Neurotrophic Effect of Magnesium Comenate in Normal and under Conditions of Oxidative Stress in Culture of Chicken Spinal Ganglia.

The neurotrophic properties of magnesium comenate were studied under standard conditions and under conditions of oxidative stress. It was found that magnesium comenate has a stimulating effect on the neurotrophic processes of the spinal ganglia under normal conditions and under conditions of oxidative stress. Under standard conditions, magnesium comenate exhibits neurotrophic activity at a concentration of 0.0001 mM, under conditions of oxidative stress, magnesium comenate exhibits neurotrophic activity at concentration 0.1 mM.

Cytoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Meconic Acid in Model Systems.

We studied the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of meconic acid in the model systems. Meconic acid, similar to commercial drug Mexidol, reduced the intensity of chemiluminescence in the model system of yolk lipoproteins. Meconic acid also reduced the toxic effect of glutamate on neurons in the primary cerebellar culture, but had no effect on cell viability under normal conditions.

[Antioxidant and anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Lactobacillus acidophilus under conditions of normobaric hypoxia with hypercapnia].

Research in recent years has shown that there is a close connection between the brain and the intestine through neuronal, endocrine and immune pathways. The introduction of probiotics into the diet of animals and humans helps to reduce the level of anxiety and depression, as well as inflammatory processes during emotional stress. The aim of this work was to study the effect of intragastric administration of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Lactobacillus acidophilus on oxidative processes in the brain tissues and the level of anxiety in rats under conditions of normoxia and acute hypoxia with hypercapnia. Material and methods. The experiment was performed on 64 male Wistar rats aged 2.5 months (body weight from 240 to 270 g). The animals were divided into 4 groups: group 1 - control; 2 - hypoxia; 3 - hypoxia + probiotics; 4 - probiotics. There were 16 animals in each group; half of them participated in the behavioral test, and the other half in the biochemical studies. Rats of groups 3 and 4 were orally administered lyophilized bacteria Bifidobacterium adolescentis MC-42, Lactobacillus acidophilus A-97, and Lactobacillus acidophilus A-630 for 30 days before hypoxia. The daily dose of probiotics was 1×109 CFU per animal, administered in a volume of 1 ml. Acute hypoxia with hypercapnia was simulated by placing rats in airtight vessels with a capacity of 1 L before the first agonal inhalation. A day later, in the brain tissues oxidative processes were assessed by the chemiluminescence method and by the level of malone dialdehyde (MDA). The activity of catalase in brain tissues was also determined. The level of anxiety of rats was investigated in the «elevated plus maze¼ test. Results. Compared to other groups, more intensive free radical oxidation took place in the brain tissues of hypoxified animals that did not receive B. adolescentis and L. acidophilus. There was a significant increase in chemiluminescence intensity and MDA level by 38 and 15%, respectively, compared with the control. In the brain tissues of these animals, catalase activity was reduced by 10% (p<0.01). Moreover, in the group of rats treated with B. adolescentis and L. acidophilus and subjected to acute hypoxia, the value of the light sum of chemiluminescence was 22% lower (p<0.01) than in the hypoxified group without taking probiotics, while the concentration of MDA and catalase activity remained at the level of physiological norms and did not differ from control. Hypoxified animals receiving biomass of lactobacteria and bifidobacteria had also a lower level of anxiety and a higher exploratory activity, expressed in an increase in the number of entries in the open and closed arms, a longer stay in the open arms and the center of the maze, and more frequent performance of orientation reactions and hanging. Conclusion. Pre-hypoxic administration of B. adolescentis and L. acidophilus reduces the development of oxidative stress in rat brain tissues and reduces anxiety indices in the "elevated plus maze" test, thereby exhibiting antioxidant and anxiolytic effects.

Evaluation of artificial intelligence for detecting periapical pathosis on cone-beam computed tomography scans.

