Acupuncture inhibition of methamphetamine-induced behaviors, dopamine release and hyperthermia in the nucleus accumbens: mediation of group II mGluR.

Methamphetamine (METH) increases metabolic neuronal activity in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system and mediates the reinforcing effect. To explore the underlying mechanism of acupuncture intervention in reducing METH-induced behaviors, we investigated the effect of acupuncture on locomotor activity, ultrasonic vocalizations, extracellular DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcs) using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and alterations of brain temperature (an indicator of local brain metabolic activity) produced by METH administration. When acupuncture was applied to HT7, but not TE4, both locomotor activity and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations were suppressed in METH-treated rats. Acupuncture at HT7 attenuated the enhancement of electrically stimulated DA release in the NAc of METH-treated rats. Systemic injection of METH produced a sustained increase in NAc temperature, which was reversed by the DA D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 or acupuncture at HT7. Acupuncture inhibition of METH-induced NAc temperature was prevented by pre-treatment with a group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) antagonist EGLU into the NAc or mimicked by injection of an mGluR2/3 agonist DCG-IV into the NAc. These results suggest that acupuncture reduces extracellular DA release and metabolic neuronal activity in the NAc through activation of mGluR2/3 and suppresses METH-induced affective states and locomotor behavior.

Effect of acupuncture on Lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety-like behavioral changes: involvement of serotonin system in dorsal Raphe nucleus.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture has been used as a common therapeutic tool in many disorders including anxiety and depression. Serotonin transporter (SERT) plays an important role in the pathology of anxiety and other mood disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acupuncture on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anxiety-like behaviors and SERT in the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN). METHODS: Rats were given acupuncture at ST41 (Jiexi), LI11 (Quchi) or SI3 (Houxi) acupoint in LPS-treated rats. Anxiety-like behaviors of elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT) were measured and expressions of SERT and/or c-Fos were also examined in the DRN using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The results showed that 1) acupuncture at ST41 acupoint, but neither LI11 nor SI3, significantly attenuated LPS-induced anxiety-like behaviors in EPM and OFT, 2) acupuncture at ST41 decreased SERT expression increased by LPS in the DRN. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that acupuncture can ameliorate anxiety-like behaviors, possibly through regulation of SERT in the DRN.

Anti-cancer activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AK-0 through cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation via GSK3ß-dependent phosphorylation of threonine-286.

Microorganisms have been regarded as important sources of novel bioactive natural products. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer activity and the potential mechanism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AK-0 newly isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Korean ginseng. The ethyl acetate fraction from the culture medium of B. amyloliquefaciens AK-0 (EA-AK0) inhibited markedly the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells such as HCT116, SW480, LoVo and HT-29. EA-AK0 effectively decreased cyclin D1 protein level in human colorectal cancer cells, while cyclin D1 mRNA level was not changed by EA-AK0 treatment. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation by MG132 blocked EA-AK0-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation and the half-life of cyclin D1 was decreased in the cells treated with MRB. In addition, EA-AK0 increased threonine-286 (T286) phosphorylation of cyclin D1, and a point mutation of T286 to alanine attenuated cyclin D1 degradation by EA-AK0. Inhibition of GSK3ß by LiCl suppressed cyclin D1 phosphorylation and downregulation by EA-AKO. From these results, EA-AK0 may suppress the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells by inducing cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation through GSK3ß-dependent T286 phosphorylation. These results indicate that EA-AK0 could be used for treating colorectal cancer and serve as a potential candidate for anticancer drug development. In addition, these findings will be helpful for expanding the knowledge on the molecular anti-cancer mechanisms of EA-AK0.

Effect of the fragrance inhalation of essential oil from Asarum heterotropoides on depression-like behaviors in mice.

