Air pollution in this region, driven by factors such as crop stubble burning, is a leading cause of CVD. Studies in the region have revealed a significant correlation between PM2.5 levels and CVDs, with fine particles originating from sources like industrial emissions and traffic playing a central role in cardiovascular health deterioration. Exposure to PM2.5 leads to oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypercoagulability, increasing the risk of conditions such as ischemic heart disease and stroke. In South Asia, the burden of CVDs associated with air pollution is substantial, with millions of premature deaths attributed to outdoor and indoor air pollution. To mitigate this crisis, a multifaceted approach is essential, encompassing public awareness, air quality regulation, cleaner energy sources, and measures to reduce crop stubble burning. Additionally, further research is crucial to understanding the complex relationship between air pollution and CVDs in South Asia, as it offers avenues for prevention and control, potentially saving lives and improving public health in the region.

Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and the Promising Role of Semaglutide: Insights from the SELECT Trial.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading global cause of death, with preventable risk factors like obesity contributing most to it. Obesity's association with CVD originate from factors like inflammation, insulin resistance, and altered lipid profiles. Obesity also raises the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and sudden cardiac death. Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, initially used for weight loss and diabetes, emerged as a breakthrough in CVD prevention. The SELECT trial assessed semaglutide's impact on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 17,604 adults with CVD and obesity were given a weekly 2.4 mg dose of semaglutide or placebo. The trial observed a significant 20% reduction in MACE risk for those receiving semaglutide, demonstrating its potential in obesity-associated CVD prevention. This shift marks a transformative approach to obesity management and CVD prevention. However, further research is needed to fully comprehend semaglutide's cardiovascular benefits and potential risks.

Hypertension and Lorundrostat: Key Discoveries From the TARGET-HTN Trial.

Hypertension, characterized by persistent high blood pressure levels, is a major global health concern, contributing significantly to the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and overall mortality. It is classified into primary and secondary hypertension, with its prevalence steadily increasing due to ageing populations and unhealthy lifestyle factors. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a staggering rise in hypertension cases, affecting one in 3 adults worldwide, doubling from 1990 to 2019. A significant development in the field of hypertension treatment is the Target-HTN trial, which investigated the efficacy of lorundrostat, an aldosterone synthase inhibitor, in reducing systolic blood pressure. This trial involved 2 cohorts. Cohort 1, comprising patients with suppressed plasma renin activity and elevated serum aldosterone levels, showed promising results. Lorundrostat doses of 100 mg and 50 mg administered once daily led to substantial reductions in systolic blood pressure compared to a placebo group. Cohort 2, although considered exploratory, also exhibited a notable reduction in systolic blood pressure with a 100 mg once-daily dose of lorundrostat. In conclusion, the Target-HTN trial has demonstrated that lorundrostat, an aldosterone synthase inhibitor, holds promise as an innovative therapeutic approach for reducing systolic blood pressure, especially in hypertensive patients with suppressed plasma renin activity and elevated serum aldosterone levels. These findings advocate for the initiation of Phase 3 trials to further validate the safety and efficacy of lorundrostat in a larger and more diverse patient population.

Unraveling the conjunctivitis crisis: understanding the spiking incidence in Karachi and Lahore-Pakistan.

Conjunctivitis is a contagious viral ocular disease that has increased highly in the different areas of Pakistan. Public health data confirmed 86 133 cases in September 2023, which crossed previous any other records. It is confirmed that this infection affects people of all ages, including adults and children frequently. Different clinical symptoms such as painful eyes, redness, inflammation, and augmenting tearing are observed. This infection is responsible for blindness. The transmission of ocular secretion spreads this infectious disease from an infected person to others by contact. In addition current year, less precipitation in Pakistan has impaired the air quality. Temperature, humidity, poor sanitation, polluted air, and other environmental factors are also related to the increase of the disease. This short article aims to present an overview of the rising incidence of conjunctivitis, its probable causes, signs, and symptoms, as well as potential treatments. Using saline for flushing eyes or eye drops is recommended by the Ophthalmologist. A few suggestions such as staying at home, avoiding allergens and contact lenses, washing eyes carefully, and using clean clothes need to be followed for this infection. Multiple immediate action steps are required to prevent and control including heightened public awareness.

