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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), along with extensive nonpharmacological interventions, have profoundly altered the epidemiology of major respiratory viruses. Some studies have described virus-virus interactions, particularly manifested by viral interference mechanisms at different scales. However, our knowledge of the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses remains incomplete. Here, we studied the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and several respiratory viruses (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and human rhinovirus) in a reconstituted human epithelial airway model, exploring different scenarios affecting the sequence and timing of coinfections. We show that the virus type and sequence of infections are key factors in virus-virus interactions, the primary infection having a determinant role in the immune response to the secondary infection.
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COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Metapneumovirus , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano , Infecções Respiratórias , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Mucosa NasalRESUMO
Influenza viruses bind to their target through a multivalent interaction of their hemagglutinins (HAs) with sialosides at the host cell surface. To fight the virus, one therapeutic approach consists in developing sialylated multivalent structures that can saturate the virus HAs and prevent the binding to host cells. We describe herein the biotechnological production of sialylated solid lipid microparticles (SSLMs) in 3 steps: (i) a microbiological step leading to the large-scale production of sialylated maltodextrins by metabolic engineering of an Escherichia coli strain, (ii) a new in vitro glycosylation process using the amylomaltase MalQ, based on the transglycosylation of the terminal sialoside ligand of the sialylated maltodextrin onto a long-chain alkyl glucoside, and (iii) the formulation of the final SSLMs presenting a multivalent sialic acid. We also describe the morphology and structure of the SSLMs and demonstrate their very promising properties as influenza virus inhibitors using hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization assays on the human A/H1N1 pdm09 virus.
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Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Vírus da Influenza A , Influenza Humana , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/metabolismo , Vírus da Influenza A/metabolismo , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Hemaglutininas Virais , Lipídeos , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da InfluenzaRESUMO
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) constitutes one the main causes of respiratory infection in neonates and infants worldwide. Transcriptome analysis of clinical samples using high-throughput technologies remains an important tool to better understand virus-host complex interactions in the real-life setting but also to identify new diagnosis/prognosis markers or therapeutics targets. A major challenge when exploiting clinical samples such as nasal swabs, washes, or bronchoalveolar lavages is the poor quantity and integrity of nucleic acids. In this study, we applied a tailored transcriptomics workflow to exploit nasal wash samples from children who tested positive for HRSV. Our analysis revealed a characteristic immune signature as a direct reflection of HRSV pathogenesis and highlighted putative biomarkers of interest such as IP-10, TMEM190, MCEMP1, and TIMM23.
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Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial , Infecções Respiratórias , Criança , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Nasofaringe , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/diagnóstico , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/imunologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologiaRESUMO
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are known to modulate and "hijack" several cellular host mechanisms, including gene splicing and RNA maturation machineries. These modulations alter host cellular responses and enable an optimal expression of viral products throughout infection. The interplay between the host protein p53 and IAV, in particular through the viral nonstructural protein NS1, has been shown to be supportive for IAV replication. However, it remains unknown whether alternatively spliced isoforms of p53, known to modulate p53 transcriptional activity, are affected by IAV infection and contribute to IAV replication. Using a TP53 minigene, which mimics intron 9 alternative splicing, we have shown here that the NS1 protein of IAV changes the expression pattern of p53 isoforms. Our results demonstrate that CPSF4 (cellular protein cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 4) independently and the interaction between NS1 and CPSF4 modulate the alternative splicing of TP53 transcripts, which may result in the differential activation of p53-responsive genes. Finally, we report that CPSF4 and most likely beta and gamma spliced p53 isoforms affect both viral replication and IAV-associated type I interferon secretion. All together, our data show that cellular p53 and CPSF4 factors, both interacting with viral NS1, have a crucial role during IAV replication that allows IAV to interact with and alter the expression of alternatively spliced p53 isoforms in order to regulate the cellular innate response, especially via type I interferon secretion, and perform efficient viral replication.