BACKGROUND: Psychological stressors may cause affective disorders, such as depression and anxiety, by altering expressions of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), serotonin (5-HT), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the brain. This study investigated the effects of essential oil from Asarum heterotropoides (EOAH) on depression-like behaviors and brain expressions of CRF, 5-HT, and TH in mice challenged with stress. METHODS: Male ICR mice received fragrance inhalation of EOAH (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g) for 3 h in the special cage capped with a filter paper before start of the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The duration of immobility was measured for the determination of depression-like behavior in the FST and TST. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine as positive control was administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg (i.p.) 30 min before start of behavioral testing. Immunoreactivities of CRF, 5-HT, and TH in the brain were also measured using separate groups of mice subjected to the FST. RESULTS: EOAH at higher doses (1.0 and 2.0 g) reduced immobility time in the FST and TST. In addition, EOAH at a dose of 1.0 g significantly reduced the expected increases in the expression of CRF positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and the expression of TH positive neurons in the locus coeruleus, and the expected decreases of the 5-HT positive neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. CONCLUSION: These results provide strong evidence that EOAH effectively inhibits depression-like behavioral responses, brain CRF and TH expression increases, and brain 5-HT expression decreases in mice challenged with stress.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity of mulberry (Morus alba L.) root bark.

BACKGROUND: Root bark of mulberry (Morus alba L.) has been used in herbal medicine as anti-phlogistic, liver protective, kidney protective, hypotensive, diuretic, anti-cough and analgesic agent. However, the anti-cancer activity and the potential anti-cancer mechanisms of mulberry root bark have not been elucidated. We performed in vitro study to investigate whether mulberry root bark extract (MRBE) shows anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. METHODS: In anti-inflammatory activity, NO was measured using the griess method. iNOS and proteins regulating NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling were analyzed by Western blot. In anti-cancer activity, cell growth was measured by MTT assay. Cleaved PARP, ATF3 and cyclin D1 were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: In anti-inflammatory effect, MRBE blocked NO production via suppressing iNOS over-expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, MRBE inhibited NF-κB activation through p65 nuclear translocation via blocking IκB-α degradation and ERK1/2 activation via its hyper-phosphorylation. In anti-cancer activity, MRBE deos-dependently induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells, SW480. MRBE treatment to SW480 cells activated ATF3 expression and down-regulated cyclin D1 level. We also observed that MRBE-induced ATF3 expression was dependent on ROS and GSK3ß. Moreover, MRBE-induced cyclin D1 down-regulation was mediated from cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation, which was dependent on ROS. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that mulberry root bark exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity.

The induction of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) contributes to anti-cancer activity of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai in human colorectal cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Recently, Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai (A. distichum) has been reported to exert the inhibitory effect on angiotensin converting enzyme. However, no specific pharmacological effects from A. distichum have been described. We performed in vitro study to evaluate anti-cancer properties of A. distichum and then elucidate the potential mechanisms. METHODS: Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. ATF3 expression level was evaluated by Western blot or RT-PCR and ATF3 transcriptional activity was determined using a dual-luciferase assay kit after the transfection of ATF3 promoter constructs. In addition, ATF3-dependent apoptosis was evaluated by Western blot after ATF3 knockdown using ATF3 siRNA. RESULTS: Exposure of ethyl acetate fraction from the parts of A. distichum including flower, leaf and branch to human colorectal cancer cells, breast cancer cells and hepatocellular carcinoma reduced the cell viability. The branch extracts from A. distichum (EAFAD-B) increased the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and promoter activity, indicating transcriptional activation of ATF3 gene by EAFAD-B. In addition, our data showed that EAFAD-B-responsible sites might be between -147 and -85 region of the ATF3 promoter. EAFAD-B-induced ATF3 promoter activity was significantly decreased when the CREB site was deleted. However, the deletion of Ftz sites did not affect ATF3 promoter activity by EAFAD-B. We also observed that inhibition of p38MAPK and GSK3ß attenuated EAFAD-B-mediated ATF3 promoter activation. Also, EAFAD-B contributes at least in part to increase of ATF3 accumulation. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the anti-cancer activity of EAFAD-B may be a result of ATF3 promoter activation and subsequent increase of ATF3 expression.

Quinoline derivative KB3-1 potentiates paclitaxel induced cytotoxicity and cycle arrest via multidrug resistance reversal in MES-SA/DX5 cancer cells.