Mirikizumab: A promising breakthrough in Crohn's disease treatment.

Introduction: Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory bowel disorder characterized by persistent inflammation and noncontiguous "skip lesions" throughout the gastrointestinal tract. With a prevalence of 100-300 cases per 100,000 individuals, CD is most common in Western Europe and North America. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and anemia, with severe cases leading to complications such as perianal abscesses and cutaneous fistulas. Treatment involves pharmaceutical interventions, bowel rest, and sometimes surgery, with biological therapies like ustekinumab and mirikizumab gaining prominence. Clinical Trials: The VIVID-1 trial assessed mirikizumab in patients with moderately to severely active CD. By Week 12, mirikizumab significantly outperformed placebo in clinical response (45.4% vs. 19.6%, p < 0.000001). By Week 52, it showed higher clinical remission rates (54.1% vs. 19.6%) and demonstrated non-inferiority to ustekinumab in clinical remission (p = 0.51). The SEQUENCE study compared risankizumab to ustekinumab, with risankizumab showing superior reductions in inflammatory markers and higher biologic remission rates at Weeks 8, 24, and 48. Both treatments had similar safety profiles, with common adverse events including COVID-19, anemia, and headache. Conclusion: Mirikizumab, based on the VIVID-1 trial outcomes, is a promising addition to CD therapy. It demonstrated significant clinical responses and remission rates, warranting further research on its long-term efficacy and safety. Updating professional guidelines and addressing affordability will ensure broader access and improved management of CD.

Revolutionary breakthrough: FDA approves CASGEVY, the first CRISPR/Cas9 gene therapy for sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary hemoglobinopathy resulting from a ß-globin chain mutation that causes abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) polymerization and leads to severe complications. Current treatment options primarily focus on symptom management, with limited curative potential. Recently, Casgevy, the first CRISPR/Cas9-based gene therapy for SCD, has received breakthrough FDA approval. Clinical trials have shown that Casgevy administered to patients aged older than or equal to 12 years enables precise modifications in hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in elevated fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels and a significant reduction in vaso-occlusive events. Unlike conventional treatments, this therapy offers a curative approach and eliminates the need for recurrent transfusions and transplants, thereby improving the quality of life of patients with SCD. Casgevy has emerged as a beacon of hope for SCD patients and signifies a potential paradigm shift in SCD management due to its safety, curative potential, and transformative impact, positioning it as a groundbreaking intervention. Nevertheless, ethical considerations surrounding CRISPR technology and regulatory frameworks must be addressed to ensure responsible application and equitable access to this one-time gene editing therapy. As the authors celebrate this scientific advancement, sustained interdisciplinary collaboration and ethical scrutiny are essential to navigating the evolving landscape of CRISPR technology in medicine. This review aims to provide a detailed insight into the application of Casgevy, challenges associated with its application, future prospects of this therapy, and its comparison with existing treatment options for SCD.

Influence of Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting on Clinical Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Meta-Analysis of 250 684 Patients.

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), also known as coronary angioplasty, is the preferred strategy for treating obstructive coronary artery disease. Existing literature suggests the worsening of clinical outcomes in patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) history. In light of this, a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Methods: Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect were utilized for the inclusive systematic search dating from inception to September 01, 2023. The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cohort studies, and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials. Results: Ultimately, there were 16 eligible studies pooled together, involving a total of 250 684 patients, including 231 552 CABG-naïve patients, and 19 132 patients with a prior history of CABG. Overall, patients with CABG history were associated with significantly greater short-term mortality (P = .004), long-term mortality (P = .005), myocardial infarction (P < .00001), major adverse cardiovascular events (P = .0001), and procedural perforation (P < .00001). Contrastingly, CABG-naïve patients were associated with significantly greater risk of cardiac tamponade (P = .02) and repeat CABG (P = .03). No significant differences in stroke, bleeding, revascularization, or repeat PCI were observed. Conclusion: Comparatively worsened clinical outcomes were observed, as patients with prior CABG history typically exhibit complex coronary anatomy, and have higher rates of comorbidities in comparison to their CABG-naïve counterparts. The refinement of current procedural and surgical techniques, in conjunction with continued research endeavors, are needed in order to effectively address this trend.