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAV) constitute a major public health issue, causing illness and death in high-risk populations during seasonal epidemics or pandemics. IAV are known to modulate cellular pathways to promote their replication and avoid immune restriction via the targeting of several cellular proteins. One of these proteins, p53, is a master regulator involved in a large panel of biological processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or senescence. This "cellular gatekeeper" is also involved in the control of viral infections, and viruses have developed a wide diversity of mechanisms to modulate/hijack p53 functions to achieve an optimal replication in their hosts. Our group and others have previously shown that p53 activity is finely modulated by different multilevel mechanisms during IAV infection. Here, we characterized IAV nonstructural protein NS1 and the cellular factor CPSF4 as major partners involved in the IAV-induced modulation of the TP53 alternative splicing that was associated with a strong modulation of p53 activity and notably the p53-mediated antiviral response.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/imunologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/imunologia , Fatores de Poliadenilação e Clivagem de mRNA/imunologia , Células A549 , Processamento Alternativo/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Interferons/imunologia , Replicação Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
The fragmented nature of the influenza A genome allows the exchange of gene segments when two or more influenza viruses infect the same cell, but little is known about the rules underlying this process. Here, we studied genetic reassortment between the A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2, MO) virus originally isolated from human and the avian A/Finch/England/2051/91 (H5N2, EN) virus and found that this process is strongly biased. Importantly, the avian HA segment never entered the MO genetic background alone but always was accompanied by the avian PA and M fragments. Introduction of the 5' and 3' packaging sequences of HA(MO) into an otherwise HA(EN) backbone allowed efficient incorporation of the chimerical viral RNA (vRNA) into the MO genetic background. Furthermore, forcing the incorporation of the avian M segment or introducing five silent mutations into the human M segment was sufficient to drive coincorporation of the avian HA segment into the MO genetic background. These silent mutations also strongly affected the genotype of reassortant viruses. Taken together, our results indicate that packaging signals are crucial for genetic reassortment and that suboptimal compatibility between the vRNA packaging signals, which are detected only when vRNAs compete for packaging, limit this process.
Assuntos
Aves/virologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Transferência Genética Horizontal/genética , Hemaglutininas Virais/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N2/genética , Montagem de Vírus/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Primers do DNA/genética , Cães , Genótipo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
A number of bivalve species worldwide, including the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, have been affected by mass mortality events associated with herpesviruses, resulting in significant losses. A particular herpesvirus was purified from naturally infected larval Pacific oysters, and its genome was completely sequenced. This virus has been classified as Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) within the family Malacoherpesviridae. Since 2008, mass mortality outbreaks among C. gigas in Europe have been related to the detection of a variant of OsHV-1 called µVar. Additional data are necessary to better describe mortality events in relation to environmental-parameter fluctuations and OsHV-1 detection. For this purpose, a single batch of Pacific oyster spat was deployed in 4 different locations in the Marennes-Oleron area (France): an oyster pond ("claire"), a shellfish nursery, and two locations in the field. Mortality rates were recorded based on regular observation, and samples were collected to search for and quantify OsHV-1 DNA by real-time PCR. Although similar massive mortality rates were reported at the 4 sites, mortality was detected earlier in the pond and in the nursery than at both field sites. This difference may be related to earlier increases in water temperature. Mass mortality was observed among oysters a few days after increases in the number of PCR-positive oysters and viral-DNA amounts were recorded. An initial increment in the number of PCR-positive oysters was reported at both field sites during the survey in the absence of significant mortality. During this period, the water temperature was below 16°C.
Assuntos
Crassostrea/virologia , Herpesviridae/isolamento & purificação , Herpesviridae/fisiologia , Replicação Viral , Animais , DNA Viral/análise , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , França , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Análise de Sobrevida , Temperatura , Carga Viral , ÁguaRESUMO
In this paper, we describe, for the first time, the combined and original use of spatially resolved anisotropic natural abundance deuterium (ANAD) 2D-NMR experiments and bimesophasic lyotropic chiral systems to extract two independent sets of anisotropic parameters such as 2H-RQCs from a single NMR sample. As a pioneering example, we focus on a mixture of immiscible polypeptides (PBLG) and polyacetylene helical polymers (L-MSP) dissolved in weakly polar organic solvents (chloroform). Nondeuterated (D)-(+)-camphor is used as a model chiral solute. By providing two series of 2H-RQCs, this new analytical approach paves the way for applications in 3D structure elucidation with increased reliability and also opens up original investigations in terms of spectral enantiomeric discriminations and mixing of helical polymers.
