The role of the anterolateral ligament in ACL insufficient and reconstructed knees on rotatory stability: A biomechanical study on human cadavers.

Studies suggest that the anterolateral ligament (ALL) is important for knee stability. The purpose was to clarify ALL's effect on rotatory and anterior-posterior stability in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-insufficient and reconstructed knees and the effect of reconstruction of an insufficient ALL. Eighteen cadaveric knees were included. Stability was tested for intact (+ALL), detached (-ALL) and reconstructed (+ reALL) ALL, with ACL removed (-ACL) and reconstructed (+ACL) in six combinations. All were tested in 0, 30, 60, and 90 °C flexion. Anterior-posterior stability was measured with a rolimeter. Rotation with a torque of 8.85 Nm was measured photographically. The ALL was well defined in 78% of knees. ACL reconstruction had a significant effect on anterior-posterior stability. Detaching the ALL had a significant effect on internal rotatory stability and on anterior-posterior stability in ACL-insufficient knees. Reconstruction of ACL and ALL reestablished knee stability. The appearance of the ALL was not uniform. The ALL was an internal rotational stabilizer. Anatomical ALL reconstruction in combination with ACL reconstruction could reestablish stability. ALL reconstruction might be considered in patients with combined ACL and ALL tears, but the clinical effect should be established in a controlled clinical study.

Combined oral contraceptives and body weight: do oral contraceptives cause weight gain? A primate model.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine if oral contraceptive (OC) use affects body weight, body composition and metabolism in primates. METHODS: Reproductive-age female rhesus monkeys of normal and obese BMI were studied to document baseline weight stability, then treated continuously with an OC (dosed to achieve equivalent human serum levels for a 30 µg ethinyl estradiol/150 µg levonorgestrel preparation) for 237 days. Monkeys were monitored for changes in body weight, levels of physical activity (measured by a triaxial Actical accelerometer), food/caloric intake, percent body fat (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, DEXA) and metabolism (24 h metabolic rate and serum metabolic substrate and hormone concentrations). RESULTS: All 10 monkeys completed the study protocol with no adverse events. While body weight (-0.73% change) and percent body fat (-1.78% change) of the normal BMI group did not significantly decrease from baseline, obese monkeys showed a significant decrease in body weight (-8.58% change, P < 0.01) and percent body fat (-12.13% change P = 0.02) with OC treatment. In both the obese (P = 0.03) and the normal BMI (P = 0.01) groups, there was a significant increase in basal metabolic rate with OC use. No changes were seen in food intake, activity level or % lean muscle mass with OC use for either BMI-based group. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, OC use appears to cause a slight increase in basal metabolic rate in female monkeys, leading to a decrease in body weight and percent body fat in obese individuals.

Effective treatment of heavy and/or prolonged menstrual bleeding with an oral contraceptive containing estradiol valerate and dienogest: a randomized, double-blind Phase III trial.

BACKGROUND: This double-blind trial investigated the efficacy and safety of estradiol valerate/dienogest (E(2)V/DNG) for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding without recognizable organic pathology. METHODS: Otherwise healthy women with idiopathic heavy, prolonged or frequent menstrual bleeding, confirmed during a 90-day run-in phase, were randomized (2:1) according to a permuted-block, computer-generated schedule to E(2)V/DNG or placebo for 196 days at 34 centres in Europe and Australia. The primary efficacy end-point was the proportion of women with a 'complete' response (i.e. a return to 'menstrual normality') during a 90-day efficacy phase. Secondary end-points included changes in measured menstrual blood loss (MBL) and iron metabolism parameters. RESULTS: The intention-to-treat population comprised 231 women. The E(2)V/DNG response rate was much higher than with placebo (P < 0.0001). The mean reduction in MBL volume in E(2)V/DNG recipients was 69.4% (median 79.2%) versus 5.8% (median 7.4%) in placebo recipients. The between-treatment difference in MBL volume was 373 ml in favour of E(2)V/DNG (95% confidence interval 490, 255 ml; P < 0.0001). Significant improvements in iron metabolism parameters were observed with E(2)V/DNG but not placebo. Overall, 14 women (9.7%) treated with E(2)V/DNG and 5 (6.2%) treated with placebo prematurely discontinued treatment because of adverse events, headache being the most prevalent. Serious adverse events occurred in both the E(2)V/DNG and placebo groups (each n = 2). CONCLUSIONS: E(2)V/DNG is an effective treatment in women with heavy and/or prolonged menstrual bleeding without organic pathology. Further study of E(2)V/DNG compared with an active comparator is warranted. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00307801.