A rare case of primary signet-ring adenocarcinoma of anorectal region in a young patient: Diagnostic challenges and therapeutic outcomes.

Key Clinical Message: Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the anal canal and rectum is an extremely rare and aggressive malignancy. The present case underscores the importance of considering primary signet-ring cell carcinoma in differential diagnoses for young patients with chronic anorectal symptoms. It highlights the need for a multidisciplinary treatment approach (including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) and comprehensive follow-up for managing this challenging condition and improving long-term patient outcomes. Abstract: Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the anal canal and rectum is an exceedingly rare subtype of colorectal adenocarcinoma, often originating as an extension of rectal adenocarcinoma. This malignancy constitutes a small fraction of colorectal cancers and is scarcely reported in medical literature. We present the case of an 18-year-old male with a three-year history of progressively worsening hematochezia, anorectal pain, and defecation-associated prolapse. Initial conservative treatments failed, leading to further investigations that revealed a palpable, nodular anorectal mass. Imaging studies (including CT and MRI), and biopsy confirmed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cell morphology. The tumor exhibited extensive lymphovascular invasion and involved perirectal lymph nodes, and was staged as pT3, N2a. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for CK 7, CK 20, and SATB2, supporting the primary anorectal origin. The treatment regimen included initial diversion colostomies for symptom relief, followed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a modified 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) regimen and concurrent chemoradiation with Xeloda. The patient subsequently underwent an abdominoperineal resection (APR), which confirmed the diagnosis and achieved curative resection. Postoperative complications included transient ileus and wound infection, which were managed with supportive care. This case underscores the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the anorectal region, highlighting the need for a high index of suspicion and comprehensive diagnostic workup in atypical presentations. The multimodal treatment approach, incorporating surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, was crucial in managing this locally advanced tumor. The rarity and aggressiveness of this carcinoma necessitate a tailored treatment strategy to improve patient outcomes. Long-term follow-up, including regular imaging and surveillance, is vital for monitoring disease recurrence and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Precision medicine in peripartum cardiomyopathy: advancing diagnosis and management through genomic and phenotypic integration.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare and life-threatening cardiac condition characterized by heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, often developing in late pregnancy or the early postpartum period. Despite being a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, clinical presentation of PPCM frequently overlaps with normal pregnancy-related physiological changes, causing diagnostic delays and increased complications. Current management strategies, primarily derived from general heart failure protocols, are evolving to address the unique aspects of PPCM. This includes the development of personalized medicine approaches that integrate genetic profiling, biomarker evaluation, and clinical phenotyping. Notable genes such as titin (TTN), Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), and lamin A/C (LMNA) are implicated in PPCM, revealing a complex genetic landscape similar to other cardiomyopathies. Biomarkers like N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) are under investigation for their diagnostic and prognostic value, indicating that personalized treatments hold the promise of enhancing diagnostic precision and therapeutic outcomes by tailoring interventions to individual patient profiles. This review article aims to highlight how integrating genetic and phenotypic data can establish a novel framework for managing PPCM, potentially transforming treatment paradigms and improving long-term outcomes.

Single parenthood and depression: A thorough review of current understanding.

