Umbrella review and network meta-analysis of diagnostic imaging test accuracy studies in Differentiating between brain tumor progression versus pseudoprogression and radionecrosis.

PURPOSE: In this study we gathered and analyzed the available evidence regarding 17 different imaging modalities and performed network meta-analysis to find the most effective modality for the differentiation between brain tumor recurrence and post-treatment radiation effects. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive systematic search on PubMed and Embase. The quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) instrument. For each meta-analysis, we recalculated the effect size, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio from the individual study data provided in the original meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Imaging technique comparisons were then assessed using NMA. Ranking was assessed using the multidimensional scaling approach and by visually assessing surface under the cumulative ranking curves. RESULTS: We identified 32 eligible studies. High confidence in the results was found in only one of them, with a substantial heterogeneity and small study effect in 21% and 9% of included meta-analysis respectively. Comparisons between MRS Cho/NAA, Cho/Cr, DWI, and DSC were most studied. Our analysis showed MRS (Cho/NAA) and 18F-DOPA PET displayed the highest sensitivity and negative likelihood ratios. 18-FET PET was ranked highest among the 17 studied techniques with statistical significance. APT MRI was the only non-nuclear imaging modality to rank higher than DSC, with statistical insignificance, however. CONCLUSION: The evidence regarding which imaging modality is best for the differentiation between radiation necrosis and post-treatment radiation effects is still inconclusive. Using NMA, our analysis ranked FET PET to be the best for such a task based on the available evidence. APT MRI showed promising results as a non-nuclear alternative.

Can Preoperative Mapping with Functional MRI Reduce Morbidity in Brain Tumor Resection? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 68 Observational Studies.

Background Preoperative functional MRI (fMRI) is one of several techniques developed to localize critical brain structures and brain tumors. However, the usefulness of fMRI for preoperative surgical planning and its potential effect on neurologic outcomes remain unclear. Purpose To assess the overall postoperative morbidity among patients with brain tumors by using preoperative fMRI versus surgery without this tool or with use of standard (nonfunctional) neuronavigation. Materials and Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies across major databases from 1946 to June 20, 2020, were conducted. Inclusion criteria were original studies that (a) included patients with brain tumors, (b) performed preoperative neuroimaging workup with fMRI, (c) investigated the usefulness of a preoperative or intraoperative functional neuroimaging technique and used that technique to resect cerebral tumors, and (d) reported postoperative clinical measures. Pooled estimates for adverse event rate (ER) effect size (log ER, log odds ratio, or Hedges g) with 95% CIs were computed by using a random-effects model. Results Sixty-eight studies met eligibility criteria (3280 participants; 58.9% men [1555 of 2641]; mean age, 46 years ± 8 [standard deviation]). Functional deterioration after surgical procedure was less likely to occur when fMRI mapping was performed before the operation (odds ratio, 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.53; P < .001]), and postsurgical Karnofsky performance status scores were higher in patients who underwent fMRI mapping (Hedges g, 0.66; 95% CI: 0.21, 1.11; P = .004]). Craniotomies for tumor resection performed with preoperative fMRI were associated with a pooled adverse ER of 11% (95% CI: 8.4, 13.1), compared with a 21.0% ER (95% CI: 12.2, 33.5) in patients who did not undergo fMRI mapping. Conclusion From the currently available data, the benefit of preoperative functional MRI planning for the resection of brain tumors appears to reduce postsurgical morbidity, especially when used with other advanced imaging techniques, such as diffusion-tensor imaging, intraoperative MRI, or cortical stimulation. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Histamine facilitates consolidation of fear extinction.

