N-alkyloxycarbonyl derivatives of ethylene diamine as monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

A series of urethane type derivatives of ethylene diamine (EDA) was synthesised and tested as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. Nature of aromatic ring and a position of substituents in it were important for the inhibitory activity. Chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-EDA derivatives exhibited selective inhibition of MAO-A with 3,4-Cl2-C6H4CH2OCO-EDA being a most potent and selective MAO-A inhibitor (IC50 4 microM). Within the compounds studied, 3,4-dichloro-benzyloxycarbonyl-EDA exhibited most potent inhibition of MAO-A. This compound inhibited the activity of rat liver MAO-A non-competitively with Ki (slope) value of 3.6 microM, whereas the inhibition of rat liver MAO-B was competitive with Ki (slope) value of 56 microM (not shown). 2.4-Dichlorobenzyloxycarbonyl-EDA also inhibited rat liver MAO-A in a non-competitive manner with Ki of 14.6 microM.

[DNA-methylase activity in human cardiac muscle. Association of DNA methylase activity with actin protein fractions]. / DNK-metilaznaia aktivnost' v serdechnoi myshtse cheloveka. Assotsiatsiia DNK-metilaznoi aktivnosti s fraktsiei aktinovykh belkov.

The column isoelectrofocusing activity of the nuclear extracts of the human cardiac muscle has revealed at pH 3.5-8.2 5 peaks of DNA-methylase. When one of these peaks (II) was analyzed by the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis 6 proteins (10, 25, 35, 43, 67 and 120 kDa) were separated. 43 kDa protein had electrophoretic properties similar to actins and was able to methylate cytosine in the DNA molecules. The comparative computer analysis of the primary structure of human actins and several bacterial DNA-methylases has shown the homology of the extensive fragments of these molecules.

[Medico-biological aspects of biochemistry of amines and other nitrogen bases]. / Mediko-biologicheskie aspekty biokhimii aminov i drugikh azotistykh osnovanii.

The art-of-the-state and possible perspectives for studies of the properties of amine oxidases which are medically significant are briefly outlined. Due to the studies conducted at the Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, the authors discuss the results of studies of the following three problems: 1) modified catalytic properties of amine oxidases in experimental intoxications and abnormalities; 2) natural modulators of amine oxidases; 3) synthetic modulators of amine oxidases.

[Amine oxidases of the human placenta]. / Aminoksidazy platsenty cheloveka.

Some current advances in studies of human placenta amine oxidases monoamine oxidase (MAO), diamine oxidase (DAO) and benzyl amine oxidase are reviewed. Localization of these enzymes in placental tissue as well as distribution in subcellular fractions (mitochondria, microsomes and cytosol) are considered. Presence of multiple forms of MAO in placenta is discussed: three types of MAO A, B and B' were found in human placenta, while MAO of the B' type was not detected in other mammalian tissues. Main physicochemical and catalytic properties of human placenta amine oxidases are considered as well as some cases of alterations in properties of the amine oxidases during anomalous pregnancy are exhibited. Physiological role of MAO and DAO in human placenta as well as use of the amine oxidase test in estimation of the state of pregnancy are discussed.

[Modified radiometric method of determining amine oxidase activity]. / Modifitsirovannyi radiometricheskii metod opredeleniia aktivnosti aminoksidaz.

A modified radiometric procedure is developed for estimation of amine oxidase activity. The method avoids withdrawal of samples in order to measure the radioactivity of reaction products. The enzymatic reaction, extraction of the products and measurement of the radioactivity were carried out in the same scintillation vials. Although the experimental error was shown to be higher as compared with the conventional procedure it did not interfere in the practical use of the modified procedure up to 0.1 microCi concentration of substrate per a sample. The modified procedure exhibited high efficiency in estimation of the amine oxidase activity in soluble fraction of human placenta. The variation coefficient of the method was 5.6%.

[Multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in the growing human placenta]. / Mnozhestvennye formy monoaminoksidazy v rastushchei platsente cheloveka.