AIMS: The resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a major problem for successful cancer treatment. Multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype is characterized by over-expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the cancer cell plasma membrane that extrudes drugs out of the cells. Therefore, novel MDR reversal agents are desirable for combination therapy to reduce MDR and enhance anti-tumor activity. Thus, the present study was aimed to evaluate the potent efficacy of novel quinoline derivative KB3-1 as a potent MDR-reversing agent for combined therapy with TAX. MAIN METHODS: MDR reversing effect and TAX combined therapy were examined by Rhodamine accumulation and efflux assay and Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blotting, TUNEL assay, and cell cycle analysis. KEY FINDINGS: The discovery of quinoline-3-carboxylic acid [4-(2-[benzyl-3[-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-propionyl]-amino]-ethyl)-phenyl]-amide (KB3-1) as a novel MDR-reversal agent. KB3-1 significantly enhanced the accumulation and retention of a P-gp substrate, rhodamine-123 in the P-gp-expressing MES-SA/DX5 uterine sarcoma cells but not in the P-gp-negative MES-SA cells at non-toxic concentrations of 1 microM and 3 microM. Similarly, fluorescence microscopy observation revealed that KB3-1 reduced the effluxed rhodamine-123 expression on the membrane of MES-SA/DX5 cells. Consistent with decreased P-gp pumping activity, confocal microscopic observation revealed that KB3-1 effectively diminished the expression of P-gp in paclitaxel (TAX)-treated MES-SA/DX-5 cells. Furthermore, Western blotting confirmed that KB3-1 reduced P-gp expression and enhanced cytochrome C release and Bax expression in TAX treated MES-SA/DX-5 cells. In addition, KB3-1 enhanced TAX-induced apoptotic bodies in MES-SA/DX5 cells by TdT-mediated-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining assay aswell as potentiated TAX- induced cytotoxicity, G2/M phase arrest and sub-G1 apoptosis in MES-SA/DX5 cells but not in MES-SA cells. Interestingly, KB3-1 at 3 microM had comparable MDR-reversal activity to 10 microM verapamil, a well-known MDR- reversal agent. SIGNIFICANCE: KB3-1 can be a MDR-reversal drug candidate for combination chemotherapy with TAX.

Vitex rotundifolia Fruit Extract Induces Apoptosis Through the Downregulation of ATF3-Mediated Bcl-2 Expression in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Fruit from Vitex rotundifolia L. (VF) has been reported to initiate apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Since various regulatory factors are involved in the apoptotic pathway, further study of the potential mechanisms of VF associated with the induction of apoptosis may be important despite the fact that the molecular target of VF for apoptosis has already been elucidated. In this study, we showed a new potential mechanism for the relationship between VF-mediated ATF3 expression and apoptosis to better understand the apoptotic mechanism of VF in human colorectal cancer cells. VF reduced the cell viability and induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. VF treatment increased both the protein and mRNA level of ATF3 and upregulated ATF3 promoter activity. The cis-element responsible for ATF3 transcriptional activation by VF was CREB which is located between [Formula: see text]147 to [Formula: see text]85 of ATF3 promoter. Inhibitions of ERK1/2, p38, JNK and GSK3[Formula: see text] blocked VF-mediated ATF3 expression. ATF3 knockdown by ATF3 siRNA attenuated the cleavage of PARP by VF, while ATF3 overexpression increased VF-mediated cleaved PARP. ATF3 knockdown also attenuated VF-mediated cell viability and cell death. In addition, VF downregulated Bcl-2 expression at both protein and mRNA level. ATF3 knockdown by ATF3 siRNA blocked VF-mediated downregulation of Bcl-2. In conclusion, VF may activate ATF3 expression through transcriptional regulation and subsequently suppress Bcl-2 expression as an anti-apoptotic protein, which may result in the induction of apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells.

Tanshinone I induces cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation in an ERK1/2 dependent way in human colorectal cancer cells.

