Genotype Arg/Arg, but not Trp/Arg, of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor is associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity in a large Japanese sample.

OBJECTIVE: Despite a large number of studies, no association of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor gene with obesity and type 2 diabetes has yet to be clearly elucidated. We examined the associations in a large population-based sample. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1,685 subjects (935 women and 750 men, aged 58.7 +/- 12.4 years) from a cohort population (n = 3,706) of the Funagata Diabetes Study were divided into three groups according to genotypes: Trp/Trp (n = 1,155), Trp/Arg (n = 486), and Arg/Arg (n = 44). Glucose tolerance was diagnosed according to the 1985 World Health Organization criteria. Subjects who had a BMI > or =30 kg/m(2) were considered obese. Associations with the traits related to obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were also examined. The chi(2) test and analysis of variance were used for the association studies and to assess the differences in the traits' values, respectively. RESULTS: More subjects with genotype Arg/Arg were obese and had diabetes (13.6% for each) than those with genotype Trp/Trp (3.29%, P < 0.001; and 4.16%, P = 0.007, respectively) or genotype Trp/Arg (2.06%, P < 0.001; and 5.97%, P = 0.051, respectively). No significant differences in the frequencies of occurrence of these conditions were observed between genotypes Trp/Arg and Trp/Trp. Traits related to obesity, such as percent body fat (28.82 +/- 7.95 vs. 25.93 +/- 7.21, P = 0.038) and BMI (25.07 +/- 3.84 vs. 23.63 +/- 3.18, P = 0.018), were higher in the genotype Arg/Arg than in the genotype Trp/Trp groups. CONCLUSIONS: Genotype Arg/Arg, but not Trp/Arg, of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor was associated with both obesity and type 2 diabetes in a large Japanese sample.

Lateral and medial medullary infarction: a comparative analysis of 214 patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: No large-scale study has ever compared the clinical and radiological features of lateral medullary infarction (LMI) and medial medullary infarction (MMI). The aim of this study was to investigate them through the use of cooperatively collected cases. METHODS: Medical information on all patients from 1996 to 2000 with medullary infarction (MI) proven by brain MR images at 35 stroke centers in the Tohoku district, Japan, was collected, and their clinical and radiological features were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 214 cases of MI were registered. They included 167 cases (78%) of LMI, 41 (19%) of MMI, and 6 (3%) of LMI plus MMI. The mean age of onset and the male-to-female ratio were 60.7 years and 2.7:1 in LMI and 65.0 years and 3.6:1 in MMI, respectively. The middle medulla was most frequently affected in LMI, and the upper medulla was most frequently affected in MMI. Dissection of the vertebral artery was observed in 29% of LMI and 21% of MMI. Prognosis, assessed by the Barthel Index, was favorable in both LMI and MMI. Diabetes mellitus was more frequently associated with MMI than with LMI. CONCLUSIONS: The present study surveyed a large number of MI cases and revealed that (1) the mean age of onset of MMI is higher than that of LMI, (2) the dissection of the vertebral artery is an important cause not only of LMI but also of MMI, and (3) diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with MMI.

Association of the G-protein ß3 subunit gene polymorphism with the incidence of cardiovascular disease independent of hypertension: the Funagata study.

Association of the C825T G-protein ß3 subunit (GNB3) gene polymorphism with cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence was examined in a population-based longitudinal study of the Japanese individuals. The incidence of CVD (stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD)) was assessed in a cohort population (n=1524) consisting of participants of the 2001-2005 Funagata study through March 2008. Cumulative incidences according to genotype were compared with the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method. During the follow-up, 78 subjects experienced a CVD event (stroke: n=54; CHD: n=30; both consecutively: n=6). At the end of the follow-up (longest and median follow-up periods: 81 and 68 months, respectively), the cumulative incidence of CVD for the TT genotype was significantly higher than that of the C-carriers (0.077 vs 0.042, P=0.004). Blood pressures and the prevalence of hypertension were not different between the genotypes. Cox's proportional hazard analysis showed that the TT genotype is a significant risk factor for CVD (hazard ratio (HR)=1.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-2.89); P=0.012) and stroke (HR=1.76 (95% CI: 1.01-3.07); P=0.048) incidences after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, alcohol drinking and smoking at baseline. The TT genotype of the C825T GNB3 gene polymorphism was found to be a significant risk factor for the incidence of CVD and stroke independent of hypertension and other established CVD risk factors in a Japanese population.

Photochemical Reaction of (Z)-Jasmone under Various Conditions.

(Z)-Jasmone (1) was irradiated with a 400W high-pressure mercury lamp under various conditions. Under nitrogen, 1 was converted to the (E)-isomer (2), to di-π-methane rearrangement products (3 and 4) and intramolecular cyclo-adducts (5 and 6) in methanol and ethanol, and to 2, 3, and 4 in ethyl acetate. Under oxygen, 1 was broken down to hydroperoxides (7 and 8), its reduction products (9 and 10), and dehydrates (11 and 12). These compounds were further photooxidized to yield compounds 13-17, 19, and 20 in methanol or ethanol. In ethyl acetate, an intramolecular cyclo-adduct (22) was obtained, together with a diol (21) and photoreaction products 23 and 24, and 11, 13-18, and 20. Hydroperoxides (7 and 8) and their reduction products (9 and 10) were obtained by a photosensitized reaction with rose bengal under oxygen. (Z)-Jasmone was converted to 2 so rapidly that suppressing the photoisomerization of 1 was difficult, except by cutting off the UV light.

Photochemical Reaction of Perillaldehyde under Various Conditions.

(-)-PeriIlaldehyde (1) was photoirradiated by a 400 W high-pressure mercury lamp under various conditions. In MeOH, 1 was degraded to give two new MeOH adducts (2 and 3) and a new methyl ether (4) under an N2 stream, while 1 was converted to a dimethyl acetal (5) and oxidation product (6) in addition to 2 and 3 under an 02 stream. In EtOAc, 1 disappeared to afford two new dimers (7 and 8) under an N2 stream, while 1 was changed to two oxygenated products (9 and 10) including a new compound under an O2 stream. In the presence of rose bengal (RB), 1 was converted to 5 by visible light in MeOH under an N2 stream. Photosensitization of RB was observed under an O2 stream, and two new oxygenated products (11 and 12) were formed. Perillaldehyde was relatively stable in n-hexane under an N2 stream or in the presence of RB under an O2 stream.