A ratio between two types of monoamine oxidase (MAO) was studied in the mitochondrial fraction of growing human placenta: MAO-A which is predominant in the tissue and the minor MAO-B. Activity of MAO-A with serotonin as a substrate was statistically distinctly lower (by 22%) in placenta within early periods of pregnancy as compared which the mature placenta during the delivery time. In the growing placenta activity of MAO-B with benzylamine as a substrate reached 365% of the MAO-B activity in the mature placenta. The ratio between MAO of the A and B types was altered during pregnancy as shown by inhibitory analysis, carried out using selective inhibitors of the MAO-A and -B types--Lilly 51641 substance and deprenyl as well as with semicarbazide as an inhibitor of benzylamine oxidase. At the early periods of pregnancy the rate of placental MAO-B oxidative deamination of benzylamine was distinctly higher as compared with that during the delivery act. At the same time, content of semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidase was increased during the delivery period. Possible biological significance of alterations in the amine oxidases ratio in the growing placenta is discussed considering the known property of the MAO-B inhibitor pargyline to cause abortion within early periods of pregnancy.

[Oxidation of p-nitrobenzylamine and p-dimethylaminomethylbenzylamine by amine oxidases from the human placenta and serum]. / Okislenie p-nitrobenzilamina i p-dimetilaminometilbenzilamina aminoksidazami platsenty i syvorotki krovi cheloveka.

Oxidation of p-nitro- and p-dimethylaminomethyl derivatives of benzylamine, catalyzed by amine oxidases from human placenta and blood serum, was studied. The amine oxidase activity was estimated by means of a spectrophotometric procedure involving measurement of aldehyde formed during the reaction after extraction with hexane. For extraction of benzaldehyde and p-nitrobenzaldehyde in the samples HCl was added up to the concentration of 0.17 M and for extraction of p-dimethylaminomethyl benzaldehyde--NaHCO3 up to the 0.5 M concentration. The reaction products were extracted with a yield of 94%, 83% and 78% respectively; molar extinction coefficients for aldehydes at the maximal absorption were equal to 13,080 (241 mn), 16,520 (258 nm), and 11,547 (248 nm), respectively. Analysis of the oxidative reactions using inhibitors Lilly 51,641, deprenyl, aminoguanidine and semicarbazide showed that monoamine oxidase of the A type (95%) and benzylamine oxidase (7%) catalyzed oxidation of 0.1 mM p-nitrobenzylamine in mitochondria and microsomes but oxidation of the substrate at 1 mM concentration was catalyzed by monoamine oxidase of the B type (20% in mitochondria and 35% in microsomes). In the soluble fraction oxidation of p-nitrobenzylamine was catalyzed mainly by diamine oxidase (55%); monoamine oxidase of the A type catalyzed oxidation of 30% of the amine, benzylamine oxidase-15%. The molecular activity of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase of the A type with p-nitrobenzylamine as a substrate was equal to 61 nmol of the product per 1 mole of the enzyme per 1 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Comparative characteristics of membrane bound and cytoplasmic monoamine oxidases in human placenta]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika membranno-sviazannykh i tsitoplazmaticheskoi monoaminoksidaz platsenty cheloveka.

Catalytic and physico-chemical properties of human placental monoamine oxidases (MAO) were studied. Both forms of the enzyme, membrane-bound and soluble, exhibited similar properties: optimal activity at pH8.3, equal rate of inhibition with selective MAO inhibitors, identical substrate specificity (the best substrate--serotonin). Some specific differences were found only for cytoplasmic (soluble) MAO: lower affinity for substrates as compared with membrane-bound enzymes, reversible interaction with an inhibitor Lilly 51641 even after long-term preincubation, whereas the mitochondrial MAO bound Lilly 51641 irreversibly. The property of cytoplasmic MAO to form aggregates during storage and/or in gel filtration and concentration did not affect the main catalytic properties of soluble enzyme. Analysis of isoenzyme spectra of membrane-bound and cytoplasmic MAO by means of selective inhibitors and electrophoresis showed that MAO of the two types--A and B were detected in all the subcellular fractions studied. Subunits of MAO of the A type had molecular masses 62, 61 and 61 kDa and of MAO of the B type--51, 55 and 55 kDa in mitochondria, microsomes and cytosol, respectively.

