[Possibilities of using results of head computed tomography in victims with traumatic brain injuries]. / Vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniya rezul'tatov komp'yuternoi tomografii golovy u poterpevshikh s cherepno-mozgovoi travmoi.

The constant increase in the number of neurotraumas in the country leads to an increase in forensic examinations of a persons. In Russia, about 600 thousand people receive craniocerebral injuries annually, of which 50 thousand die, others are potentially will be in forensic examination during or after treatment. With an increase in the total number of such examinations, the number of erroneous conclusions is expected to increase. If it is impossible for the radiologist included in the commission to review the results of computed tomography of the head performed in the hospital, the experts are forced to use the data that are recorded in the medical documents. The present study revealed the percentage of erroneous interpretations in such descriptions, systematized typical errors, calculated the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of computed tomography in craniocerebral injury.

[Comparative analysis of factors influencing suicidal actions performance before and during the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz faktorov, vliyayushchikh na sovershenie suitsidal'nykh deistvii v period do i vo vremya pandemii COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of COVID-19, as well as various factors on the rate of deaths caused by suicide. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The statistical analysis of mortality according to the data of «Bureau of FME¼ in the period from 2019 to 2020 yrs. and the search of scientific publications over the past 10 years in PubMed database have been conducted. Articles describing the factors influencing suicidal deaths in different population groups were selected from the publications. RESULTS: Statistically significant features that determine the influence of quarantine measures in the period COVID-19 on the mental component of citizens and suicidal dynamics were considered and established.

[Impact of projectile incidence angle with obstacle during ricochet on the damage characteristics formed in smoothbore weapon shot]. / Vliyanie ugla vstrechi puli s pregradoi pri rikoshete na kharakteristiku povrezhdenii, obrazuyushchikhsya pri vystrele iz gladkostvol'nogo oruzhiya.

The aim of this study was to establish the degree of projectile incidence angle with obstacle on forensic medical characteristic of gunshot injuries arising from smoothbore weapon fire and bullet ricochet. Based on the comprehensive forensic study results of experimental entry gunshot injuries, statistically significant differences in the following morphological signs were found for two ranges of incidence angle values (10-20° and 30-50°): «Number of MD¼, «Length 1 MD¼, «Length 2 MD¼, «Width 1 MD¼, «Orientation of AD to the conventional clock face relative to MD 1 or to the group of largest MD (max. value)¼. The medians and limits of 99% confidence intervals of these features values were observed depending on the range of incidence angle values. The revealed patterns can be used in expert practice during forensic medical examination of gunshot injuries formed as a result of a projectile ricochet after smoothbore weapon fire, as well as to develop a methodology for conducting a forensic study of this gunshot injury type.

[The possibility of diagnosing the prescription of death in the study of embalmed corpses by the method of spin probes. (Experimental study)]. / Vozmozhnost' diagnostiki davnosti nastupleniya smerti pri issledovanii zabal'zamirovannykh trupov metodom spinovykh zondov. (Eksperimental'noe issledovanie).

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Is to establish the possibility of studying the vitreous body of the eye from embalmed corpses using the spin probe method to develop diagnostic criteria for the prescription of death coming. The article presents data showing the possibility of diagnosing the prescription of death coming by the method of spin probes with the examination of the vitreous body of the eye from embalmed corpses. A total of 510 spectra obtained during incubation of the 1-oxyl-4-oxo-2.2.6.6-tetramethyl-piperidin spin probe in the vitreous body were studied. Measurements of each of the 6 objects were carried out daily for 10 days after embalming. The prospects of studying the vitreous body by spin probes in embalmed corpses for the development of diagnostic criteria for the prescription of death coming up to 4 days from the moment of embalming have been established.

[Disputable issues of application of the medical criterion «persistent loss of general work capability¼ in determining the severity of harm caused to human health]. / Spornye voprosy primeneniya meditsinskogo kriteriya «stoikaya utrata obshchei trudosposobnosti¼ pri opredelenii tyazhesti vreda, prichinennogo zdorov'yu cheloveka.

The purpose of the work is to identify challenging issues that arise during the forensic determination of the severity of harm caused to human health, which entailed permanent loss of general ability to work, by means of a content analysis of the existing regulatory documents, results of forensic medical examinations and the formulation of proposals for their modification and supplementing with regard to elimination of existing contradictions. The analysis of expert practice on a selective study of 1.000 expert conclusions for 2016-2022 is given, which showed that, when assessing the severity of harm caused to human health in a number of cases (3.3%) in identical situations, various options for establishing harm caused to human health are possible depending on its severity. The conclusion was made that the requirement specified in the clause 6.11 of the Medical Criteria for Determining the Severity of Harm Caused to Human Health (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 194H dated April 24, 2008, Moscow) to determining serious harm as causing persistent loss of general work capability by not less than one third, regardless of the outcome, in all cases listed in paragraphs 6.11.1-6.11.9, cannot be unconditionally applied in expert practice.