RESUMO
Live-Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs) stimulate robust mucosal and cellular responses and have the potential to protect against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), the main etiologic agents of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children. We inserted the RSV-F gene into an HMPV-based LAV (Metavac®) we previously validated for the protection of mice against HMPV challenge, and rescued a replicative recombinant virus (Metavac®-RSV), exposing both RSV- and HMPV-F proteins at the virion surface and expressing them in reconstructed human airway epithelium models. When administered to BALB/c mice by the intranasal route, bivalent Metavac®-RSV demonstrated its capacity to replicate with reduced lung inflammatory score and to protect against both RSV and lethal HMPV challenges in vaccinated mice while inducing strong IgG and broad RSV and HMPV neutralizing antibody responses. Altogether, our results showed the versatility of the Metavac® platform and suggested that Metavac®-RSV is a promising mucosal bivalent LAV candidate to prevent pneumovirus-induced diseases.
RESUMO
Environmental surfaces, including high-touch surfaces (HITS), bear a high risk of becoming fomites and can participate in viral dissemination through contact and transmission to other persons, due to the capacity of viruses to persist on such contaminated surface before being transferred to hands or other supports at sufficient concentration to initiate infection through direct contact. Interest in the development of self-decontaminating materials as additional safety measures towards preventing viral infectious disease transmission has been growing. Active materials are expected to reduce the viral charge on surfaces over time and consequently limit viral transmission capacity through direct contact. In this study, we compared antiviral activities obtained using three different experimental procedures by assessing the survival of an enveloped virus (influenza virus) and non-enveloped virus (feline calicivirus) over time on a reference surface and three active materials. Our data show that experimental test conditions can have a substantial impact of over 1 log10 on the antiviral activity of active material for the same contact period, depending on the nature of the virus. We then developed an innovative and reproducible approach based on finger-pad transfer to evaluate the antiviral activity of HITS against a murine norovirus inoculum under conditions closely reflecting real-life surface exposure.
RESUMO
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic with unprecedented economic and societal impact. Currently, several vaccines are available and multitudes of antiviral treatments have been proposed and tested. Although many of the vaccines show clinical efficacy, they are not equally accessible worldwide. Additionally, due to the continuous emergence of new variants and generally short duration of immunity, the development of effective antiviral treatments remains of the utmost importance. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, substantial efforts have been undertaken to repurpose existing drugs for accelerated clinical testing and emergency use authorizations. However, drug-repurposing studies using cellular assays often identify hits that later prove ineffective clinically, highlighting the need for more complex screening models. To this end, we evaluated the activity of single compounds that have either been tested clinically or already undergone extensive preclinical profiling, using a standardized in vitro model of human nasal epithelium. Furthermore, we also evaluated drug combinations based on a sub-maximal concentration of molnupiravir. We report the antiviral activity of 95 single compounds and 30 combinations. We show that only a few single agents are highly effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication while selected drug combinations containing 10 µM molnupiravir boosted antiviral activity compared to single compound treatment. These data indicate that molnupiravir-based combinations are worthy of further consideration as potential treatment strategies against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Citidina/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Hidroxilaminas , Mucosa Nasal , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
The development of a live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) for the prevention of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection is often hampered by the lack of highly efficient and scalable cell-based production systems that support eventual global vaccine production. Avian cell lines cultivated in suspension compete with traditional cell platforms used for viral vaccine manufacture. We investigated whether the DuckCelt®-T17 avian cell line (Vaxxel), previously described as an efficient production system for several influenza strains, could also be used to produce a new HMPV LAV candidate (Metavac®, SH gene-deleted A1/C-85473 HMPV). To that end, we characterized the operational parameters of MOI, cell density, and trypsin addition to achieve the optimal production of Metavac®, and demonstrated that the DuckCelt®-T17 cell line is permissive and well-adapted to the production of the wild-type A1/C-85473 HMPV and the Metavac® vaccine candidate. Moreover, our results confirmed that the LAV candidate produced in DuckCelt®-T17 cells conserves its advantageous replication properties in LLC-MK2 and 3D-reconstituted human airway epithelium models, and its capacity to induce efficient neutralizing antibodies in a BALB/c mouse model. Our results suggest that the DuckCelt®-T17 avian cell line is a very promising platform for the scalable in-suspension serum-free production of the HMPV-based LAV candidate Metavac®.