[Natural modulators of the function of the amine oxidase system in the body]. / O prirodnykh moduliatorakh funktsii sistemy aminoksidaz v organizme.

In cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from patients with chronic alcoholism natural modulators of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, containing in human mitochondrial and microsomal fractions or in rat brain mitochondria, have been found. These modulators, which were previously unknown, did not affect the activity of partially purified diamine oxidase from human placenta with 14C-putrescine as a substrate. The MAO modulators from CSF were thermostable (during 3 min at 100 degrees), penetrated through dialysing membrane thus differing from high molecular modulators of MAO previously described. In the system containing membrane bound MAO from human placenta, where the MAO-A is predominating, the modulators studied mostly inhibited deamination of 14C-serotonin. However, in the system containing membrane bound MAO from rat brain with prevalence of the MAO-B, the modulators from human CSF caused either inhibition or stimulation of oxidative deamination of 14C-serotonin or 14C-beta-phenylethylamine used as substrates. The modulators studied were not similar to tribulin (isatin) or quinolinic acid in their effects on catalytic properties of the amine oxidases investigated.

[Decrease of placental amine oxidase activities in premature birth]. / Snizhenie aktivnostei platsentarnykh aminoksidaz pri prezhdevremennykh rodakh.

48 women with normal (38-40 weeks) and premature (38-37 weeks) labor were examined. The rate of deamination of serotonin, tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine and histamine in samples containing extracts of the control group placenta averaged 0.86; 0.62; 0.18; 0.145; 0.63; 0.12 (nmoles NH3 per I mg of protein within I min), respectively. In the placental extracts obtained after the premature labor the rate of deamination of the substrates studied was decreased and constituted 0.4; 0.23; 0.108; 0.105; 0.29 and 0.084 nmoles NH3, respectively. The decrease in the rate of deamination of the amines studied, exhibiting high biological activity, appears to be responsible for premature labor. In the control group a correlation was found between the rates of serotonin and tyramine deamination as well as of putrescine and cadaverine deamination. The rates of deamination of mono- and diamines did not correlate. Deamination of beta-phenylethylamine and histamine did not depend also on deamination of other substrates studied. The data obtained demonstrate the presence in placenta of at least two forms of the enzymes, deaminating monoamines (one form for serotonin and tyramine and the other form for beta-phenylethylamine) as well as two forms of diamine oxidase - one form deaminating cadaverine and putrescine and the second form - histamine.

[Purification and some physico-chemical properties of myocardial adenylate deaminase]. / Ochistka i nekotorye fiziko-khimicheskie svoistva Adenilatdezaminazy miokarda.

A procedure for isolation of adenylate deaminase from duck heart muscle has been developed. The method includes extraction of enzyme, chromatography on cellulose phosphate, fractionation by ammonium sulfate, chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme was purified approximately 4000-fold with a yield of 25%. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed that the enzyme contains no proteins other than adenylate deaminase. The enzyme has a UV absorption spectrum typical for proteins which contain no nucleic acid impurities. Using sievorptive chromatography, it was shown that the myocardial extract contains two adenylate deaminase forms, which are tetramers with mol. weights of 190 000 and 240 000. The molecular weights of the subunits are 47 000 and 63 000, respectively. In the oligomeric form the enzyme is only detected at high enzyme concentrations and in the presence of large amounts of substrate.

[Subcellular localization, inhibiting specificity and catalytic properties of several aminooxidases from the human placenta]. / Subkletochnaia lokalizatsiia, ingibitornaia spetsifichnost' i kataliticheskie svoistva razlichnykh aminoksidaz platsenty cheloveka.

