ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI LEADING TO HAEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME - CASE STUDY AND REVIEW.

Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacillus and considered to be the normal pathogen of intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations depending upon the strain. A variety of strains exist that are responsible for causing myriads of clinical presentation. E.coli O157: H7 being the most common and severe bacterial pathogen is the leading cause of bloody diarrhea. EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E.coli) is responsible for causing severe complications like HC (Hemorrhagic colitis). Herein, we present the case of a young girl with E.coli O157:H7 infection and review the related literature. A previously healthy 37-year-old female presented with bloody diarrhea, fever, headache, and lower abdominal pain. As per history she had eaten a hamburger, denied any recent travel and absence of inflammatory bowel disease or bloody stools in family history. Physical examination revealed normal vital signs and the physical findings were unremarkable except for severe abdominal pain. Her stool was hem-occult positive. The complete blood count was within normal limits except neutrophilia and leukocytosis. An abdominal ultrasound showed thickened bowel loops consistent with colitis. First week of her hospital course, she continued to have bloody diarrhea and severe abdominal pain. Her final stool submitted to the laboratory on day 7 was consistent with a blood clot, following her developed low urine output and hematuria, with a serum creatinine of 2.1 mg/dl on day 5. Her renal symptoms were treated with fluids. She was given supportive treatment, and her platelet count and hemoglobin were stabilized. In early stages of bloody diarrhea, parental hydration plays a major role in accelerating volume expansion. Rapid stool analysis for these bacteria can alert specialists to deal with severe complications like HUS.

A SEVERE CASE OF NON TYPHOIDAL SALMONELLA ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE ORGAN DAMAGE- CASE STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW.

We report a severe case of a 25-year-old girl presented with complaints of weakness, diarrhoea, vomiting, pain in abdomen and hypotension at Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology Research Center. From history on 25 February till 29 February she was in India and on 1 march this problem started with watery diarrhoea followed by vomiting. She ate pizza with mushroom following which her condition worsened. Stool culture revealed salmonella nontyphi (nonthyphodal Salmonella)and this is leading cause for gastroenteritis, bacteremia and affects several other bodily system. Her condition deteriorated due to the development of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) and for this she was on mechanical ventilation. Vitec machine was performed, which identified Salmonella typhi murium. Our goal is to manage and treat this patient well by early diagnosis. She was given ceftriaxone, iv fluids and symptomatic treatment but due to resistance meropenem was started and the patient's condition improved. From serology there was no evidence of immunocompromised state so being a severe case of immunocompetent patient this case reflects the importance of timely diagnosis and management together with food safety practices in population. On follow up she was stable and discharged after 3 weeks. Future research studies need to be continued regarding newer strains, effective treatment strategies and diagnostics to prevent morbidity and mortality.

NORMALIZING EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC STIMULATION ON BLOOD QUANTITATIVE INDICES IN DEPRESSED RATS ON THE BACKGROUND OF OXYTOCIN.

Depression is linked to systemic inflammation. There is an association between blood cell count and/or hematological inflammatory markers with depression symptoms. Oxytocin reduces the activity of brain regions that produce anxiety and might involve in the rehabilitation of depressive-like behavior. Repetitive EMS is used in the treatment of moderate depression. So, the goal of this investigation was to study the quantitative characteristics of blood cells after EMS on the background of oxytocin premedication of in depressed rats. In the implementation of the project the depressed rats (250-450 g) were used (n=20). For each task two groups of the animal were conducted: experimental group (with EMS) and control group (without EMS). For repetitive (10-days) EMF exposure, the following parameters were used: 10000 -15000 Hz frequency, 1,5 m/Tesla, for 15 min. An animal model of depression was received by subcutaneous injection of Clomipramine from 8 to 21 days of neonatal development. The blood counts were performed 2 months later after clomipramine injection using blood HumaCount 30 TS. This analyzer allows quantifying the number of red blood cells, white blood cells (agranulocytes and granulocytes), platelets, hemoglobin, the hematocrit in 1 ml blood of rats. The hematological analysis was performed 2 weeks later after oxytocin (4 mcg/per animal during 10 days) injection and EMS. The obtained results were processed using an adequate statistical program. In clomipramine -induced depressed rats, EMS independently or with simultaneous injection of Oxytocin caused normalization of blood cells count (Red blood cells, white blood cells and Platelets). More important was the simultaneous impact of EMS and oxytocin. In depressed rats, the oxytocin alone, or together with EMS can restore the blood cell imbalance.

POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC-MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON HYPOTHALMIC-HYPOPHISIAL-ADRENAL AXIS: BEHAVIOURAL STUDY.

The goal of this investigation was to study the effect of the electric-magnetic stimulation (EMS) on the activity of the HPA axis, which can change behavior activity. The experiments were conducted on mongrel, albino male rats, weighing 150- 200 g (n=14). Proceeding from the goals set, the experimental group (dexamethasone-treated-1mg/ per animal for 10 days) and the control group of rats were involved in the experiments. Each group was divided into subgroups. Some rats from the subgroup were given EMS. The Control group of rats received the same amount of saline. Electro-Magnetic stimulation parameters: 10000 -15000 Hz frequency, 1,5 m/Tesla, for 15 min, during 10 consecutive days. The Forced Swimming, the Open Field, and the Active Wheel Tests were choosing for monitoring of behavior indicators. The obtained results were processed using an adequate statistical program. 1. In FST on the background of dexamethasone injection, the time of immobilization (p<0.01) was increased, the active swimming time (p<0.05), the time of the struggling (p<0.05) and the time spent under the water (p<0.05) were decreased. This fact indicates the development of depressive-like behavior. The EMS reduced immobility time in the FST (p<0.01) and increased struggling behavior (p<0.05), swimming in the FST (p<0.05), and the time spent under the water in the dexamethasone-treated rat. The Injection of Dexamethasone caused changes in motivational-emotional behavior in Open Field Test: all parameters of research-motor activity were reduced compared to normal (untreated) rats. The EMS after dexamethasone injection enhanced behavior activity of rats: research-motivated activity. We can assume that EMS strengthens self-regulatory mechanisms, which increases the resistance of the organism to stress factors, in this case, under the conditions of artificial administration of dexamethasone. 3. After 10 days of administration of dexamethasone, the locomotor activity of rats was significantly reduced during the 24-hour active wheel test. On the background EMS the motor activity dramatically increased in dexamethasone-treated rats It is possible to assume that EMS exerts antidepressant effects against the background of dexamethasone injection and inhibits the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. Against the background of high doses of dexamethasone, EMS causes the body to become more active, change the depressive-like behavior, reduces the alarm response, and increases research activity. We suppose that EMS suppresses the GRs expression (negative feedback) which reduces the activity of the HPA axis, and recover behavioral disorders induced by depression.

THE ACOUSTIC RANGE ELECTRIC-MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT ON THE PASSIVE AVOIDANCE TASK IN DEPRESSED RATS.