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IFN-I and IFN-III immunity in the nasal mucosa is poorly characterized during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyze the nasal IFN-I/III signature, namely the expression of ISGF-3-dependent IFN-stimulated genes, in mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients and show its correlation with serum IFN-α2 levels, which peak at symptom onset and return to baseline from day 10 onward. Moreover, the nasal IFN-I/III signature correlates with the nasopharyngeal viral load and is associated with the presence of infectious viruses. By contrast, we observe low nasal IFN-I/III scores despite high nasal viral loads in a subset of critically ill COVID-19 patients, which correlates with the presence of autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against IFN-I in both blood and nasopharyngeal mucosa. In addition, functional assays in a reconstituted human airway epithelium model of SARS-CoV-2 infection confirm the role of such auto-Abs in abrogating the antiviral effects of IFN-I, but not those of IFN-III. Thus, IFN-I auto-Abs may compromise not only systemic but also local antiviral IFN-I immunity at the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Antivirais/imunologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Autoanticorpos/sangue , COVID-19/sangue , COVID-19/virologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Feminino , Humanos , Interferon Tipo I/farmacologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cavidade Nasal/imunologia , Cavidade Nasal/virologia , Estudos Prospectivos , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Células Vero , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Carga Viral/imunologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
In response to the current pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, identifying and validating effective therapeutic strategies is more than ever necessary. We evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of a shortlist of compounds, known for their cellular broad-spectrum activities, together with drugs that are currently under evaluation in clinical trials for COVID-19 patients. We report the antiviral effect of remdesivir, lopinavir, chloroquine, umifenovir, berberine and cyclosporine A in Vero E6 cells model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with estimated 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.99, 5.2, 1.38, 3.5, 10.6 and 3 µM, respectively. Virus-directed plus host-directed drug combinations were also investigated. We report a strong antagonism between remdesivir and berberine, in contrast with remdesivir/diltiazem, for which we describe high levels of synergy, with mean Loewe synergy scores of 12 and peak values above 50. Combination of host-directed drugs with direct acting antivirals underscore further validation in more physiological models, yet they open up interesting avenues for the treatment of COVID-19.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/farmacologia , Animais , Berberina/farmacologia , COVID-19 , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cloroquina/farmacologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Ciclosporina/farmacologia , Antagonismo de Drogas , Combinação de Medicamentos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Humanos , Indóis/farmacologia , Lopinavir/farmacologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Células Vero , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
An increasing amount of evidence indicates a relatively high prevalence of superinfections associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including invasive aspergillosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be characterized. In the present study, to better understand the biological impact of superinfection, we determine and compare the host transcriptional response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) versus Aspergillus superinfection, using a model of reconstituted human airway epithelium. Our analyses reveal that both simple infection and superinfection induce strong deregulation of core components of innate immune and inflammatory responses, with a stronger response to superinfection in the bronchial epithelial model compared to its nasal counterpart. Our results also highlight unique transcriptional footprints of SARS-CoV-2 Aspergillus superinfection, such as an imbalanced type I/type III IFN, and an induction of several monocyte and neutrophil associated chemokines, that could be useful for the understanding of Aspergillus-associated COVID-19 and also the management of severe forms of aspergillosis in this specific context.
