Assessment of Prostate and Bladder Cancer Genomic Biomarkers Using Artificial Intelligence: a Systematic Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of the systematic review is to assess AI's capabilities in the genetics of prostate cancer (PCa) and bladder cancer (BCa) to evaluate target groups for such analysis as well as to assess its prospects in daily practice. RECENT FINDINGS: In total, our analysis included 27 articles: 10 articles have reported on PCa and 17 on BCa, respectively. The AI algorithms added clinical value and demonstrated promising results in several fields, including cancer detection, assessment of cancer development risk, risk stratification in terms of survival and relapse, and prediction of response to a specific therapy. Besides clinical applications, genetic analysis aided by the AI shed light on the basic urologic cancer biology. We believe, our results of the AI application to the analysis of PCa, BCa data sets will help to identify new targets for urological cancer therapy. The integration of AI in genomic research for screening and clinical applications will evolve with time to help personalizing chemotherapy, prediction of survival and relapse, aid treatment strategies such as reducing frequency of diagnostic cystoscopies, and clinical decision support, e.g., by predicting immunotherapy response. These factors will ultimately lead to personalized and precision medicine thereby improving patient outcomes.

Bacterial cellulose films for L-asparaginase delivery to melanoma cells.

L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia and is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is also toxic to the cells of some solid tumors, including melanoma cells. Immobilization of this enzyme can improve its activity against melanoma tumor cells. In this work, the properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) and feasibility of BC films as a new carrier for immobilized L-ASNase were investigated. Different values of growth time were used to obtain BC films with different thicknesses and porosities, which determine the water content and the ability to adsorb and release L-ASNase. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the adsorption of the enzyme on the BC films. The total activity of adsorbed L-ASNase and its release were investigated for films grown for 48, 72 or 96 h. BC films grown for 96 h showed the most pronounced release as described by zero-order and Korsmayer-Peppas models. The release was characterized by controlled diffusion where the drug was released at a constant rate. BC films with immobilized L-ASNase could induce cytotoxicity in A875 human melanoma cells. With further development, immobilization of L-ASNase on BC may become a potent strategy for anticancer drug delivery to superficial tumors.