Visceral Obesity and High Systolic Blood Pressure as the Substrate of Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Adolescents. / Obesidade Visceral e Hipertensão Sistólica como Substratos da Disfunção Endotelial em Adolescentes Obesos.

BACKGROUND: Obesity affects adolescence and may lead to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and endothelial dysfunction, an early marker of cardiovascular risk. Albeit obesity is strongly associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), it is not clear the role of OSA in endothelial function in adolescents with obesity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether obesity during adolescence leads to MetS and/or OSA; and causes endothelial dysfunction. In addition, we studied the possible association of MetS risk factors and apnea hypopnea index (AHI) with endothelial dysfunction. METHODS: We studied 20 sedentary obese adolescents (OA; 14.2±1.6 years, 100.9±20.3kg), and 10 normal-weight adolescents (NWA, 15.2±1.2 years, 54.4±5.3kg) paired for sex. We assessed MetS risk factors (International Diabetes Federation criteria), vascular function (Flow-Mediated Dilation, FMD), functional capacity (VO2peak) and the presence of OSA (AHI>1event/h, by polysomnography). We considered statistically significant a P<0.05. RESULTS: OA presented higher waist (WC), body fat, triglycerides, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), LDL-c and lower HDL-c and VO2peak than NWA. MetS was presented in the 35% of OA, whereas OSA was present in 86.6% of OA and 50% of EA. There was no difference between groups in the AHI. The OA had lower FMD than NWA (6.17±2.72 vs. 9.37±2.20%, p=0.005). There was an association between FMD and WC (R=-0.506, p=0.008) and FMD and SBP (R=-0.493, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: In adolescents, obesity was associates with MetS and caused endothelial dysfunction. Increased WC and SBP could be involved in this alteration. OSA was observed in most adolescents, regardless of obesity. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):795-803).

FUNDAMENTO: A obesidade afeta a adolescência, podendo levar à síndrome metabólica (SM) e disfunção endotelial, um marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular. Apesar de a obesidade ser fortemente associada à síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), ainda não está claro o papel da SAOS na função endotelial em adolescentes obesos. OBJETIVO: Investigar se a obesidade durante a adolescência leva à SM e/ou SAOS e causa disfunção endotelial nesses indivíduos. Além disso, estudamos a possível associação dos fatores de risco para SM e do índice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) com disfunção endotelial. MÉTODOS: Estudamos 20 adolescentes obesos sedentários (AO; 14,2±1,6 anos, 100,9±20,3kg), e 10 adolescentes eutróficos (AE, 15,2±1,2 anos, 54,4±5,3kg) pareados por sexo. Avaliamos os fatores de risco para SM (critérios da Federação Internacional de Diabetes), função vascular (dilatação mediada pelo fluxo, DMF), capacidade funcional (VO2pico) e presença de SAOS (IAH > 1 evento/hora, pela polissonografia). Consideramos um p<0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: AO apresentaram maior circunferência da cintura (CC), gordura corporal, triglicerídeos, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), maiores níveis de LDL e menores HDL e VO2pico em comparação a AE. Não houve diferença no IAH entre os grupos. AO apresentaram menor DMF que AE (6,17±2,72 vs. 9,37±2,20%, p=0,005). Observou-se uma associação entre DMF e CC (R=-0,506, p=0,008) e entre DMF e PAS (R=-0,493, p=0,006). CONCLUSÃO: Em adolescentes, a obesidade associou-se à SM e causou disfunção endotelial. CC e PAS aumentadas poderiam estar envolvidas nessa alteração. SAOS foi detectada na maioria dos adolescentes independentemente de obesidade. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):795-803).

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Improves Endothelial Function in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Small-Scale Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Endothelial cells are thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation has been shown to improve endothelial function in a number of diseases; thus, it could be of high clinical relevance in APS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of n-3 PUFA supplementation on endothelial function (primary outcome) of patients with primary APS (PAPS). A 16-week randomized clinical trial was conducted with 22 adult women with PAPS. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive placebo (PL, n = 11) or n-3 PUFA (ω-3, n = 11) supplementation. Before (pre) and after (post) 16 weeks of the intervention, patients were assessed for endothelial function (peripheral artery tonometry) (primary outcome). Patients were also assessed for systemic markers of endothelial cell activation, inflammatory markers, dietary intake, international normalized ratio (INR), and adverse effects. At post, ω-3 group presented significant increases in endothelial function estimates reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and logarithmic transformation of RHI (LnRHI) when compared with PL (+13 vs. -12%, p = 0.06, ES = 0.9; and +23 vs. -22%, p = 0.02, ES = 1.0). No changes were observed for e-selectin, vascular adhesion molecule-1, and fibrinogen levels (p > 0.05). In addition, ω-3 group showed decreased circulating levels of interleukin-10 (-4 vs. +45%, p = 0.04, ES = -0.9) and tumor necrosis factor (-13 vs. +0.3%, p = 0.04, ES = -0.95) and a tendency toward a lower intercellular adhesion molecule-1 response (+3 vs. +48%, p = 0.1, ES = -0.7) at post when compared with PL. No changes in dietary intake, INR, or self-reported adverse effects were observed. In conclusion, 16 weeks of n-3 PUFA supplementation improved endothelial function in patients with well-controlled PAPS. These results support a role of n-3 PUFA supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in APS. Registered at http://ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01956188.