Background: Single parenthood is becoming increasingly common in today's society for various reasons such as divorce, the death of a spouse, or the choice of parenthood. Regrettably, there seems to be no significant concern among world leaders regarding depression arising from single parenting. Aim: This article aimed to explore the prevalence of depression in single parents, the factors contributing to it, and its effects on their physical and emotional well-being. Additionally, it aims to investigate the long-lasting effects of depression in single parents, effective therapeutic approaches to tackle these issues and offer proactive suggestions for relevant global stakeholders. Methodology: A selection of studies was identified through electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO databases. The search strategy encompassed terms related to single parenthood, depression, mental health, prevalence, risk factors, and treatment modalities. Included studies comprised of peer-reviewed research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and observational studies published in English. Result: Today, there is a growing prevalence of single parenthood due to a range of factors, including divorce, the loss of a partner, and intentional decisions regarding single parenthood. However, this transition comes with challenges, including the risk of developing depression. Depression is a serious mental health condition affecting many individuals worldwide. Raising a child alone increases the likelihood of developing depression for the parent due to the increased burden and responsibilities. Such parents tend to have low self-esteem, suicide/suicide attempts, and so forth and children born by those parents are vulnerable to depression, physical abuse, infections, etc. Conclusion: Future research should focus on identifying effective interventions for treating depression among single parents and improving the availability of mental health facilities for this vulnerable population, especially in places with a high prevalence of depression. Mental health physicians in collaboration with obstetricians and gynecologists across the globe should offer counseling and mediation services during pre-conception care visits for both single and partnered parents.

Evaluating the role of ivabradine in acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) presents a significant global health challenge, with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The current therapeutic options for ADHF are limited. Ivabradine, a selective inhibitor of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, has emerged as a potential therapy for ADHF by reducing the heart rate (HR) without negatively affecting myocardial contractility. However, the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of ivabradine in patients with ADHF is limited and inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivabradine for ADHF based on observational studies. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to identify relevant observational studies comparing ivabradine with placebo in adult patients with ADHF. Data were pooled using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Four observational studies comprising a total of 12034 patients. Meta-analysis revealed that ivabradine significantly reduced all-cause mortality (RR: 0.66, 95 % CI: 0.49-0.89, p < 0.01) and resting HR (MD: -12.54, 95 % CI: -21.66-3.42, p < 0.01) compared to placebo. However, no significant differences were observed in cardiovascular mortality, hospital readmission for all causes, changes in LVEF, or changes in LVEDD. Sensitivity and publication bias assessments were conducted for each outcome. CONCLUSION: Ivabradine may be beneficial for reducing mortality and HR in patients with ADHF. However, its impact on other clinical outcomes such as cardiovascular mortality, hospital readmission, and cardiac function remains inconclusive. Further research, particularly well-designed RCTs with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up durations, are warranted.

Impacts of the advancement in artificial intelligence on laboratory medicine in low- and middle-income countries: Challenges and recommendations-A literature review.

Background and Aims: Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in laboratory medicine, promising significant advancements in healthcare delivery. This study explores the potential impact of AI on diagnostics and patient management within the context of laboratory medicine, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: In writing this article, we conducted a thorough search of databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar within 20 years. The study examines AI's capabilities, including learning, reasoning, and decision-making, mirroring human cognitive processes. It highlights AI's adeptness at processing vast data sets, identifying patterns, and expediting the extraction of actionable insights, particularly in medical imaging interpretation and laboratory test data analysis. The research emphasizes the potential benefits of AI in early disease detection, therapeutic interventions, and personalized treatment strategies. Results: In the realm of laboratory medicine, AI demonstrates remarkable precision in interpreting medical images such as radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Its predictive analytical capabilities extend to forecasting patient trajectories and informing personalized treatment strategies using comprehensive data sets comprising clinical outcomes, patient records, and laboratory results. The study underscores the significance of AI in addressing healthcare challenges, especially in resource-constrained LMICs. Conclusion: While acknowledging the profound impact of AI on laboratory medicine in LMICs, the study recognizes challenges such as inadequate data availability, digital infrastructure deficiencies, and ethical considerations. Successful implementation necessitates substantial investments in digital infrastructure, the establishment of data-sharing networks, and the formulation of regulatory frameworks. The study concludes that collaborative efforts among stakeholders, including international organizations, governments, and nongovernmental entities, are crucial for overcoming obstacles and responsibly integrating AI into laboratory medicine in LMICs. A comprehensive, coordinated approach is essential for realizing AI's transformative potential and advancing health care in LMICs.