Tanshinone I (TAN I) as one of the naturally occurring diterpenes from Salvia miltiorrhizae Bunge (Danshen) has been reported to exhibit an anti-cancer activity. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Thus, we performed in vitro study to elucidate the biological mechanism by which TAN I may induce the inhibition of cell growth in human colorectal cancer cells. The treatment of TAN I suppressed the cell proliferation in HCT116 and SW480 cells and decreased the level of cyclin D1 protein. However, the mRNA level of cyclin D1 did not changed by TAN I treatment. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation by MG132 blocked TAN I-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation and the half-life of cyclin D1 was decreased in the cells treated with TAN I. In addition, phosphorylation of cyclin D1 at threonine-286 was increased by TAN I and a point mutation of threonine-286 to alanine attenuated TAN I-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation. Inhibition of ERK1/2 suppressed cyclin D1 phosphorylation and subsequent downregulation by TAN I. From these results, we suggest that TAN I-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation may result from proteasomal degradation through its ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of threonine-286. In conclusion, the current study provides new mechanistic link between TAN I, cyclin D1 downregulation and cell growth in human colorectal cancer cells.

Silymarin induces cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation via its phosphorylation of threonine-286 in human colorectal cancer cells.

Silymarin from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) plant has been reported to show anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. For anti-cancer activity, silymarin is known to regulate cell cycle progression through cyclin D1 downregulation. However, the mechanism of silymarin-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation still remains unanswered. The current study was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of cyclin D1 downregulation by silymarin in human colorectal cancer cells. The treatment of silymarin suppressed the cell proliferation in HCT116 and SW480 cells and decreased cellular accumulation of exogenously-induced cyclin D1 protein. However, silymarin did not change the level of cyclin D1 mRNA. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation by MG132 attenuated silymarin-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation and the half-life of cyclin D1 was decreased in the cells treated with silymarin. In addition, silymarin increased phosphorylation of cyclin D1 at threonine-286 and a point mutation of threonine-286 to alanine attenuated silymarin-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation. Inhibition of NF-κB by a selective inhibitor, BAY 11-7082 suppressed cyclin D1 phosphorylation and downregulation by silymarin. From these results, we suggest that silymarin-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation may result from proteasomal degradation through its threonine-286 phosphorylation via NF-κB activation. The current study provides new mechanistic link between silymarin, cyclin D1 downregulation and cell growth in human colorectal cancer cells.

Anti-Proliferative Effect of Naringenin through p38-Dependent Downregulation of Cyclin D1 in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Naringenin (NAR) as one of the flavonoids observed in grapefruit has been reported to exhibit an anti-cancer activity. However, more detailed mechanism by which NAR exerts anti-cancer properties still remains unanswered. Thus, in this study, we have shown that NAR down-regulates the level of cyclin D1 in human colorectal cancer cell lines, HCT116 and SW480. NAR inhibited the cell proliferation in HCT116 and SW480 cells and decreased the level of cyclin D1 protein. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation by MG132 blocked NAR-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation and the half-life of cyclin D1 was decreased in the cells treated with NAR. In addition, NAR increased the phosphorylation of cyclin D1 at threonine-286 and a point mutation of threonine-286 to alanine blocked cyclin D1 downregulation by NAR. p38 inactivation attenuated cyclin D1 downregulation by NAR. From these results, we suggest that NAR-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation may result from proteasomal degradation through p38 activation. The current study provides new mechanistic link between NAR, cyclin D1 downregulation and cell growth in human colorectal cancer cells.

