Prevalence and evolution of spasticity in patients suffering from first-ever stroke with carotid origin: a prospective, longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The main aim of the study was to document the occurrence and evolution of post-stroke spasticity (PSS). The secondary goal was to identify predictors for increases and decreases in PSS rates during 12 months of subsequent follow-up. METHODS: In a longitudinal, multicenter, prospective cohort study, assessments were done at 7 days (V1), 6 months (V2), and 12 months (V3) after stroke onset. A total of 307 consecutive patients from four comprehensive stroke centers with the first-ever stroke of carotid origin and the presence of motor deficit at day 7 were included. The demographic data, baseline characteristics, Barthel index, degree and pattern of paresis and muscle tone were evaluated and recorded. Spasticity was assessed using the modified Ashworth scale. RESULTS: Spasticity was present in 45.0% of patients at V1, in 49.5% at V2, and in 43.2% at V3. A significant number of patients experienced changes in spasticity between visits: increased/new occurrence of spasticity in 32.5% (V1 and V2) and in 13.6% (V2 and V3) of patients; decreased occurrence/disappearance of spasticity in 18.5% (V1 and V2) and in 18.3% (V2 and V3) of patients. The number of patients with severe spasticity increased throughout the year, from 2.6% to 13.0% (V2) and 12.5% (V3). CONCLUSIONS: Spasticity developed in almost half of the included patients. The degree of spasticity often changed over time, in both directions. The rate of severe spasticity increased during the first year, with the maximum at 6 months following stroke onset.

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of chromogranin A and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain are elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are being studied to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic methods for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). AIMS OF THE STUDY: The aim of our study was to establish the CSF levels of chromogranin A (CgA) and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNF-H) in patients with ALS in order to assess these proteins as possible biomarkers of ALS. METHODS: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of CgA and pNF-H were examined and mutually compared in 15 patients with sporadic ALS and 16 gender- and age-matched controls. RESULTS: Lumbar CSF CgA levels were increased in the patients with ALS compared to the controls (median 235 vs 138, P=.031). Lumbar CSF pNF-H levels were significantly increased in the patients with ALS compared to the control group (median 3091 vs 213, P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Identifying CSF biomarkers in ALS is important in order to establish the diagnosis in the early stages of the disease. pNF-H seems to be a good biomarker for the diagnosis of ALS. If confirmed on a larger group of patients, CgA may also become useful in the diagnosis of sporadic ALS.

Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Autoimmune inflammation is common in the early stages of MS. This stage is followed by the neurodegenerative process. The result of these changes is axon and myelin breakdown. Although MS is according to McDonald's revised diagnostic criteria primarily a clinical diagnosis, paraclinical investigation methods are an important part in the diagnosis of MS. In common practice, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord, examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and examination of visual evoked potentials are used. There are an increasing number of studies dealing with biomarkers in CSF and their role in the diagnosis and treatment of MS. We hypothesized that the levels of some markers could be changed in MS in comparison with controls. We studied five inflammatory markers [interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8, interleukin-10 (IL-10), beta-2-microglobulin, orosomucoid]. CSF and serum levels of inflammatory markers were assessed in 38 patients with newly diagnosed MS meeting McDonald's revised diagnostic criteria and in 28 subjects as a control group (CG). Levels of beta-2-microglobulin and interleukin-8 in CSF were found to be significantly higher in MS patients in comparison to CG (p < 0.001 resp. p = 0.007). No differences in other CSF markers (IL-6, IL-10 and orosomucoid) and serum levels of all markers between both groups were found. The levels of two studied inflammatory markers were found to be increased at the time of first clinical symptoms of MS. Research on the role of inflammatory and neurodegenerative markers in MS should continue.