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In the current COVID-19 pandemic context, proposing and validating effective treatments represents a major challenge. However, the scarcity of biologically relevant pre-clinical models of SARS-CoV-2 infection imposes a significant barrier for scientific and medical progress, including the rapid transition of potentially effective treatments to the clinical setting. We use reconstituted human airway epithelia to isolate and then characterize the viral infection kinetics, tissue-level remodeling of the cellular ultrastructure, and transcriptional early immune signatures induced by SARS-CoV-2 in a physiologically relevant model. Our results emphasize distinctive transcriptional immune signatures between nasal and bronchial HAE, both in terms of kinetics and intensity, hence suggesting putative intrinsic differences in the early response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most important, we provide evidence in human-derived tissues on the antiviral efficacy of remdesivir monotherapy and explore the potential of the remdesivir-diltiazem combination as an option worthy of further investigation to respond to the still-unmet COVID-19 medical need.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Brônquios/virologia , Nariz/virologia , Mucosa Respiratória/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Remodelação das Vias Aéreas , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/farmacologia , Animais , Brônquios/efeitos dos fármacos , Brônquios/imunologia , Brônquios/ultraestrutura , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/patologia , COVID-19/virologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Diltiazem/farmacologia , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Modelos Biológicos , Nariz/efeitos dos fármacos , Nariz/imunologia , Nariz/ultraestrutura , Mucosa Respiratória/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Respiratória/imunologia , Mucosa Respiratória/ultraestrutura , SARS-CoV-2/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Células Vero , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
Like all obligate intracellular pathogens, influenza A virus (IAV) reprograms host cell's glucose and lipid metabolism to promote its own replication. However, the impact of influenza infection on white adipose tissue (WAT), a key tissue in the control of systemic energy homeostasis, has not been yet characterized. Here, we show that influenza infection induces alterations in whole-body glucose metabolism that persist long after the virus has been cleared. We report depot-specific changes in the WAT of IAV-infected mice, notably characterized by the appearance of thermogenic brown-like adipocytes within the subcutaneous fat depot. Importantly, viral RNA- and viral antigen-harboring cells are detected in the WAT of infected mice. Using in vitro approaches, we find that IAV infection enhances the expression of brown-adipogenesis-related genes in preadipocytes. Overall, our findings shed light on the role that the white adipose tissue, which lies at the crossroads of nutrition, metabolism and immunity, may play in influenza infection.
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Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/metabolismo , Termogênese , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Influenza Humana/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Influenza vaccine manufacturers lack tools, whatever the involved production bioprocess (egg or cell-based), to precisely and accurately evaluate vaccine antigen content from samples. Indeed, the gold standard single-radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay, which remains the only validated assay for the evaluation of influenza vaccine potency, is criticized by the scientific community and regulatory agencies since a decade for its high variability, lack of flexibility and low sensitivity. We hereby report an imaging surface plasmon resonance (SPRi) assay for the quantification of both inactivated vaccine influenza antigens and viral particles derived from egg- and cell-based production samples, respectively. The assay, based on fetuin-hemagglutinin interactions, presents higher reproducibility (<3%) and a greater analytical range (0.03-20⯵g/mL) than SRID for bulk monovalent and trivalent vaccine and its limit of detection was evaluated to be 100 times lower than the SRID's one. Finally, viral particles production through cell culture-based bioprocess was also successfully monitored using our SPRi-based assay and a clear correlation was found between the biosensor response and total virus particle content.
Assuntos
Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Imunoensaio/métodos , Vacinas contra Influenza/biossíntese , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Ressonância de Plasmônio de Superfície/métodos , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/biossíntese , Humanos , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/normas , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Potência de VacinaRESUMO
Acute respiratory infections, a large part being of viral origin, constitute a major public health issue. To propose alternative and/or new therapeutic approaches, it is necessary to increase our knowledge about the interactions between respiratory viruses and their primary cellular targets using the most biologically relevant experimental models. In this study, we used RNAseq to characterize and compare the transcriptomic signature of infection induced by different major respiratory viruses (Influenza viruses, hRSV and hMPV) in a model of reconstituted human airway epithelia. Our results confirm the importance of several cellular pathways commonly or specifically induced by these respiratory viruses, such as the innate immune response or antiviral defense. A very interesting common feature revealed by the global virogenomic signature shared between hRSV, hMPV and influenza viruses is the global downregulation of cilium-related gene expression, in good agreement with experimental evaluation of mucociliary clearance. Beyond providing new information about respiratory virus/host interactions, our study also underlines the interest of using biologically relevant experimental models to study human respiratory viruses.