AIM: To verify the diagnostic performance of an artificial intelligence system based on the deep convolutional neural network method to detect periapical pathosis on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. METHODOLOGY: images of 153 periapical lesions obtained from 109 patients were included. The specific area of the jaw and teeth associated with the periapical lesions were then determined by a human observer. Lesion volumes were calculated using the manual segmentation methods using Fujifilm-Synapse 3D software (Fujifilm Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan). The neural network was then used to determine (i) whether the lesion could be detected; (ii) if the lesion was detected, where it was localized (maxilla, mandible or specific tooth); and (iii) lesion volume. Manual segmentation and artificial intelligence (AI) (Diagnocat Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) methods were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: The deep convolutional neural network system was successful in detecting teeth and numbering specific teeth. Only one tooth was incorrectly identified. The AI system was able to detect 142 of a total of 153 periapical lesions. The reliability of correctly detecting a periapical lesion was 92.8%. The deep convolutional neural network volumetric measurements of the lesions were similar to those with manual segmentation. There was no significant difference between the two measurement methods (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Volume measurements performed by humans and by AI systems were comparable to each other. AI systems based on deep learning methods can be useful for detecting periapical pathosis on CBCT images for clinical application.

[The forensic medical expertise of the holy relics of the righteous martyr Anastasiya of Uglich]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaia ékspertiza moshchei prepodobnomuchenitsy Anastasii Uglichskoi.

This article was designed to report the results of the comprehensive (historical-archival, forensic anthropological, and molecular-genetic) investigation into the holy relics of the righteous martyr Anastasiya of Uglich. The well-reasoned expert conclusion contains the scientifically sound data on the prescription of the martyr's corpse burial, age group and sexual identity of the relics, specific anthropological features of the skeleton, torture instruments, and the immediate cause of death. Taken together, the data thus obtained give evidence that the relics actually belong to one of the well-known saints of the Russian orthodox church.

Influence of nanosilver on the efficiency of Pisum sativum crops germination.

The study is aimed to investigate the impact of silver nanoparticles on germination of Pisum sativum pea seeds. The influence of synthesized silver nanoparticles on root length and percentage of germinated seeds was revealed. It was found that nanosilver treatment agents do not affect the germination of pea seeds negatively at low concentrations. Also, the treatment of pea seeds with silver nanoparticles provide a significant positive effect on the root length of pea seeds.

Neurotrophic Action of Comenic Acid and Its Derivatives Potassium Comenate and Calcium Comenate.

Using the model of cultured spinal ganglia, we demonstrated high neurotrophic activity of comenic acid and its derivatives potassium comenate and calcium comenate both under normal conditions and during oxidative stress. Calcium comenate in the norm as well as potassium and calcium comenates during oxidative stress demonstrate greater neurotrophic potency than comenic acid.

Antioxidant and Antiamnestic Effects of Potassium Comenate and Comenic Acid under Conditions of Normobaric Hypoxia with Hypercapnia.

Potassium comenate and comenic acid exhibit manifest and virtually identical antioxidant activity under conditions of hypoxia with hypercapnia. The effects of these drugs on conditioned reflex training with positive reinforcement differ significantly. Potassium comenate promotes retention of the learning capacity and memory in hypoxic rats at the level of intact control, that is, exhibits a pronounced protective antiamnestic effect, while comenic acid only facilitates training of the conditioned reflex with positive reinforcement.

[PECULIARITIES OF ESTIMATION OF THE BURN DAMAGE, USING THE MAGNET RESONANCE TOMOGRAPHY METHOD].

The method of magnet resonance tomography was applied for early diagnosis of the burn depth and dynamics of processes in the tissues in the course of its treatment and verification of occurring complications. Application of the method proposed for diagnosis and control of therapy have permitted to estimate expediency and determination of volume of early surgical treatment objectively.

[DETERMINATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN VITRO: STATE-OF-ART].

Various methods for evaluation of virulence properties of causative agents of infectious dis- eases in vitro were analyzed: molecular-genetic, cultural-biochemical, immunologic, physiologic. Predominant use of molecular-genetic methods, expediency of a complex approach, relevance of search of novel informative parameters of virulence are noted. Study of biological properties of pathogens in vitro is the first screening stage of evaluation of their virulence.

Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Properties of Comenic Acid and Potassium Comenate in Modeled Immobilization Stress.