[Morphological characteristics of gunshot injuries resulting from ricochet depending on type of experimental barrier]. / Morfologicheskaya kharakteristika ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii, obrazovavshikhsya v rezul'tate rikosheta, v zavisimosti ot vida eksperimental'noi pregrady.

The purpose of this study was to establish a set of distinctive features of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of gunshot injuries resulting from the ricochet of a bullet and buckshot when firing from a smooth-bore weapon, depending on the type of experimental barrier. As a result of the ballistic experiment, a list of statistically significant characteristics of input gunshot injuries of biological and non-biological targets formed when firing with a bullet and buckshot followed by a ricochet was revealed, which will enable to determine the sought type of barrier from the two suggested options: «Concrete 2¼ or «Brick¼, «Concrete 2¼ or «Metal¼, «Brick¼ or «Metal¼. Besides, a list of characteristics of input gunshot injuries has been established, the parameters of which are under statistically significant influence of the type of experimental barrier. The revealed patterns can be used to reconstruct the circumstances of an incident during situational examination depending on the characteristics of input gunshot injuries as a result of a ricochet when firing from a smooth-bore weapon.

[Distance teaching of forensic medicine at the department of medical university during the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Distantsionnoe prepodavanie sudebnoi meditsiny na kafedre meditsinskogo universiteta v period pandemii COVID-19.

The purpose of the work is to share the experience of distance teaching of forensic medicine. Teaching of forensic medicine throughout the history of the department of forensic medicine of the medical faculty of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Research Medical University took place exclusively on the intramural basis. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has made its adjustments and teaching became remote. This situation required adoption of urgent measures to organize a high-quality and continuous process of student's teaching. The measures included preparation and formation of all necessary material equivalent to full-time classes in the electronic format; compilation and development of instructions and algorithms for students and teachers on the cycle and development of uncredited or missed classes in a remote format; creation of groups in instant messengers with students and a teacher; organization of online classes using conferencing applications; recording a full course of lectures (available in students' personal accounts); creation of the possibility of online testing of the level of initial and acquired knowledge of students in two languages (In Russian and English). The experience of conducting classes in remote mode is generally positive, the measures taken have brought training to a qualitatively new level.

[Estimation of time since death with the postmortem microbiome: a modern view and approaches to solving the problem]. / Opredelenie davnosti nastupleniya smerti s pomoshch'yu posmertnogo mikrobioma: sovremennyi vzglyad i podkhody k resheniyu problemy.

The aim of the review is to summarize and update the data of modern studies devoted to determining the post-mortem interval (PMI) with the use of microorganisms, as well as disclosing prospects for further study in the presented direction. Estimating the time elapsed since death based on the postmortem microbiome has great potential for accurate determination of PMI, but all methods currently used have their limitations. The dynamics of changes in microbial communities due to the influence of many external and internal factors significantly complicates the process of interpreting the results. The change of microbial communities in the human corpse has shown promising results for the assessment of PMI, but to date there is no evidence of the repeatability of such a continuity in various geographic and ecological conditions. The question of conducting new, large-scale studies, taking in all the factors that could affect the posthumous microbiome, is becoming urgent.

[History of the department of forensic medicine, named after P.A. Minakov of the medical faculty of the Pirogov Russian national research medical university]. / Istoriya kafedry sudebnoi meditsiny imeni P.A. Minakova lechebnogo fakul'teta RNIMU im. N.I. Pirogova.

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and development of the department of forensic medicine named after P.A. Minakov of the medical faculty of the Pirogov russian national research medical university for 115 years. Periodicity of the development of directions in the field of scientific research, the organization of teaching, expert and public activities of the Moscow school of forensic doctors and the invaluable contribution of the heads of the department in each of the periods are shown.

[Mathematical modeling of femoral diaphyseal fracture at an acute angle]. / Matematicheskoe modelirovanie pereloma diafiza bedrennoi kosti pod ostrym uglom.

The aim of the work is to establish the regularity of the formation femoral diaphysis fracture under an impact action on the anterior surface of the femur at an acute angle. As a result of mathematical modeling, transverse and short oblique, comminuted fractures of the femoral diaphysis were studied. Application of mathematical modeling with final element analysis made it possible to visualize and predict the stresses arising in the trace-perceiving material under the impact action of a blunt solid object. The data obtained in modeling of the mechanism and morphology of the femoral diaphysis fracture are confirmed by the results of the original full-scale experiments. Absence of experiments and practical observations of femoral fractures with the above described conditions does not enable us to fully validate the mathematical model of femoral fracture and indicates the need for scientific research on biomannequins.