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Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Interações entre Hospedeiro e Microrganismos/genética , Mucosa Respiratória/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Transcriptoma/imunologia , Animais , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Linhagem Celular , Cílios/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Interações entre Hospedeiro e Microrganismos/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/genética , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Macaca mulatta , Metapneumovirus/imunologia , RNA-Seq , Mucosa Respiratória/citologia , Mucosa Respiratória/virologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/imunologiaRESUMO
Influenza virus infections remain a major and recurrent public health burden. The intrinsic ever-evolving nature of this virus, the suboptimal efficacy of current influenza inactivated vaccines, as well as the emergence of resistance against a limited antiviral arsenal, highlight the critical need for novel therapeutic approaches. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop and validate an innovative strategy for drug repurposing as host-targeted inhibitors of influenza viruses and the rapid evaluation of the most promising candidates in Phase II clinical trials. We exploited in vivo global transcriptomic signatures of infection directly obtained from a patient cohort to determine a shortlist of already marketed drugs with newly identified, host-targeted inhibitory properties against influenza virus. The antiviral potential of selected repurposing candidates was further evaluated in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. Our strategy allowed the selection of a shortlist of 35 high potential candidates out of a rationalized computational screening of 1,309 FDA-approved bioactive molecules, 31 of which were validated for their significant in vitro antiviral activity. Our in vivo and ex vivo results highlight diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker currently used in the treatment of hypertension, as a promising option for the treatment of influenza infections. Additionally, transcriptomic signature analysis further revealed the so far undescribed capacity of diltiazem to modulate the expression of specific genes related to the host antiviral response and cholesterol metabolism. Finally, combination treatment with diltiazem and virus-targeted oseltamivir neuraminidase inhibitor further increased antiviral efficacy, prompting rapid authorization for the initiation of a Phase II clinical trial. This original, host-targeted, drug repurposing strategy constitutes an effective and highly reactive process for the rapid identification of novel anti-infectious drugs, with potential major implications for the management of antimicrobial resistance and the rapid response to future epidemic or pandemic (re)emerging diseases for which we are still disarmed.
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Antivirais/farmacologia , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/efeitos dos fármacos , Influenza Humana/genética , Influenza Humana/virologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Testes Farmacogenômicos , Mucosa Respiratória/imunologia , Mucosa Respiratória/metabolismo , Mucosa Respiratória/patologia , Mucosa Respiratória/virologia , Transcriptoma , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major pediatric respiratory pathogen with currently no specific treatment or licensed vaccine. Different strategies to prevent this infection have been evaluated, including live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) based on SH and/or G protein deletions. This approach showed promising outcomes but has not been evaluated further using different viral strains. In that regard, we previously showed that different HMPV strains harbor distinct in vitro fusogenic and in vivo pathogenic phenotypes, possibly influencing the selection of vaccine strains. In this study, we investigated the putative contribution of the low conserved SH or G accessory proteins in such strain-dependent phenotypes and generated recombinant wild type (WT) and SH- or G-deleted viruses derived from two different patient-derived HMPV strains, A1/C-85473 and B2/CAN98-75. The ΔSH and ΔG deletions led to different strain-specific phenotypes in both LLC-MK2 cell and reconstituted human airway epithelium models. More interestingly, the ΔG-85473 and especially ΔSH-C-85473 recombinant viruses conferred significant protection against HMPV challenge and induced immunogenicity against a heterologous strain. In conclusion, our results show that the viral genetic backbone should be considered in the design of live-attenuated HMPV vaccines, and that a SH-deleted virus based on the A1/C-85473 HMPV strain could be a promising LAV candidate as it is both attenuated and protective in mice while being efficiently produced in a cell-based system.