Unlocking the potential of novel RTS, S/AS01, and R21/Matrix-M™ malaria vaccines in African nations.

Introduction: Mass malaria vaccination, rather than vaccinating only children below age 5, has been proven to have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality among those vaccinated, both young and old. Addressing vaccine scepticism and misinformation is crucial in African nations to build public trust in malaria prevention. Therefore, including a wider range of demographics in vaccine trials is necessary for equitable representation and achieving herd immunity against malaria. Aim: This present article aims to identify some of the obstacles that impede malaria vaccination usage and acceptability in African Nations in combating malaria in the region as it continues to pose a significant global public health problem. Methodology: A literature search was done on the Malaria vaccine between 2000 and 2023. Past and present articles/studies on this topic were consulted on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science using the following keywords; "Malaria," "Vaccines," "African Nations," "Obstacles, Strategies," and "Public Health." Results: The recently approved RTS, S/AS01, and R21/Matrix-M™ Malaria vaccines have the potential to prevent numerous deaths and cases of Malaria in Africa. These vaccines Malaria vaccines are cost-effective in African areas with moderate to high plasmodium falciparum and can be delivered through routine immunization. Conclusion: To combat malaria effectively in African Nations, African leaders need to set up a comprehensive approach that involves; prevention, healthcare access, implementation research strategies towards adoption and acceptance of malaria vaccines in Africa as well as community engagement with the religious leaders, the market women, community heads, schools, as well as students' union towards the willingness and acceptability of the malaria vaccines among the African populations.

Safety and Efficacy of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors vs. Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agents in Treating Anemia in Renal Patients (With or Without Dialysis): A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) are a novel group of drugs used to treat renal anemia, but their benefits vary among different trials. Our meta-analysis aims to assess the safety and efficacy of HIF-PHI versus erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) in managing anemia among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of their dialysis status. PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar were queried to discover eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs). To quantify the specific effects of HIF-PHI, we estimated pooled mean differences (MDs) and relative risks (RR) with 95% CIs. Our meta-analysis involved 22,151 CKD patients, with 11,234 receiving HIF-PHI and 10,917 receiving ESA from 19 different RCTs. The HIF-PHI used included roxadustat, daprodustat, and vadadustat. HIF-PHI yielded a slight but significant increase in change in mean hemoglobin (Hb) levels (MD: 0.06, 95% CI (0.00, 0.11); p = 0.03), with the maximum significant increase shown in roxadustat followed by daprodustat as compared to ESA. There was a significant decrease in efficacy outcomes such as change in mean iron (MD: -1.54, 95% CI (-3.01, -0.06); p = 0.04), change in mean hepcidin (MD: -21.04, 95% CI (-28.92, -13.17); p < 0.00001), change in mean ferritin (MD: -16.45, 95% CI (-27.17,-5.73); p = 0.03) with roxadustat showing maximum efficacy followed by daprodustat. As for safety, HIF-PHI showed significantly increased incidence in safety outcomes such as diarrhea (MD: 1.3, 95% CI (1.11, 1.51); p = 0.001), adverse events leading to withdrawal (MD: 2.03, 95% CI (1.5, 2.74), p = 0.00001) among 25 various analyzed outcomes. This meta-analysis indicates that HIF-PHIs present a potentially safer and more effective alternative to ESAs, with increased Hb levels and decreased iron usage in CKD patients without significantly increasing adverse events. Therefore, in these patients, we propose HIF-PHI alongside renal anemia treatment.