[About the term «newborn¼ in forensic medicine]. / K ponyatiyu «novorozhdennyi¼ v sudebnoi meditsine.

The aim of this work is to prove necessity of using the term «newborn¼ as common both in forensic medicine and general medicine (from the moment of birth till 28th day), to show legality of using the term «signs of recent birth¼, to demonstrate the importance of understanding not only the higher border in definition of neonatal period but its initial moment that is necessary to solve some investigative questions and determine legal capacity of people and provide criminal justice defense of citizens' life and health.

[Analysis of 5-year monitoring of road traffic injuries rates in Kazan]. / Analiz 5-letnego monitoringa statisticheskikh pokazatelei dorozhno-transportnogo travmatizma v Kazani.

The objective of the study is to establish a set of possible causes and patterns that influence the frequency and severity of road traffic accidents with fatalities. The results of the 5-year monitoring analysis of fatal road traffic injuries in Kazan are presented. We analyzed 662 cases. It was established that the main risk group for fatal road accidents includes subjects aged 20-39. The risk group for drivers is 30-39 years old, passengers 20-29 years old, and pedestrians 55-64 years old. Children account for 3% of all traffic fatalities; 80% of them are under 10 years old. Most children (70%) were in the vehicle at the time of the crash, and their parents may not have been using special equipment (car seats and seat belts). We identified the most traumatic months of the year, days of the week and times of the day for drivers, passengers and pedestrians. These patterns can be used for organizational measures to prevent road accidents.

[Diagnostics of the presence of once of death and peculiarities of performance of the forensic medical examination in post-mortal facial condition]. / Diagnostika davnosti nastupleniya smerti i osobennosti provedeniya sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy pri posmertnom oledenenii trupa.

The purpose of the research is to summarize the current information about post-mortem interval (PMI) estimating and the peculiarities of the forensic medical examination in postmortem glaciation of the corpse. On the territory of most regions of the Russian Federation, the autumn-winter period passes with a significant decrease in ambient temperature, which makes this topic relevant. The article describes in detail the mechanisms of freezing of human cells and tissues, methods for diagnosing PMI, the peculiarities of the examination in postmortem glaciation, and also put forward directions for further research.

[Features of the production of situational examinations in forensic organizations of the first level]. / Osobennosti proizvodstva situatsionnykh ekspertiz v sudebno-ekspertnykh organizatsiyakh pervogo urovnya.

The purpose of the work is to study the current state of the performance of situational examinations in district and interdistrict departments of forensic medical examination (FME of the 1st level) with the formation of a unified methodological basis and the introduction of the developed integrated methodology for conducting forensic medical situational examinations in practice work of FME of the 1st level. In this study, the assessment of the current state of performance of situational examinations in FME of the 1st level was carried out on the example of the Tula Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination. At the initial stage, the actual (both absolute and relative) volumes of the performance of situational examinations in the FME of the 1st level were established, with the identification of features of their annual dynamics. The necessity of analyzing certain methodological and epidemiological aspects of the performance of situational examinations is determined.

[Mechanics and morphology of destruction of the diaphysis of long tubular bones of the lower extremities under various types of external influences by blunt solid objects]. / Mekhanika i morfologiya razrushenii diafiza dlinnykh trubchatykh kostei nizhnikh konechnostei pri raznykh vidakh vneshnikh vozdeistvii tupymi tverdymi predmetami.

The purpose of the study is to develop forensic criteria for determining the mechanisms of fractures of long tubular bones of the lower extremities subjected to dynamic (impact) and static (compression) impacts with blunt objects, in relation to road traffic injury and falling from a height. The morphological characteristics of damages to the long tubular bones of the lower extremities under shock and compression loading of the extremities of biomannequins at various structural levels were studied. Objective morphological qualitative and quantitative criteria for fractures under various types of loading are revealed based on the analysis of the morphological characteristics of a fracture and in the depth of the compact bone layer. Based on the data obtained, models for diagnosing the type of external influence were developed.