Inhibition of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling mediates ursolic acid-induced apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, is known to exert antitumor activity in breast, lung, liver and colon cancers. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanism of ursolic acid in prostate cancer cells still remains unclear. To investigate the antitumor mechanism, the apoptotic mechanism of ursolic acid via Wnt/ß-catenin signaling was examined in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. METHODS: Cytotoxicity assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence assay and western blotting were performed. RESULTS: Ursolic acid showed cytotoxicity against PC-3, LNCaP and DU145 prostate cancer cells with IC50 of 35 µM, 47 µM and 80 µM, respectively. Also, ursolic acid significantly increased the number of ethidium homodimer stained cells and apoptotic bodies, and dose-dependently enhanced the sub-G1 apoptotic accumulation in PC-3 cells. Consistently, western blotting revealed that ursolic acid effectively cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), activated caspase-9 and -3, suppressed the expression of survival proteins such as Bcl-XL, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, and upregulated the expression of Bax in PC-3 cells. Interestingly, ursolic acid suppressed the expression of Wnt5α/ß and ß-catenin, and enhanced the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 ß (GSK3ß). Furthermore, the GSK3ß inhibitor SB216763 or Wnt3a-conditioned medium (Wnt3a-CM) reversed the cleavages of caspase-3 and PARP induced by ursolic acid in PC-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that ursolic acid induces apoptosis via inhibition of the Wnt5/ß-catenin pathway and activation of caspase in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. These results support scientific evidence that medicinal plants containing ursolic acid can be applied to cancer prevention and treatment as a complement and alternative medicine (CAM) agent.

Effects of saikosaponin A on cocaine self-administration in rats.

We have previously demonstrated that saikosaponin A (SSA) attenuated morphine self-administration behavior. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of SSA on cocaine-maintained responding using self-administration procedure. Rats self-administered cocaine (0.25mg/kg per infusion) under a fixed ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement during daily 3-h session. Once stable basal responses were obtained, rats were pretreated with each doses of SSA (1.0, 2.5, 5.0mg/kg) or its vehicle (5% Tween-80) by an intraperitoneal injection 30min before the start of self-administration testing. Additionally, different groups of rats received either the selective GABAB antagonist SCH 50911 or the GABAA antagonist bicuculline before systemic administration of SSA at dose of 2.5mg/kg. Results showed that SSA significantly reduced cocaine self-administration without affecting food consumption. SSA inhibition of cocaine reinforced-responding was blocked by SCH 50911, but not bicuculline. Results suggest that SSA may attenuate cocaine-reinforced behavior through activation of GABAB receptors.

Arctigenin induces cell cycle arrest by blocking the phosphorylation of Rb via the modulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins in human gastric cancer cells.

Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, worldwide being second only to lung cancer as a cause of death. Arctigenin, a representative dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, occurs in a variety of plants. However, the molecular mechanisms of arctigenin for anti-tumor effect on gastric cancer have not been examined. This study examined the biological effects of arctigenin on the human gastric cancer cell line SNU-1 and AGS. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. In MTT assay, the proliferation of SNU-1 and AGS cells was significantly inhibited by arctigenin in a time and dose dependent manner, as compared with SNU-1 and AGS cells cultured in the absence of arctigenin. Inhibition of cell proliferation by arctigenin was in part associated with apoptotic cell death, as shown by changes in the expression ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax by arctigenin. Also, arctigenin blocked cell cycle arrest from G(1) to S phase by regulating the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins such as Rb, cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK4, CDK2, p21Waf1/Cip1 and p15 INK4b. The antiproliferative effect of arctigenin on SNU-1 and AGS gastric cancer cells revealed in this study suggests that arctigenin has intriguing potential as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent.

Anti-inflammatory effect of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol via the suppression of NF-κB and MAPK activation, and acetylation of histone H3.

Although inflammation acts as host defense mechanism against infection or injury and is primarily a self limiting process, inadequate resolution of inflammatory responses leads to various chronic disorders. This work aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (2M4VP) isolated from pine needles in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Some key pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PGE(2)), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were studied by sandwich ELISA and western blot. In addition, suppression of NF-κB and MAPK activation, and histone acetylation was studied by western blot analysis and immunostaining. 2M4VP dosedependently inhibited NO and PGE(2) production and also blocked LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression. In addition, 2M4VP potently inhibited the translocation of NF-κB p65 into the nucleus by IκB degradation following IκB-α phosphorylation and the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as p38, ERK1/2, and JNK. Also, 2M4VP inhibited hyper-acetylation of histone H3 (Lys9/Lys14) induced by LPS. Taken together, our results suggest that 2M4VP, a naturally occurring phenolic compound, exert potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting LPS-induced NO, PGE(2), iNOS, and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells. These effects are mediated by suppression of NF-κB and MAPK activation and histone acetylation.