Nurse-administered propofol sedation for endoscopy: a risk analysis during an implementation phase.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The aim of the present study was to perform a risk analysis during the implementation phase of nurse-administered propofol sedation (NAPS) and to validate our structured training program. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A structured training program was developed both for endoscopists and for endoscopy nurses who were administering propofol sedation. The nurses' program comprised a 6-week course including theoretical and practical training in airway management, and the endoscopists' program consisted of 2.5 h of theory and a short course in practical airway management. In the implementation phase, data from 1822 endoscopic procedures in 1764 patients were prospectively collected. All adverse events related to sedation were recorded (defined as oxygen saturation < 92%, airway handling, assisted ventilation, need for intubation, change in blood pressure > 20 mmHg). RESULTS: 78 cases of hypoxemia were documented in 1764 patients (4.4%), in 56/983 upper endoscopies (5.7%) and 22/754 lower endoscopies (2.9%) (P = 0.007). Assisted ventilation was necessary in 19 cases (1.1%) and anesthesiologic assistance was requested 10 times. Two patients required endotracheal intubation. A change in blood pressure was recorded in 451 patients (26%). Independent risk factors were type of intervention and level of experience of the staff performing the sedation. CONCLUSION: These results were obtained after development of a structured training program both for endoscopists and nurses using propofol for sedation, and can be used as basis for further comparison. NAPS for endoscopic procedures is safe when performed by personnel properly trained in airway handling and sedation with propofol, and has considerable advantages compared with conventional sedation for endoscopy.

Continuous dosing of a novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing Nestorone® and estradiol: pharmacokinetics from a dose-finding study.

BACKGROUND: As part of a program to develop a novel estradiol-releasing contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR), we evaluated the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of CVRs releasing segesterone acetate (Nestorone® (NES)) combined with one of three different estradiol (E2) doses. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, multi-centered study to evaluate a 90-day CVR releasing NES [200mcg/day] plus E2, either 10mcg/day, 20mcg/day, or 40mcg/day in healthy reproductive-age women with regular cycles. Participants provided blood samples twice weekly for NES and E2 levels during the first 60 days (ring 1) and the last 30 days (ring 2) of use. A subset underwent formal PK assessments at ring initiation, ring exchange (limited PK), and study completion. RESULTS: The main study enrolled 197 women; 22 participated in the PK substudy. Baseline characteristics between the main and PK participants were comparable, with an average BMI of 25.8 kg/m2 (SD 4.3). In the PK substudy, all three rings showed similar NES PK: mean area under the curve (AUC(0-72)) 34,181 pg*day/mL; concentration maximum (Cmax) 918 pg/mL; time to maximum concentration (Tmax) 3.5 h. For E2, the Cmax occurred at 2 h, and was significantly higher with the 20 mcg/day ring (mean 390 pg/mL); 10 mcg/day, 189 pg/mL, p=.003; 40 mcg/day, 189 pg/mL, p<.001), and declined rapidly to≤50 pg/mL for all doses by 24 h. For all subjects, the median E2 levels remained under 35 pg/mL during treatment. CONCLUSION: PK parameters of NES were not affected when paired with different doses of E2, but E2 levels from all three doses were lower than anticipated and no dose response was observed. IMPLICATIONS: While these novel estradiol-releasing combination contraceptive vaginal rings provided sustained release of contraceptive levels of Nestorone over 90 days, the E2 levels achieved were not consistent with bone protection, and a dose-response was not observed.

Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

BACKGROUND: The avoidance of menstruation through extended or continuous administration (greater than 28 days of active pills) of combination oral contraceptives (COCs) has gained legitimacy through its use in treating endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and menstruation-associated symptoms. Avoidance of menstruation through continuous use of COCs for reasons of personal preference may have additional advantages to women, including improved compliance, greater satisfaction, fewer menstrual symptoms, and less menstruation-related absenteeism from work or school. OBJECTIVES: To determine the differences between COCs dosed continuously (greater than 28 days of active pills) compared with traditional cyclic dosing (21 days of active pills and 7 days of placebo). Our hypothesis was that continuously administered COCs have equivalent efficacy and safety but improved bleeding profiles, amenorrhea rates, adherence, continuation, participant satisfaction, and menstrual symptoms compared with cyclic COCs. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched computerized databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, LILACS) for trials using continuous or extended COCs during the years 1966 to 2005. We also searched the references in review articles and publications identified for inclusion in the protocol. Investigators were contacted regarding additional references. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomized controlled trials in any language comparing continuous (greater than 28 days of active pills) versus traditional cyclic administration (21 days of active pills and 7 days of placebo) of COCs for contraception. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Titles and abstracts identified from the literature searches were assessed for potential inclusion. Data were extracted onto data collection forms and then entered into RevMan 4.2. Peto odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all outcomes for dichotomous outcomes. Weighted mean difference was calculated for continuous outcomes. The trials were critically appraised by examining the following factors: study design, blinding, randomization method, group allocation concealment, exclusions after randomization, loss to follow-up, and early discontinuation. Because the included trials did not have a standard treatment (type of pill and time length for continuous dosing), we could not aggregate data into meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: Six randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria. Study findings were similar between 28-day and extended cycles in regard to contraceptive efficacy (i.e., pregnancy rates) and safety profiles. When compliance was reported, no difference between 28-day and extended cycles was found. Participants reported high satisfaction with both dosing regimens, but this was not an outcome universally studied. Overall discontinuation and discontinuation for bleeding problems were not uniformly higher in either group in most studies. The few studies that reported menstrual symptoms found that the extended cycle group fared better in terms of headaches, genital irritation, tiredness, bloating, and menstrual pain. Five out of the six studies found that bleeding patterns were either equivalent between groups or improved with continuous-dosing regimens. Endometrial lining assessments by ultrasound were done in a small number of participants but all endometrial stripe measurements were less than 5 mm. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from existing randomized control trials comparing COCs given continuously (greater than 28 days of active pills) to traditional monthly cyclic dosing (21 days of active pills and 7 days of placebo) is of good quality. However, the variations in type of pill and time length for continuous dosing make direct comparisons between regimens impossible. Future studies should choose a previously described type of pill and dosing regimen. More attention needs to be directed towards participant satisfaction and menstruation-associated symptoms.

Transcervical polidocanol as a nonsurgical method of female sterilization: a pilot study.

We have studied the effects of transcervically administered polidocanol on uterine and fallopian tube morphology in Wistar rats and Rhesus monkeys. Polidocanol is a synthetic, long-chain fatty acid that is widely used as a sclerosing agent in Europe. The goal of the study was to determine whether polidocanol would safely cause tubal occlusion in an animal model. Twenty female Wistar rats and three female Rhesus monkeys underwent transcervical injection of polidocanol or physiological saline. The animals were followed for 30 days and then a lower laparotomy was performed, with excision of the entire upper reproductive tract. Specimens were subsequently examined for macroscopic and microscopic changes. Only cyclic changes were observed in the control animals of both species. Fifteen macroscopic and 37 microscopic changes were observed in the uterine horns of the 10 rats treated with polidocanol. There was no observed effect in the monkey fallopian tube. These results suggest that species differences that exist between rodents and primates may influence the effects of transcervical polidocanol. Experiments using a primate model are needed as proof of concept prior to human studies of candidate agents for transcervical tubal sterilization.

Outcomes of suction curettage and mifepristone abortion in the United States. A prospective comparison study.