[On the need for a unified approach in assessing the muscle contraction swelling (idiomuscular tumor) in determining the time since death coming]. / O neobkhodimosti unifitsirovannogo podkhoda k otsenke valika myshechnogo sokrashcheniya (idiomuskulyarnaya opukhol') pri opredelenii vremeni nastupleniya smerti.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to study the response of muscles to mechanical irritation with the establishment of the maximum time of its occurrence within 2 to 15 hours of the post-mortem period in persons of mature, senile and elderly age with the development of an algorithm for its study. This work presents the data of a study of 345 corpses of mature, senile and elderly age with a precisely defined time of death coming within 2 to 15 hours of the post-mortem period. All studies were divided into 8 age groups. It was found that the response of muscles to mechanical irritation should be studied on all upper and lower extremities (both shoulders and both hips). A clear statistically significant difference in the height of the idiomuscular tumor depending on the time since death coming was not found in any of the studied age groups. The dependence of the muscle contraction swelling time appearance on the period of death and age of the deceased was established. Therefore, in the presence of a muscle contraction swelling the death time of adults who died at the age of 18-67 years (confidence level of at least 95%) is less than 10-12 hours and in its absence more than 10-12 hours. At the age of 68-97 years (confidence level of at least 95%), the presence of a muscle contraction swelling indicates the time of death less than 8-10 hours, and its absence more than 8-10 hours.

[Estimation of time after death by the muscle contraction swelling (idiomuscular tumor) in children and adolescents (4-17 years old)]. / Opredelenie vremeni nastupleniya smerti po valiku myshechnogo sokrashcheniya (idiomuskulyarnoi opukholi) u detei i podrostkov (4­17 let).

OBJECTIVE: Study of muscles response to mechanical irritation with the establishment of the maximum time of its occurrence for 2 to 15 hours of the postmortem period in children and adolescents who died at the age of 4 to 17 years. The the study data of 228 corpses of children and adolescents aged from 4 to 17 years with a precisely established time of death - from 2 to 15 hours are presented. Three age groups are identified: 1st - from 4 to 7 years, 2nd - from 8 to 11th and 3rd - from 12 to 17 years old. As a result of the studies it was found that the response of muscles to mechanical stress in children does not depend on gender and depends on age. The time of occurrence of a muscle contraction swelling was determined for each studied age groups. The obtained results for the first time give reliable evidence of a postmortem time limit for the appearance of a muscle contraction swelling in children of various age groups.

[Study of certain electrophysical properties of adipose tissue in the postmortem period when working with a direct current source]. / Izuchenie nekotorykh elektrofizicheskikh svoistv zhirovoi tkani v posmertnom periode pri rabote s istochnikom postoyannogo toka.

Some features of changes in the electrophysical properties of adipose tissue of animal origin in the postmortem period when working with direct-current sources are considered. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate experimentally the possibilities of registering changes in the electro-physical properties of biological tissues using a direct current source when working with a specific resistance as well as to identify the possible recorded changes in biological tissues when a reverse electromotive force and polarization phenomena occur. At the first stage the fatty subcutaneous layer of a pig was used as samples of adipose tissue which is closely similar to human adipose tissue in composition. In total, during the period of the experimental study the 340 samples of pork fat from two different animals were prepared and used with a reliably unknown slaughter age. As a constant current source in the experiment it was used a system made on the basis of a standard alkaline battery with a declared nominal voltage of 9 V supplemented with necessary radio components. The changes were recorded daily with a digital multi-meter once a day for 10 days. At the end of the experiment the parameters of the electro-physical properties of biological samples were determined using an available direct current source. It was revealed and recorded a clear dynamics of changes in electrophysical parameters associated with the duration of material storage.

[Determination of the death time in children (1-3 years old) by the muscle contraction swelling (idiomuscular tumor)]. / Opredelenie vremeni nastupleniya smerti u detei (1­3 goda) po valiku myshechnogo sokrashcheniya (idiomuskulyarnaya opukhol').

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to research the muscles response in children during three years of their life to mechanical stimulation with evaluation of the maximum time of its occurrence from 2 to 15 hours of the postmortem period. Assessment of the muscles response to mechanical stress is one of the methods for determining the time of death coming. For the deceased of mature age, there is very little scientific data on this topic and for children and adolescents there is none at all. The results of a study of 244 children corpses aged 1 to 3 years with a precisely established time of death within 2 to 15 hours of the postmortem period are presented. Two 2 age groups have been identified: 1st - from 1 to 2 years, 2nd - from 2 to 3 years. It was determined that the response of muscles to mechanical stress in children depends on age and does not depend on gender. The time of occurrence of the muscle contraction swelling for each age group was established. The results of the study are the first reliable evidence of the postmortem time limit of muscle contraction swelling onset in children of different age groups.

[A human body simulator as an input parameter of ballistic experiment]. / Imitator tela cheloveka kak vkhodnoi parametr ballisticheskogo eksperimenta.

The purpose of the work is a comparative analysis of objects used in forensic ballistics as imitators of the human body for the formation of gunshot injuries, based on literature data and the results of our own experimental studies. A classification of objects of biological and non-biological origin, used to simulate the human body during the experimental simulation of a gunshot injury, is proposed. A set of advantages and disadvantages was studied, a critical assessment of the objects of each group was given, recommendations were made on their rational use in ballistic research.