[Influence of Cervical Spondylotic Spinal Cord Compression on Cerebral Cortical Adaptation. Radiological Study]. / Vliv cervikální spondylogenní mísní komprese na korové funkce mozku. Radiologická studie.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to measure the sensorimotor brain adaptation activity, shown on functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI), in relation to the degree and extent of spinal cord compression or cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) detected by cervical spine MRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients (average age, 57 years; 9 men and 12 women) with anterior cervical cord compression detected on cervical MRI scans were included. On the images, the degree of spinal canal stenosis, the spinal cord compression based on the antero-posterior diameter of the spinal canal and on transverse areas of the cervical spinal cord and cervical spinal canal, and changes in spinal cord signal intensity were identified. Clinical examination included neurological status, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, Neck Disability Index (NDI) and pain intensity assessment using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Electrophysiological tests involving motor evoked and sensory evoked potential (MEP and SEP) recording were conducted and, using fMRI, brain activity during movement of both arms was measured. Based on the transverse spinal cord area of above or below 70 mm2, the patients were placed into two subgroups. According to changes in spinal cord signal intensity, the patients were included into three subgroups with normal findings, incipient myelopathy and advanced myelopathy, respectively. Surgery was carried out from the anterior approach and involved cervical disc replacement. All examinations were performed again at 6 months after surgery. Pre- and post-operative results were compared within each set of subgroups and statistically evaluated. RESULTS: The average pre-operative values were found to increase post-operatively as follows: from 6.4 mm to 8.9 mm (by 39%) for the antero-posterior diameter of the spinal canal; from 129.3 mm2 to 162.8 mm2 (by 26%) for the transverse area of the spinal canal; from 72.6 mm2 to 87.4 mm2 (by 20%) for the transverse spinal cord area; and from 16.3 to 17.4 for the JOA score. The average NDI decreased from 37.9 to 23.7 and the average VAS fell from 6.4 to 1.5. All patients with the change of spinal cord signal that indicated advanced myelopathy also had relevant pathological findings on MEP/SEP examination and this was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in fMRI scans between the two subgroups established on the basis of transverse spinal cord area measurements. In the patients grouped by a change in spinal cord signals, the pre-operative fMRI showed a significantly higher brain activation volume in the subgroup with advanced myelopathy, as compared with the two other subgroups. Surgery resulted in a moderate reduction of the volume of active brain tissue in all three groups. In the patients with advanced myelopathy evaluated in relation to local changes in brain activation, surgery led to a significant decrease in activation volumes in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex and cerebellar hemisphere. There was also a significant increase in activation of the contralateral supplementary motor cortex. DISCUSSION: It is evident that the brain responds to spinal cord damage by increased activity, but with a certain delay. A slightly altered spinal cord signal intensity, such as in incipient myelopathy, apparently does not result in brain activation. On the other hand, significant changes in signal intensity in advanced myelopathy are related to deterioration of spinal cord function, as shown by MEP and SEP examination results, and an increase in both the volume and intensity of cortical motor activation as a compensation mechanism for myelopathy. CONCLUSIONS Hyperintense spinal cord signals on T2-weighted images correlated with the pathological spinal cord function detected by electrophysiological test in all patients. The transverse spinal cord area (around 70 mm2) showed no significant correlation with either sensory and motor brain adaptations or the results of SEP and MEP testing; therefore, as a criterion for indication to surgery it is of no value. The patients with advanced myelopathy, as detected by spinal cord MRI, had a significantly higher pre-operative cortical motor activation on fMRI than patients with normal findings or those with incipient myelopathy. In addition, the patterns of cortical motor activation altered significantly at 6 months after spinal cord decompression, which was shown by an increase or decrease in activation of the relevant motor cortex areas.