A prospective, nonconcurrent cohort analysis of 178 mifepristone/misoprostol and 199 suction curettage abortion subjects, ages > or = 18 years, with intrauterine pregnancies < or = 63 days estimated gestational age, was conducted to compare the outcomes of suction curettage abortion to those of medical abortion. The medical abortion subjects received 600 mg of mifeprisone orally, followed by 400 micrograms of oral misoprostol 2 days later. Surgical abortion subjects underwent electronic vacuum aspiration. All subjects were followed for 2 weeks or until the absence of clinical bleeding. Outcome measures included a successful abortion (complete abortion without a surgical intervention), duration of bleeding, and morbidity. Overall, 18.3% medical and 4.7% surgical patients failed their primary procedure and received an unanticipated suction curettage (RR 3.93, 95% CI 1.87, 8.29). Four mifepristone subjects required curettage for acute bleeding, nine to manage ongoing pregnancy, and five for incomplete abortion. Fourteen mifepristone and eight surgical subjects required curettage for persistent bleeding. The median time delay for therapeutic curettage was significantly longer in the medical abortion group (35 versus 8 days; Mann-Whitney U = 17.0, p = 0.008). Medical subjects experienced significantly longer bleeding (mean difference = 9.6 days, 95% CI 6.8, 12.4). No significant change in hemoglobin occurred in either group. Mifepristone patients reported significantly greater pain (77.1% vs 10.5%; RR 7.4, 95% CI 4.7, 11.5), and nausea or vomiting (68.6% vs 0.6%; RR 117.9, 95% CI 16.7, 834.7). Women receiving mifepristone/misoprostol are more likely to require an unplanned surgical intervention than women who undergo suction curettage. They experience more discomfort with their procedure and in the follow-up interval, bleed for a longer period, and remain at risk for surgical completion curettage for several weeks.

PIP: A prospective, nonconcurrent cohort analysis was conducted to compare the outcomes of suction curettage abortion to those of medical abortion in the US. The study included 178 mifepristone/misoprostol and 199 curettage abortion subjects, ages 18 years or older, with intrauterine pregnancies of 63 or fewer days. Medical abortion subjects received 600 mg of mifepristone orally, followed by 400 mcg of oral misoprostol 2 days later. Surgical abortion subjects underwent electronic vacuum aspiration. Results showed that 18.3% of medical and 4.7% of surgical patients failed their primary procedure and received an unanticipated suction curettage. Medical subjects experienced significantly longer bleeding; however, no significant change in hemoglobin occurred in either group. While, mifepristone patients reported significantly greater pain, nausea or vomiting. Thus, women receiving mifepristone/misoprostol are more likely to require an unplanned surgical intervention than women who undergo curretage. Medical abortion patients have more discomfort, they bleed longer, and remain at risk for surgical completion curettage for several weeks.

Health benefits of oral contraceptives.

A sizeable literature corroborates the multiple health benefits of oral contraceptive use. The first estrogen/progestin combination pills were marketed to treat a variety of menstrual disorders. Although currently used oral contraceptives no longer carry FDA-approved labeling for these indications, they remain important therapeutic options for a variety of gynecologic conditions. Well-established gynecologic benefits include a reduction in dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia, iron-deficiency anemia, ectopic pregnancy, and PID. Although older, higher-dose pills reduced the incidence of ovarian cysts, low-dose pills suppress follicular activity less consistently. Nevertheless, cycle-related symptoms, including functional cysts, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, and ovulation pain (mittelschmerz), generally improve. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome note improvement in bleeding patterns and a reduction in acne and hirsutism. Symptoms from endometriosis also improve with oral contraceptive therapy. Current data suggest that oral contraceptive therapy increases bone density and that past use decreases fracture risk. Oral contraceptives also improve acne, a major health concern of young women. Oral contraceptives provide lasting reduction in the risk of two serious gynecologic malignancies--ovarian and endometrial cancer. The data with respect to ovarian cancer are compelling enough to recommend the use of oral contraceptives to women at high risk by virtue of family history, positive carrier status of the BRCA mutations, or nulliparity, even if contraception is not required. Health care providers must counsel women regarding these benefits to counteract deeply held public attitudes and misconceptions regarding oral contraceptive use. Messages should focus on topics of interest to particular groups of women. The fact that oral contraceptives increase bone mineral density and reduce ovarian cancer is of great interest to women in their forties and helps influence use and compliance in this group. In contrast, the beneficial effects of oral contraceptives on acne resonates with younger women. Getting the good news out about the benefits of oral contraceptives will enable more women to take advantage of their positive health effects.

Hereditary angioneurotic edema in the puerperium. A case report.

Hereditary angioneurotic edema is a potentially fatal condition. Below is described the first reported case of the initial presentation of the condition precipitated by vaginal delivery.