Depression linked to memory problems, such as forgetfulness or confusion. Stress and anxiety can also lead to poor memory. Memory processes are affected by repeated electric-magnetic stimulation (EMS). The current study aimed to explore the effects of EMS on locomotor activity and cognitive function in clomipramine-induced depressed rats. In the implementation of the project, the depressed rats and albino intact rats (250-450 g) were used (n=20). An animal model of depression was received by subcutaneous injection of Clomipramine from 8 to 21 days of neonatal development. The control group received a saline injection in the same period of life. The determination of depression and anxiety reaction of rats was performed 2 months later after clomipramine injection in open field and Forced Swim Tests. For studying EMS effects on the cognitive function of depressed rats, a passive avoidance test was used. During the initial phase, the animal learns that moving to the dark compartment has negative consequences (rat receives a mild foot shock-12 imp/min; 1.5mA). Animals were tested 1, 3, 5, 14 and 30 days after learning test in the chamber. Data reliability was assessed using parametric and non-parametric techniques, with the use of the one-way layout of factorial analysis. In pilot experiments, we have obtained the optimal parameters of repeated EMS (10000 -15000 Hz frequency, 1,5 m/Tesla, during 15 min, 10 days), which fully or partially Inhibit depressive-like ECoG and behavior activity in rats. On the background of EMS, in depressed rats, in the learning test, the latent period of entrance into the dark chamber decreased (p<0.01) compared to non-stimulated ones. The EMS before the learning test of depressed rats, did not affect the performance of the retention test 24 h, 3, 5 days later. The effects of EMS on the passive avoidance retention test were impaired only 14 days after the learning test. Non-stimulated depressed rats did not "make mistake", they had remembered the learning test 1 month later. Both stimulated or non-stimulated control, non-depressed rats attenuated the performance of passive avoidance on the14 day after the learning test. The behavior of rats also was different in the lit section. The number of attempts to enter into the dark section changed. The research activity was increased both in the depressed and non-depressed rats on the background of EMS compared to non-stimulated ones. We might think, that either the control rats have learned better the instrumental reflex (to perform a passive avoidance reaction) or due to the high degree of depression, the locomotor-exploratory activity of animals is decreased (p<0.01), which causes the test to be properly performed. The latter assertion is confirmed by data, received in the open field test. Therefore, the acoustic range EMS decreases fear and anxiety degree and consequently, increases the locomotor-exploratory activity and attenuates retention of passive avoidance task. Thus, the acoustic EMS reduces the level of fear and anxiety, and therefore, increases motor activity, which worsens the clomipramine. It offers clinicians a novel alternative for the treatment of this disorder.

[THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE AND BLOOD RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN THE MAINTENANCE OF A TEMPERATURE HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BRAIN TISSUE].

The problem of temperature regulation in the brain tissue in conditions of whole body hyperthermia was investigated in experiments on white rats. The received results revealed that the brain is provided with a highly efficient system for temperature autoregulation against the changes in environmental temperature. According to our data the upper limit of this autoregulation (for rats, at least) is about the 450C of environmental temperature. The important role in functioning of this autoregulatory system belongs to Nitric Oxide. It is revealed also that the increase in the index of red cells aggregability may significantly hinder (among other things) maintaining of the temperature homeostasis in the brain.

Synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria in hippocampus of adult rats differ in their sensitivity to hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism in humans provokes various neuropsychiatric disorders, movement, and cognitive abnormalities that may greatly depend on the mitochondrial energy metabolism. Brain cells contain at least two major populations of mitochondria that include the non-synaptic mitochondria, which originate from neuronal and glial cell bodies (CM), and the synaptic (SM) mitochondria, which primarily originate from the nerve terminals. Several parameters of oxidative stress and other parameters in SM and CM fractions of hippocampus of adult rats were compared among euthyroid (control), hypothyroid (methimazol-treated), and thyroxine (T4)-treated hypothyroid states. nNOS translocation to CM was observed with concomitant increase of mtNOS's activity in hypothyroid rats. In parallel, oxidation of cytochrome c oxidase and production of peroxides with substrates of complex I (glutamate + malate) were enhanced in CM, whereas the activity of aconitase and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were decreased. Furthermore, the elevation of mitochondrial hexokinase activity in CM was also found. No differences in these parameters between control and hypothyroid animals were observed in SM. However, in contrast to CM, hypothyroidism increases the level of pro-apoptotic K-Ras and Bad in SM. Our results suggest that hypothyroidism induces moderate and reversible oxidative/nitrosative stress in hippocampal CM, leading to the compensatory elevation of hexokinase activity and aerobic glycolysis. Such adaptive activation in glycolytic metabolism does not occur in SM, suggesting that synaptic mitochondria differ in their sensitivity to the energetic disturbance in hypothyroid conditions.

The efficacy of topical drugs in treatment of noninflammatory acne vulgaris.

Treatment of Acne Vulgaris still remains as an actual problem. The purpose of the research was to study the curing process and side effects of topical drugs - Diacneal and Skinoren in patients with non-inflammatory acne vulgaris. The results of the research has confirmed the swift and stable treating effect of both preparations, that expressed in decrease in number and size of comedonal and papulo-comedonal formations, actually without side effects. Thus, in spite of divergence of either chemical composition or mechanism of action, both, Diacneal and Skinoren, may be recommended as a very good choice for monotherapy of non-inflammatory acne vulgaris.