[Effects of spinal cord decompression in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy oncortical brain activations]. / Efekt dekomprese krcní míchy pri spondylogenní myelopatii na korové funkce mozku.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this project was to compare and evaluate cortical sensorimotor adaptations as measured by brain fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) in patients before and after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), i.e., after spinal cord decompression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study inclusion required evidence of CSM on MRI of the cervical spine, anterior compression of the spinal cord by osteophytes, or disc herniation. We measured the antero-posterior diameter of the spinal canal stenosis before and 3 months after surgery. Surgery was performed at one or two levels from the anterior approach with implantation of radiolucent spacers, without plate fixation. Each participant underwent two fMRI brain examinations, the first one preoperatively and the second one 6 months following surgery. Subjects performed acoustically paced repetitive wrist flexion and extension of each upper extremity according to block design. MRI data were acquired using 1.5 Tesla scanners. Statistical analysis was carried out using the general linear model implemented in FEAT 6.00 (FMRI Expert Analysis Tool), part of the FSL 5.0 package (FMRIB Software Library). The group differences were evaluated using paired t-test and the resulting statistical maps evaluated as Z-score (standardised value of the t-test) were thresholded at a corrected significance level of p <0.05. The study group consisted of 7 patients including 5 female and 2 male patients, with the average age of 55.7 years. Patients with cervical spondylogenous radiculopathy were evaluated as a control group. RESULTS: The analysis of mean group effects in brain fMRI during flexion and extension of both wrists revealed significant activation in dorsal primary motor cortex contralaterally to the active extremity and in adjacent secondary motor and sensory areas, bilaterally in supplementary motor areas, the anterior cingulum, primary auditory cortex, in the region of the basal ganglia, thalamus and cerebellum. After surgery, the cortical activations and maximum Z-scores decreased in most areas. Analysis of differences between sessions before and after surgery showed a statistically significant activation decrease during movement of both extremities in the right parietal operculum and the posterior temporal lobe. During left wrist movement, there was additional activation decrease in the right superior parietal lobe, the supramarginal gyrus, insular cortex, and the central operculum. In contrast, an activation decrease was detected in the left middle temporal gyrus during right wrist movement. CONCLUSION: An average difference of anteroposterior cervical spinal canal distance before and after surgery of CSM was 2.67 millimetres, representing a 40% increase; the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal increased by 37% and that of the spinal cord by 36%. Functional MRI of the brain revealed significant activation especially in primary and secondary motor cortex and sensory areas in patients with CSM. After surgical decompression of the spinal cord, cortical activations and maximum Z-score decreased in the majority of areas. We proved decreased cortical activation on functional MRI of the brain after surgery in patients with CSM (evaluated according to MRI of cervical spine), even at an initial stage of the disease.

Summary of the recommendations of the EFNS/MDS-ES review on therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the 2010 EFNS/MDS-ES evidence-based treatment recommendations for the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). This summary includes the treatment recommendations for early and late PD. METHODS: For the 2010 publication, a literature search was undertaken for articles published up to September 2009. For this summary, an additional literature search was undertaken up to December 2010. Classification of scientific evidence and the rating of recommendations were made according to the EFNS guidance. In cases where there was insufficient scientific evidence, a consensus statement ('good practice point') is made. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: For each clinical indication, a list of therapeutic interventions is provided, including classification of evidence.

EFNS/MDS-ES/ENS [corrected] recommendations for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: A Task Force was convened by the EFNS/MDS-ES Scientist Panel on Parkinson's disease (PD) and other movement disorders to systemically review relevant publications on the diagnosis of PD. METHODS: Following the EFNS instruction for the preparation of neurological diagnostic guidelines, recommendation levels have been generated for diagnostic criteria and investigations. RESULTS: For the clinical diagnosis, we recommend the use of the Queen Square Brain Bank criteria (Level B). Genetic testing for specific mutations is recommended on an individual basis (Level B), taking into account specific features (i.e. family history and age of onset). We recommend olfactory testing to differentiate PD from other parkinsonian disorders including recessive forms (Level A). Screening for pre-motor PD with olfactory testing requires additional tests due to limited specificity. Drug challenge tests are not recommended for the diagnosis in de novo parkinsonian patients. There is an insufficient evidence to support their role in the differential diagnosis between PD and other parkinsonian syndromes. We recommend an assessment of cognition and a screening for REM sleep behaviour disorder, psychotic manifestations and severe depression in the initial evaluation of suspected PD cases (Level A). Transcranial sonography is recommended for the differentiation of PD from atypical and secondary parkinsonian disorders (Level A), for the early diagnosis of PD and in the detection of subjects at risk for PD (Level A), although the technique is so far not universally used and requires some expertise. Because specificity of TCS for the development of PD is limited, TCS should be used in conjunction with other screening tests. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging at 1.5 T are recommended as neuroimaging tools that can support a diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) or progressive supranuclear palsy versus PD on the basis of regional atrophy and signal change as well as diffusivity patterns (Level A). DaTscan SPECT is registered in Europe and the United States for the differential diagnosis between degenerative parkinsonisms and essential tremor (Level A). More specifically, DaTscan is indicated in the presence of significant diagnostic uncertainty such as parkinsonism associated with neuroleptic exposure and atypical tremor manifestations such as isolated unilateral postural tremor. Studies of [(123) I]MIBG/SPECT cardiac uptake may be used to identify patients with PD versus controls and MSA patients (Level A). All other SPECT imaging studies do not fulfil registration standards and cannot be recommended for routine clinical use. At the moment, no conclusion can be drawn as to diagnostic efficacy of autonomic function tests, neurophysiological tests and positron emission tomography imaging in PD. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of PD is still largely based on the correct identification of its clinical features. Selected investigations (genetic, olfactory, and neuroimaging studies) have an ancillary role in confirming the diagnosis, and some of them could be possibly used in the near future to identify subjects in a pre-symptomatic phase of the disease.