Eu3+ uptake by calcite: preliminary results from coprecipitation experiments and observations with surface-sensitive techniques.

A lack of information in databases for contamination risk assessment about the transport behaviour of the trivalent f-orbital elements in groundwater systems where calcite is at equilibrium motivated this study of Eu(3+) uptake. The free drift technique was used to examine the effects of Eu(3+) concentration, presence of Na(+) or K(+) and temperature, as well as calcite nucleation and precipitation kinetics, on the partitioning of calcite. Changes in surface composition and morphology resulting from exposure of single crystals of Iceland spar to Eu(3+)-bearing solutions were observed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). First results confirm that calcite has high affinity for Eu(3+). Rates of nucleation and precipitation strongly affect the extent of uptake but the presence of Na(+) and K(+) has no effect, suggesting formation of solid solution as CaCO(3)-EuOHCO(3). Surface-sensitive techniques prove that Eu(3+) is adsorbed to calcite even when the surface is dissolving and adsorption is not accompanied by precipitation of a separate Eu(3+)-solid phase. Adsorbed Eu modifies calcite's dissolution behaviour, roughening terraces and rounding step edges, and producing surface morphology where some surface sites appear blocked. Results imply that Eu(3+) concentrations in natural calcites are limited by Eu(3+) availability rather than by a lack of ability to fit into calcite's atomic structure. This behaviour can probably be expected for other trivalent rare Earth elements (REE), actinides and fission products whose behaviour is similar to that of Eu(3+). These elements are likely to be incorporated within the calcite bulk in systems where it is precipitating and the demonstrated strong partitioning ensures some uptake even where calcite is at or under saturation.

Continuous versus cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: With the recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of a combination oral contraceptive that causes a withdrawal bleed every 3 months instead of monthly, avoidance of menstruation through extended or continuous administration (>28 days of active pills) of combined oral contraceptives may become more commonplace for reasons of personal preference rather than limited to treatment of menstrual-associated medical disorders. METHODS: The review aimed to compare contraceptive efficacy, compliance, continuation, satisfaction, bleeding profiles, and menstrual symptoms of combined oral contraceptives with continuous dosing (>28 days of active pills) versus traditional cyclic dosing (21 days of active pills and 7 days of placebo). We searched five computerized databases as well as reference lists of relevant articles for randomized controlled trials (RCT) using continuous or extended combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Two reviewers independently extracted data from eligible articles. RESULTS: Six RCT met inclusion criteria and were of good quality. Contraceptive efficacy and compliance were similar between groups. Discontinuation overall, and for bleeding problems, was not uniformly higher in either group. When studied, participants reported high satisfaction with both dosing regimens. Five out of the six studies found that bleeding patterns were either equivalent or improved with continuous-dosing regimens. The continuous-dosing group had greater improvement of menstrual-associated symptoms (headaches, genital irritation, tiredness, bloating, and menstrual pain). CONCLUSIONS: The variations in pill type and time-interval for continuous dosing make direct comparisons between regimens unfeasible. To allow for comparisons, future studies should choose a previously researched pill and dosing regimen. More attention needs to be directed towards participant satisfaction and menstruation-associated symptoms.

Hemangioma of the liver. Report of two cases.

Two cases of hepatic hemangiomas are described diagnosed by angiography and controlled by repeat angiography after 2.5 and 6 years, respectively. The radiologic appearance is described and although it varies, angiography must be considered the safest method of diagnosis; biopsy is contraindicated. Steroid therapy seems to be a possible mode of treatment.

Arthrography of the ankle. Value in diagnosis of rupture of the lateral ligaments.

Arthrography was performed in 105 cases with freshly sprained ankles and signs of rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament. They were subsequently operated upon. The arthrographic films were examined retrospectively to assess the value of different criteria for the differential diagnosis between rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament and combined rupture of this and the calcaneofibular ligament. The diagnostic value of arthrography was found to be high in isolated rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament, and is acceptable in the combined ruptures.

Ewing's sarcoma simulating vertebra plana.

Five cases of vertebra plana have been reported, three with spontaneous regeneration and two caused by Ewing's sarcoma. It is emphasized that the diagnosis eosinophilic granuloma must rely on surgical biopsy.