Effect of vardenafil on nitric oxide synthase expression in the paraventricular nucleus of rats without sexual stimulation.

Vardenafil hydrochloride (HCl) is a potent and selective phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor that enhances nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation of human corpus cavernosum and NO-induced rabbit penile erection, and enhances erectile function in patients. In the present study, the effect of vardenafil on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and neuronal NOS expressions in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats without sexual stimulation was investigated using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and neuronal NOS (nNOS) immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. The present results showed that NOS and nNOS expression in the PVN was increased by vardenafil treatment as the dose- and duration-dependently without sexual stimulation. The phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, vardenafil, augmented NOS expression in the brain without sexual stimulation. The present study suggests that sexual behaviour can be directly modulated by neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide.

[Various theoretical questions concerning the pathogenesis of endogenous psychoses as related to population patterns]. / O nekotorykh teoreticheskikh voprosakh patogeneza éndogennykh psikhozov v sviazi s populiatsionnym zakonomernostiami.

Two types of exponential and clinico-statistical correlations which determine the time-course of endogenic psychoses have been analyzed. On the basis of this analysis the author proposes a new probability theory explaining these correlations by the presence in endogenic psychoses of protective stabilizing (rather than pathologic) processes.

[Relationship between perception of facial expression by schizophrenic patients and disorders in their assessment of probability]. / Ob osobennostiakh vospriiatiia mimiki bol'nymi shizofreniei v sviazi s narusheniem u nikh veroiatnostnykh otsenok

The author proposes a method of studying some traits of mimic perception where an oral report is avoided. The essence of the method is in a distribution by the examine of a series of photographs of the same face into such groups so as to have similar facial expressions. The experiments demonstrated that such distributions are mainly performed on a direct intuitive level. The examinee is given several series of photographs of different faces. In an evaluation of the results the probability of different combinations attained in a group of normals are being considered. The author compared a group of schizophrenic patients (60 cases) and a group of normals (100 cases). The patients significantly more frequently (p less than 0.001) give combinations of photographs with a low probability 0.01-0.05. The preliminary data indicate that this trait correlates with the severity of the clinical picture. Among the normals 7% of the examined individuals gave a stable high amount of answers with a low probability. This group of individuals detected characterological peculiarities reflected in the questionnaire. It may be assumed that this trait in the evaluation of mimics is due to a constitutional and morbid process.

[Several features of facial expression and its perception in schizophrenic patients and the problem of emotional reference]. / O nekotorykh osobennostiakh mimiki i ee vospriiatiia u bol'nykh shizofreniei v sviazi s problemoi émotsional'nykh otnoshenii

The author discusses some general problems of emotions and expression. It is admitted, in particular, that a consideration of expression as a paralanguage may lead (similar to correlation of language and thinking) to a conception of mutually conditioned emotions and expression. It is assumed that a differentiated concept of emotional structure including besides emotional reactions and states, emotional relations may afford a better understanding of expressional pathology. The emotional relations as an expressional phenomena is specially stressed. In preliminary experiments based on scaled evaluation of mimics it was possible to distinguish by experts the mimics of normals and schizophrenic patients. The latter had a significant increase in the maximally positive and negative marks.