Predictors of good clinical outcome in acute stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis.

OBJECTIVES: Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is considered an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke (IS). However, not all treated patients may achieve good outcome. The aim was to evaluate whether the initial NIHSS and DWI infarct volume could be the predictors for good outcome after IVT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The set of 125 patients with consecutive hemispheric IS (78 men; mean age 66.0 ± 12.1 years) treated with IVT within 3 h was analyzed. DWI volume was measured on admission. Good outcome was defined as a score 0-2 in modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed initial NIHSS as an independent predictor of good outcome (P = 0.001). ROC curves showed baseline NIHSS ≤13.5 points and DWI volume ≤13.7 ml as cut-offs related to good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The initial NIHSS and DWI volume might be the predictors for good clinical outcome in acute stroke patients treated with IVT. The initial NIHSS score seems to be more accurate.

Thrombolytic treatment of ischaemic stroke occurring during a migrainous attack: a case report.

Authors report a case of young female suffering from the acute ischaemic stroke with right-sided hemiplegia, hemianopsia and hemihypoaesthesia during a migrainous attack without aura. Magnetic resonance imaging detected infarction in the left occipital lobe and occlusion of branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Combined treatment with systemic thrombolysis and sonothrombolysis was used, leading to the early PCA recanalization, and to a favourable clinical outcome after 1 month. Intravenous thrombolytic treatment administered within the therapeutic window may be useful in cerebral ischaemia associated with migraine when an arterial occlusion is documented.

[Peripheral nerve injury and the degree of motor involvement in Parkinson's disease: a correlation study]. / Postizení periferního nervového systému a míra motorického postizení u Parkinsonovy nemocí: korelacní studie.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to validate a hypothesis about the presence of a concomitant peripheral nerves injury in patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders. The study was focused on the correlation between motor involvement in Parkinson's disease and peripheral nerves injury. METHODS AND RESULTS: 23 patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, which was diagnosed in terms of strict UK-PDBB criteria, were examined. There were 14 men (mean age: 57 years, mean age at the disease onset: 51 years, mean disease duration: 7 years, mean duration of dopaminergic treatment: 4 years) and 9 women (mean age: 67 years, mean age at the disease onset: 63 years, mean duration of disease: 4 years, mean duration of dopaminergic treatment: 1 year). Polyneuropathy was clinically present and confirmed using EMG examination in 10 patients (43.5 %), 5 men and 5 women. CONCLUSIONS: Our observation indicates that the neurodegenerative process can be involved not only in the degeneration of central nervous system, but also in the peripheral disorders in this population.

Occurrence of diabetes mellitus in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

The role of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the etiopathogenesis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) is controversial. The aim was to assess the role of DM in our SICH patients. In a hospital-based cross-section study, the occurrence of DM prior to a hemorrhagic stroke was observed in 80 SICH patients (44 males, aged 36-87 years, mean 67.1 +/- 11.9 years; 36 females, aged 56-86 years, mean 71.1 +/- 8.3 years), and in a control group (CG) of 80 age- and sex-matched patients with low back pain. All patients were treated at the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic. Two-sample t test and Pearson's homogeneity chi(2) test were applied when assessing statistical significance. DM was found in 37.5% of SICH patients versus 22.5% of CG subjects (P < 0.05). DM occurs significantly more frequently in SICH patients in the Olomouc region of the Czech Republic when compared to the general population.

Cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels of interleukin-8 in patients with multiple sclerosis and its correlation with Q-albumin.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory-demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Autoimmune inflammation is common in the early stages of MS and is followed by neurodegenerative processes. The result of these changes is axon and myelin breakdown. The paraclinical examination methods are an important part of the diagnostic process. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and the cervical spinal cord and an examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are common paraclinical examinations. An increasing number of studies deal with CSF and serum levels of biomarkers and their role in MS. We hypothesized that the level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) could be different in MS patients than in controls. These differences may be related to damage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB damage is quantified by the quotient of albumin (Q-alb). METHODS: CSF and serum levels of IL-8 were assessed in 102 patients with newly diagnosed MS meeting McDonald's revised diagnostic criteria and in 102 subjects as a control group. We then correlated these results with Q-alb. RESULTS: Levels of IL-8 in CSF were significantly higher in MS patients than in controls (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.0001). Serum levels of IL-8 were significantly lower in MS patients than in controls (Mann-Whitney U test, p=0.018). Spearman's correlation analysis proved a significant correlation between levels of IL-8 and Q-alb. CONCLUSION: As the etiology of MS is only partially known, research dealing with biomarkers in MS should continue. Better knowledge of etiology can provide a new perspective, especially for treatment.