We studied antioxidant protective effect of comenic acid and potassium comenate in doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg under conditions of oxidative stress in the brain of mice exposed to immobilization stress. Administration of potassium comenate and comenic acid in the above doses for 3 days before stress prevented the development of oxidative processes in the brain of stressed animals. The antioxidant effect of potassium comenate more pronounced.

[Flow-cytofluorometric study of bactericidal granules in blood phagocytes of animals with various species sensitivity to experimental plague infection].

AIM: Compare the content of bactericidal granules (BG) in blood phagocytes of animals, that differ by species sensitivity to plague infection, under the conditions of measuring, that ensure automatic differentiating by this parameter of monocytes and granulocytes of human blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human whole blood leukocytes were studied, as well as from 7 animal species: mice, guinea pigs, golden hamsters, white rats, rabbits, dogs and horses. Acridine orange (AO) was used for supra-vital staining in primary (bactericidal) granule cells. Relative BG content was measured in separate cells in conventional units of red fluorescence intensity by flow cytofluorometry. RESULTS: Deficiency of AO molecules in BG, that correlates with deficiency of leukocyte elastase in cells, that is most pronounced in mice and lest pronounced in rabbits, was established to be characteristic for all the blood phagocytes of all the laboratory animal species sensitive to plague. Blood phagocytes of dogs and horses, that were non-sensitive to plague, differed by high heterogeneity by the studied parameter, and in horse blood innate immunity cells were detected, that contained 2.5 times higher amount of BG, than blood granulocytes of humans. CONCLUSION: Leukocyte BG, that have enzyme cationic proteins: elastase, cathepsin G, protease 3 and myeloperoxidase, play and important role in protection of organism from plague infection.

[Effect of serotonin on immune competent cells of biomodels under the conditions of vaccination against plague and tularemia].

AIM: Comparative evaluation of the effect of exogenic serotonin on the development of apoptosis and proliferative activity of immune system cells of biomodels in vivo and in vitro in the dynamic of immunity forming against plague and tularemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of relative content of immune competent cell DNA of unlinear and BALB/c mice was carried out after staining of the samples with mithramycin and ethidium bromide by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Administration of serotonin into biomodels before immunization with vaccine strains of Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis was established to increase in vivo proliferative activity of immune system cells, without a significant effect on their death by apoptosis. Serotonin inhibited in vitro the development of apoptosis of mice blood leukocytes in response to both the vaccine Y. pestis EV strain and tularin. CONCLUSION: Biogenic amine serotonin shows equivalent modulating effect on both anti-plague and anti-tularemia immune response in vivo and in vitro, without disrupting immune system homeostasis.

Neuroprotective effect of potassium comenate against glutamate toxicity on the model of cultured rat cerebellar neurons.

The study demonstrated neuroprotective action of novel chemical agent, potassium salt of comenic acid, against the glutamate-induced cytotoxicity on the model of cultured cerebral neurons. Potassium comenate (0.001-1.0 mM) significantly decreased the rate of glutamateinduced neuronal death. The highest viability of the cultured neurons during postglutamate time was observed when potassium comenate was applied in a concentration of 0.1 mM.

[Immunogenicity and safety of a prototype chemical anthrax vaccine in laboratory animal models].

AIM: Evaluation of immune stimulating and toxic effects of a vaccine prototype protein components. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Linear mice, guinea pigs and rabbits were immunized subcutaneously once or twice by recombinant protective antigen (rPA), S-layer protein (EA1) or their complex. Innate immunity structure activation was registered by changes in Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression. Adaptive immune response parameters were determined by established methods. Toxicity of the preparations was determined using flow cytofluorometry and densitomorphometry. RESULTS: The ability of rPA and EA1 to activate structures of innate immunity - TLR 2 and 6 - was established. Features of anti-PA antibody titer dynamics for each of the animal species was determined, a comparison with antibody formation during immunization with Bacillus anthracis STI- 1 was carried out. 2 immunizations ofbiomodels with a complex preparation combined with an adjuvant provides protection from infection by a test-strain that is comparable with protectivity of a live vaccine. Evidences regarding damaging effect of rPA and EAI on cells and tissues of macro organism were not detected throughout the study. CONCLUSION: Aprototype of a chemical anthrax vaccine under development has high immunogenicity and its protein components are not toxic for laboratory animals based on the results of complex testing.