Obesidade Visceral e Hipertensão Sistólica como Substratos da Disfunção Endotelial em Adolescentes Obesos / Visceral Obesity and High Systolic Blood Pressure as the Substrate of Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Adolescents

Resumo Fundamento: A obesidade afeta a adolescência, podendo levar à síndrome metabólica (SM) e disfunção endotelial, um marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular. Apesar de a obesidade ser fortemente associada à síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), ainda não está claro o papel da SAOS na função endotelial em adolescentes obesos. Objetivo: Investigar se a obesidade durante a adolescência leva à SM e/ou SAOS e causa disfunção endotelial nesses indivíduos. Além disso, estudamos a possível associação dos fatores de risco para SM e do índice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) com disfunção endotelial. Métodos: Estudamos 20 adolescentes obesos sedentários (AO; 14,2±1,6 anos, 100,9±20,3kg), e 10 adolescentes eutróficos (AE, 15,2±1,2 anos, 54,4±5,3kg) pareados por sexo. Avaliamos os fatores de risco para SM (critérios da Federação Internacional de Diabetes), função vascular (dilatação mediada pelo fluxo, DMF), capacidade funcional (VO2pico) e presença de SAOS (IAH > 1 evento/hora, pela polissonografia). Consideramos um p<0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: AO apresentaram maior circunferência da cintura (CC), gordura corporal, triglicerídeos, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), maiores níveis de LDL e menores HDL e VO2pico em comparação a AE. Não houve diferença no IAH entre os grupos. AO apresentaram menor DMF que AE (6,17±2,72 vs. 9,37±2,20%, p=0,005). Observou-se uma associação entre DMF e CC (R=-0,506, p=0,008) e entre DMF e PAS (R=-0,493, p=0,006). Conclusão: Em adolescentes, a obesidade associou-se à SM e causou disfunção endotelial. CC e PAS aumentadas poderiam estar envolvidas nessa alteração. SAOS foi detectada na maioria dos adolescentes independentemente de obesidade. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):795-803)

Abstract Background: Obesity affects adolescence and may lead to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and endothelial dysfunction, an early marker of cardiovascular risk. Albeit obesity is strongly associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), it is not clear the role of OSA in endothelial function in adolescents with obesity. Objective: To investigate whether obesity during adolescence leads to MetS and/or OSA; and causes endothelial dysfunction. In addition, we studied the possible association of MetS risk factors and apnea hypopnea index (AHI) with endothelial dysfunction. Methods: We studied 20 sedentary obese adolescents (OA; 14.2±1.6 years, 100.9±20.3kg), and 10 normal-weight adolescents (NWA, 15.2±1.2 years, 54.4±5.3kg) paired for sex. We assessed MetS risk factors (International Diabetes Federation criteria), vascular function (Flow-Mediated Dilation, FMD), functional capacity (VO2peak) and the presence of OSA (AHI>1event/h, by polysomnography). We considered statistically significant a P<0.05. Results: OA presented higher waist (WC), body fat, triglycerides, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), LDL-c and lower HDL-c and VO2peak than NWA. MetS was presented in the 35% of OA, whereas OSA was present in 86.6% of OA and 50% of EA. There was no difference between groups in the AHI. The OA had lower FMD than NWA (6.17±2.72 vs. 9.37±2.20%, p=0.005). There was an association between FMD and WC (R=-0.506, p=0.008) and FMD and SBP (R=-0.493, p=0.006). Conclusion: In adolescents, obesity was associates with MetS and caused endothelial dysfunction. Increased WC and SBP could be involved in this alteration. OSA was observed in most adolescents, regardless of obesity. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):795-803)