Non-reinforced retrieval induces memory extinction, a phenomenon characterized by a decrease in the intensity of the learned response. This attribute has been used to develop extinction-based therapies to treat anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorders. Histamine modulates memory and anxiety but its role on fear extinction has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, using male Wistar rats, we determined the effect of the intra-hippocampal administration of different histaminergic agents on the extinction of step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA), a form of aversive learning. We found that intra-CA1 infusion of histamine immediately after non-reinforced retrieval facilitated consolidation of IA extinction in a dose-dependent manner. This facilitation was mimicked by the histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor SKF91488 and the H2 receptor agonist dimaprit, reversed by the H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine, and unaffected by the H1 antagonist pyrilamine, the H3 antagonist thioperamide and the antagonist at the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) polyamine-binding site ifenprodil. Neither the H1 agonist 2-2-pyridylethylamine nor the NMDAR polyamine-binding site agonist spermidine affected the consolidation of extinction while the H3 receptor agonist imetit hampered it. Extinction induced the phosphorylation of ERK1 in dorsal CA1 while intra-CA1 infusion of the MEK inhibitor U0126 blocked extinction of the avoidance response. The extinction-induced phosphorylation of ERK1 was enhanced by histamine and dimaprit and blocked by ranitidine administered to dorsal CA1 after non-reinforced retrieval. Taken together, our data indicate that the hippocampal histaminergic system modulates the consolidation of fear extinction through a mechanism involving the H2-dependent activation of ERK signalling.

Histaminergic mechanisms for modulation of memory systems.

Encoding for several memory types requires neural changes and the activity of distinct regions across the brain. These areas receive broad projections originating in nuclei located in the brainstem which are capable of modulating the activity of a particular area. The histaminergic system is one of the major modulatory systems, and it regulates basic homeostatic and higher functions including arousal, circadian, and feeding rhythms, and cognition. There is now evidence that histamine can modulate learning in different types of behavioral tasks, but the exact course of modulation and its mechanisms are controversial. In the present paper we review the involvement of the histaminergic system and the effects histaminergic receptor agonists/antagonists have on the performance of tasks associated with the main memory types as well as evidence provided by studies with knockout models. Thus, we aim to summarize the possible effects histamine has on modulation of circuits involved in memory formation.

Lurasidone in the Treatment of Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews.

INTRODUCTION: A burgeoning number of systematic reviews considering lurasidone in the treatment of bipolar depression have occurred since its Food and Drug Administration extended approval in 2013. While a paucity of available quantitative evidence still precludes preliminary meta-analysis on the matter, the present quality assessment of systematic review of systematic reviews, nonetheless, aims at highlighting current essential information on the topic. METHODS: Both published and unpublished systematic reviews about lurasidone mono- or adjunctive therapy in the treatment of bipolar depression were searched by two independent authors inquiring PubMed/Cochrane/Embase/Scopus from inception until October 2016. RESULTS: Twelve included systematic reviews were of moderate-to-high quality and consistent in covering the handful of RCTs available to date, suggesting the promising efficacy, safety, and tolerability profile of lurasidone. Concordance on the drug profile seems to be corroborated by a steadily increasing number of convergent qualitative reports on the matter. LIMITATIONS: Publication, sponsorship, language, citation, and measurement biases. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being preliminary in nature, this overview stipulates the effectiveness of lurasidone in the acute treatment of Type I bipolar depression overall. As outlined by most of the reviewed evidence, recommendations for future research should include further controlled trials of extended duration.

Working and short-term memories are impaired in postpartum depression.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression affects parents of newborns. Major depression causes cognitive prejudice. Nothing is known about memory impairment in those affected of postpartum depression. This study has a purpose to assess working and short-term memories during the postpartum period in mothers and fathers in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil and also to correlate the changes in memory with postpartum depression, sociodemographic factors and possible confounding factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study includes families assisted by the public health system. The sample consisted of fathers and mothers of live births, born from March to December 2008. The participants were evaluated during home visits using the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the word span test. The cutoff point for depression in the EPDS scores was ≥13, and the word span scores were evaluated as discrete variables. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 395 individuals (222 women and 173 men). The prevalence of depression was 16.2% among mothers and 5.2% among fathers. Depressed individuals performed worse on the memory test. LIMITATIONS: The number of men evaluated was smaller than that of women. That's a transversal study, so we have the prevalence bias. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that postpartum depression affects both men and women, and the symptoms of depression affect the working and short-term memories of affected individuals. Given that this was a larger study than those in the literature, the results emphasize the importance of detecting and treating postpartum depression and helping affected families.