Human placenta was shown to contain practically all known types of aminooxidase, i.e., Membrane-bound and soluble monoamine oxidases A that predominantly oxidize serotonin (Km approximately 0.05 and 0.2 mM) and tyramine (Km approximately 0.03 and 0.085 mM), partly oxidize phenylethylamine (Km approximately 0.013 and 0.1 mM) and slightly oxidize benzylamine; Monoamine oxidase B and its intermediate form, B', with equal sensitivity towards the inhibitors, Lilly 51641 and deprenyl. The main substrates for these enzymes are phenylethylamine (Km = 0.011 mM for the membrane-bound and 0.019 mM for the soluble enzymes); Membrane-bound and soluble benzylamine oxidases that are stable to MAO inhibitors but are highly labile towards semicarbazide and aminoguanidine and that predominantly oxidize benzylamine. The Km value for the soluble enzyme is 0.19 mM, its specific activity is 0.058 nmol aldehyde/min/mg protein, which markedly exceeds that for serum benzylamine oxidase (i.e., 0.014 nmol/min/mg) and thus excludes its serum origin; Diamine oxidase that oxidizes putrescine (Km = 0.025 mM), histamine and cadaverine and only slightly oxidizes benzylamine. One characteristic feature of the placenta is the presence of soluble MAO as well as MAO incorporated into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (microsomes). In all probability, these enzymes are precursors of the mitochondrial enzyme. The concentration of MAO A in the mitochondria is approximately 1.3%, that in microsomes--approximately 1%, kcat = 270 and 320 min-1, respectively.

[Allosteric modification of adenylate deaminase activity: appearance of adenosine deaminase activity as an effect of potassium ions]. / Allostericheskaia modifikatsiia aktivnosti adenilatdezaminazy: vozniknovenie adenozindezaminaznoi aktivnosti pod deistviem ionov kaliia.

The activation of purified adenylate deaminase from the duck myocardium by K+ is accompanied by modification of the substrate specificity and by the appearance of the capacity to deaminate adenosine and adenine. Adenosine deaminase activity originates at the concentration of K+ of 0.15 M that possesses the most stimulating effect on adenylate deaminase activity; with the increase of potassium ions concentration adenosine deaminating activity is enhanced as well, with a parallel reduction of Hill's constant. The PH-dependence, mode of inhibition by phosphate ions and the effect of alkaline metals suggests that adenosine deamination is carried out by natural adenylate deaminase active centres when their conformation is changed under the activator action.

[Unusual inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity induced by clorgyline]. / Neobychnoe ingibirovanie aktivnosti monoaminoksidazy, indutsiruemoe khlorgillinom.

The phenomenology of inhibition of FAD-containing type A monoamine oxidase by clorgyline solutions containing negligibly small amounts of clorgyline that are insufficient for stoichiometric covalent blocking of a perceptible amount of the coenzyme was studied. The nature of this phenomenon consists in the fact that at monoamine oxidase concentrations of about 10(-8) M, more than 50% of the enzyme activity in inhibited by clorgyline (less than or equal to 10(-10) M), although is accordance with a well-defined mechanism after monoamine oxidase-catalyzed tautomerization clorgyline presumably interacts with FAD at a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. This effect termed as secondary inhibition seems to be induced not by clorgyline proper, not by changes in the solvent induced by this compound. In other words, clorgyline may initiate the synthesis of a new hypothetical inhibitor (IIC) in aqueous media which causes a reversible inhibition of the same specific inhibitory site of the enzyme. This site is responsible for the initial binding of acetylene inhibitors and catalyzes the formation of their allenic derivatives.

[Interaction of placental diamine oxidase with carboxyl-substituted lysine]. / Vzaimodeistvie platsentarnoi diaminoksidazy s karboksilzameshchennym lizinom.