Review of the therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Movement Disorder Society-European Section. Part I: early (uncomplicated) Parkinson's disease.

The aim of the study was to provide evidence-based recommendations for the management of early (uncomplicated) Parkinson's disease (PD), based on a review of the literature. Uncomplicated PD refers to patients suffering from the classical motor syndrome of PD only, without treatment-induced motor complications and without neuropsychiatric or autonomic problems. MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) database literature searches were conducted. National guidelines were requested from all European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) societies. Non-European guidelines were searched for using MEDLINE. Part I of the guidelines deals with prevention of disease progression, symptomatic treatment of motor features (parkinsonism), and prevention of motor and neuropsychiatric complications of therapy. For each topic, a list of therapeutic interventions is provided, including classification of evidence. Following this, recommendations for management are given, alongside ratings of efficacy. Classifications of evidence and ratings of efficacy are made according to EFNS guidance. In cases where there is insufficient scientific evidence, a consensus statement (good practice point) is made.

Review of the therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) and the Movement Disorder Society-European Section (MDS-ES). Part II: late (complicated) Parkinson's disease.

To provide evidence-based recommendations for the management of late (complicated) Parkinson's disease (PD), based on a review of the literature. Complicated PD refers to patients suffering from the classical motor syndrome of PD along with other motor or non-motor complications, either disease-related (e.g. freezing) or treatment-related (e.g. dyskinesias or hallucinations). MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and INAHTA database literature searches were conducted. National guidelines were requested from all EFNS societies. Non-European guidelines were searched for using MEDLINE. Part II of the guidelines deals with treatment of motor and neuropsychiatric complications and autonomic disturbances. For each topic, a list of therapeutic interventions is provided, including classification of evidence. Following this, recommendations for management are given, alongside ratings of efficacy. Classifications of evidence and ratings of efficacy are made according to EFNS guidance. In cases where there is insufficient scientific evidence, a consensus statement ('good practice point') is made.

Efficacy and safety of a standardised 500 unit dose of Dysport (clostridium botulinum toxin type A haemaglutinin complex) in a heterogeneous cervical dystonia population: results of a prospective, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study.

Results from a dose-ranging study in a selected group of de novo patients with rotational cervical dystonia (CD) suggest that 500 units of Dysport (Clostridium botulinum toxin type A haemaglutinin complex) is the optimal starting dose. The present study aimed to confirm the efficacy and safety profile of this dose in a population of CD patients more representative of those seen in a typical dystonia clinic. A total of 68 patients with moderate to severe CD (Tsui score > or = 9) were randomly assigned to receive placebo or Dysport 500 units. Treatment was administered according to the clinical pattern of head deviation, using a standardised injection protocol. A total of 21 patients (11 Dysport, 10 placebo) had not previously received botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) injections, and 47 patients (24 Dysport, 23 placebo) had received BtxA more than 12 weeks previously. Assessments were performed at baseline and weeks 4, 8 and 16. Patients defined as non-responders at week 4 were re-treated in an open phase with 500 units of Dysport at week 6, and were followed up at week 10. Significant between-group differences in Tsui scores were present at weeks 4 (p=0.001) and 8 (p=0.002). Similarly, there were significant between-group differences (p < 0.001) in patient and investigator assessments of response in favour of Dysport at weeks 4 and 8. Also, more Dysport (49%) than placebo (33%) patients were pain-free at week 4 (p=0.02). Overall, 30/35 (86 %) Dysport patients and 14/33 (42%) placebo patients were classified as responders at week 4. Adverse events were reported by 15/35 Dysport patients and 9/33 placebo patients. Open phase treatment produced improvements in Tsui (p < 0.001) and pain scores (p=0.011), and 23/24 patients were classified as responders. Although individual dose titration and muscle selection is desirable, this study demonstrated that a dose of 500 units of Dysport injected into clinically identified neck muscles without electromyographic guidance is safe and effective in the treatment of patients with the major clinical types of cervical dystonia.