[Influence of lithium salt of comenic acid on the state of oxidative processes in brain of stressed animals].

The influence of a new substance, lithium salt of comenic acid, on the oxidative processes in the brain of animals under the conditions of acute and long combined stress has been investigated. It is established that lithium comenate (1 and 2 mg/kg) exhibits pronounced dose-dependent antioxidative stress-protective effect, which is manifested in suppression of the hyperproduction of free radicals and depression of the content of malonic dialdehyde (a secondary product of lipid peroxidation) in the brain of stressed animals. The maximum antioxidative stress protection effect under the conditions of acute and long combined stress has been observed for lithium salt ofcomenic acid in a dose of 2 mg/kg.

Fabrication and optical properties of garnet ceramics based on Y3-xScxAl5O12 doped with ytterbium and erbium.

Optical ceramics YSAG:Yb,Er with an average grain size of 6 ± 1 microns were fabricated by vacuum sintering of nanocrystalline powders of the compositions Y2.34Yb0.45Er0.09Sc0.20Al4.92O12, Y1.66Yb0.45Er0.09Sc1.00Al4.80O12 and Y0.96Yb0.45Er0.09Sc1.70Al4.80O12. The linear transmittance coefficients of the YSAG:Yb,Er ceramic samples exceed 80% in the visible and infrared regions. The refractive index of ceramics increased from 1.827 to 1.859 with an increase in scandium content. The effect of scandium cations at the dodecahedral site of the YSAG crystal lattice on the optical and luminescence characteristics of Yb3+ (2F7/2 and 2F5/2) and Er3+ (4I15/2, 4I13/2, 4F9/2 and 4S13/2) in wavelength ranges of 530-690 nm, 890-1080 nm, and 1430-1680 nm was revealed.

Neuroprotector effect of comenic acid against cytotoxic action of glutamate in vitro in cultured neurons of lead-poisoned rat pups.

We demonstrated an increase in glutamate neurocytotoxicity in cultured cerebellar cells from rat pups subjected to lead poisoning during the prenatal development or early lactation period. The toxic effect of glutamate was weaker, if lead was applied in combination with antioxidant comenic acid. These data are discussed in view of practical use of comenic acid for the therapy of the brain tissues subjected to lead poisoning.

[Immune links in the system organization of behaviour].

The work is devoted to the research of immune mechanisms in self-control of various functional systems of homeostatic and behavioral levels. Distinction of immune mechanisms in rats with different prognostic stress-resistance is established. Immunization of rats by conjugates of various neuromediators with bovine serum albumin selectively changes the animals stress-resistance. Participation cytokines in reactions of a brain's separate neurons and their interaction with a leading neuromediator - norepinephrine is established. Individual changes of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood serum are shown in rats with different stress-resistance. There are revealed features of morphological distinctions of immunogenic structures small intestine fabrics in animals with various behavioral activity in the "Open field" test.

[Determination of DNA content in individual Vibrjo cholerae cells by using flow cytofluorimetry method: comparative analysis of inhomogeneity in cells of strains with various biological properties].

AIM: Comparative analysis of DNA content in individual cells of Vibrio cholerae strains with various biological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24-hour agar cultures of 2 avirulent (lacking cholera toxin gene) and 2 virulent strains and their subcultures obtained by cultivation in 1% peptone water for 1, 3 and 5 hours were studied. DNA of the killed bacteria was dyed by a mixture of ethidium bromide and mitramycin. Ratio of cells with low, intermediate and high relative DNA content in conditional units of specific DNA fluorescence intensity was determined by flow cytofluorimetry method. The degree of inhomogeneity of the studied microbial population cells was evaluated by DNA histogram variation coefficient value. RESULTS: At the level of major statistical samples of individual V. cholerae cells a principally different reaction pattern of the studied toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains on changes of cultivation conditions was registered. CONCLUSION: Populations of cells of toxigenic V. cholerae strains in contrast to non-toxigenic probably shift to polyploid state during starvation. This phenomenon may turn out to be a differential feature in determination of the risk group (hazard) of a strain.