The interaction between diamine oxidase (DAO) of human placenta and carboxyl-substituted lysines, including N-terminal lysine containing peptides, occurs at rather a high rate and is characterized by the following features. First, the enzyme catalyzes the oxidative deamination of one amino group in the N-terminal lysine at a rate which is inversely proportional to the peptide length. Second, the bound derivatives induce a noncompetitive reversible inhibition of DAO which is enhanced during their coincubation. The inhibiting capacity of this compound is directly proportional to the peptide length; therefore, the tripeptides with the N-terminal lysine can be effective inhibitors that are not practically deaminated in the presence of DAO. Third, the binding of carboxyl-substituted lysines to DAO as well as the inhibition reaction are reversible processes and, with some limitations, can be used for enzyme purification. An analysis of the total activity of DAO in the placenta before and after fractionation of tissue extracts on molecular sieves showed that part of the enzyme is in a blocked state in vivo which does not exclude the possibility that N-terminal lysine containing peptides are related to natural DAO inhibitors.

[The action of befol and its derivatives on monoamine oxidase of different origins]. / Deistvie befola i ego proizvodnykh na monoaminoksidazu razlichnogo proiskhozhdeniia.

The effect on deamination of serotonine, dopamine, tiramine and 2-phenylamine of benzamide derivatives befol, moclobemide and LIS-641 was studied. Befol and moclobemide are inhibitors of serotonine deaminating activity of MAO. The different sensitivity of this activity to the effect of the benzamide derivatives in beef or rat brain and human placenta was noted. The inhibition was more distinct in tissue homogenate than in corresponding mitochondrial fractions.

Influence of ethanol administration on the activity and compartmentation of rat liver monoamine oxidases.

Single-dose ethanol administration to rats caused inhibition of liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B, and an increase in susceptibility of MAO A (but not MAO B) to limited proteolysis. Chronic ethanol feeding resulted in a less distinct alteration in catalytic activity and susceptibility to proteolysis of mitochondrial MAO, but increased the amount of soluble MAO. The sensitivity of membrane-bound MAO to inhibitors (imipramine and chlorpromazine), action of which depends on their lipophilicity and/or hydrophobicity, remained unchanged, compared with controls. Increased amounts of soluble MAO seen after chronic ethanol feeding probably reflect an impairment of insertion of newly synthesized enzyme molecules into the outer mitochondrial membrane, rather than solubilization of MAO from it.

Interaction of indole derivatives with monoamine oxidase A and B. Studies on the structure-inhibitory activity relationship.

Indole and isatin (2,3-dioxindole) analogues were studied as inhibitors of MAO-A and B. They exhibited reversible and competitive MAO inhibition. Three dimensional structures of the compounds tested were constructed and minimized using PC-based molecular graphic software. The QSAR analysis revealed the requirement of co-planar structure of substituents at C2 and C3 of indole ring for selective MAO-A inhibition, whilst type of bond was less essential. The presence of hydroxy group at C5 of isatin increased selectivity of MAO-A inhibition, however simultaneous insertion of substituents into both positions of indole ring (5-hydroxy-2-phenylindole) led to a decrease of MAO-A inhibition. The planar molecules demonstrating potent MAO-A inhibition have the average sizes 7 A in length and 6 A in width. The MAO B inhibition also depended on the sizes of planar molecules however distribution of electron density in the molecules was another precondition for the selective inhibition of the enzyme.

Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by pirlindole analogues: 3D-QSAR and CoMFA analysis.

A series of pyrazinocarbazoles, analogues of short acting antidepressant pirlindole (2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-8-methyl-1H-pyrazino[3,2,1-j,k]carbazole hydrochloride), were tested as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and B (MAO-B). Rigid analogues exhibited potent and selective inhibition of MAO-A and have size limits (X:Y:Z) of 13.0 x 7.0 x 4.4 A. Besides MAO-A inhibition flexible analogues also demonstrated potent inhibition of MAO-B and in contrast to rigid analogues their inhibitory activity did not show the dependence on these sizes. The qualitative information (steric and electrostatic coefficients) from the 3D-QSAR with CoMFA models for MAO-A and -B are different, and this information can be used to determine the structural features influencing inhibitor selectivity.