Can epileptologists without access to intracranial EEG use reliably the International League Against Epilepsy classification of the localization-related epileptic syndromes? A stereo-electroencephalographic study.

The goal of the present study was to investigate the reliability of clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) criteria for the classification of localization-related epileptic syndromes as listed in the Proposals of Revised Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes 1989 (ICE). ICE distinguishes between multiple syndromes within epilepsies of a given lobe. Intracranial recordings were the main element in the development of the revised ICE. Considering that most epilepsy centers have no access to such invasive techniques for precise anatomic localization, it was of interest to assess how accurately the seizure origin could be determined from the scalp EEG and clinical data as reported in ICE. In this retrospective study, we compared the accuracy of the topographic diagnosis made by two groups of physicians evaluating the same patients-one group with and the other without access to results of stereo-EEG (SEEG). Medical files of 87 patients with intractable localization-related epilepsy were analyzed: 38 with frontal, 37 with temporal, 10 with parietal, and 2 with occipital lobe epilepsy were included in the study. All patients underwent previous SEEG and successful cortectomy. Minimum follow-up was 5 years. In most cases, noninvasive techniques and criteria suggested by ICE allowed topographic diagnosis of focal epilepsies according to brain lobe involvement. More detailed diagnosis, localizing the origin of critical activity within a lobe, was often unreliable. Further data are required for a definition of the epileptogenic zone. A spatiotemporal evaluation of critical events, including the intracranial EEG recording, remains the best method for topographic diagnosis of localization-related epilepsy.

Event-related potentials, CNV, readiness potential, and movement accompanying potential recorded from posterior thalamus in human subjects. A SEEG study.

Intracranial recordings were obtained from three patients with intractable chronic pain who underwent analgesic electrical stimulation of the contralateral thalamus. Multilead electrode made it possible to record from several thalamic nuclei. The electrode was targeted into the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus. During separate recording sessions, the following tests were performed: somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) of the median or posterior tibial nerve, event-related cognitive potentials (auditory oddball P3 wave), readiness potential (RP) and contingent negative variation (CNV) using auditory warning (S1) and visual imperative (S2) stimuli. The movement accompanying potential (MAP), which was present in the VPL in all but one of the recordings, behaved as a far-field potential. Recordings obtained from the VPL confirmed its established role as a relay nucleus, processing somatosensory information to the primary somatosensory cortex. The VPL generated the 'thalamic' SEP, which was the only potential regularly recorded in this nucleus. In the recordings from one patient (No. 3), auditory and visual evoked potentials of the CNV protocol, peaking at approximately 300 ms, were obtained from the VPL and appeared to be generated in situ. Neither RP, CNV nor 'oddball' ERPs appeared in the VPL. From the pulvinar, only a visually evoked potential was recorded. Oddball P3, RP, CNV, and middle and long latency auditory and visual potentials (evoked in the CNV paradigm) appeared to be generated 'dorsally' to the VPL, probably in the nucleus posterolateralis (PL). This structure may therefore be involved in both the processing of afferent information and in cognitive operations.

The assessment of beta amyloid, tau protein and cystatin C in the cerebrospinal fluid: laboratory markers of neurodegenerative diseases.

To assess the role of tau protein, beta-amyloid(1-42) and cystatin C in the diagnostics of Alzheimer dementia (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (ND) by comparing to the control groups (CG). The levels of tau protein, beta-amyloid(1-42) and cystatin C were assessed in the set of 69 patients (AD + ND, 33 males, 36 females, aged 22-90, mean 60.5 + 16.1 years), and in a control group of 69 subjects without the affection of the central nervous system (CGAD + CGND, 33 males, 36 females, aged 20-91, mean 60.5 + 16.0 years). Statistically significant increased tau protein levels (P = 0.0001) and index tau/beta-amyloid(1-42) levels (P = 0.0002) were shown in the group of AD patients, compared to the group of ND patients. One-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferonni post hoc test did not show any significant differences of the cystatin C values between any of the compared groups. ROC analysis showed at least one tie between the positive actual state group (AD) and the negative actual state group (ND) by CSF cystatin C and at least one tie between the positive actual state group and the negative actual state group by CSF tau protein. Our study confirmed previously reported results only in part. While tau protein seems to be quite a reliable marker of AD, the role of beta-amyloid(1-42) and cystatin C in AD diagnosis remains at least questionable.