[Campylobacter in the etiology of acute intestinal infections in primates].

The subjects of the study were 1,249 primates of different species, kept in a nursery in the city of Adler. The subjects varied in age, were either clinically healthy, diseased, or dead (the death had been caused by an acute intestinal disease). Biological, molecular-genetic (PCR), and immunological (coagglutination reaction) methods were used in diagnostics of campilobacter infections. The study found campilobacter in 20.9% of healthy animals on the average; this number varied depending on the species and age. The frequency of campilobacter infection in diseased and dead animals was higher than that in healthy ones (40.1% and 20.9%, respectively.) Two types of Campilobacter were identified: C. jejuni (73.4% of cases), and C. coli (14.2%). Clinical and pathomorphological manifestations of campilobacteriosis in primates and humans are similar. The portion of campilobacteriosis in acute intestinal diseases of primates is 40.1%.

[A comparative description of amyloidosis in monkeys]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika amiloidoza u obez'ian.

The paper contains the results of a postmortem study of 461 cases of amyloidosis in monkeys of 4 species (Papio hamadryas, Macaca mulatto, Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina) from the Sukhumi and Adler primatological facilities. Emergence of amyloidosis was found to be dependent on age; the frequency ratio at which separate organs are affected is presented; the specific disease signs are described for different monkey species. Generalized and isolated cases of amyloidosis are elucidated with the liver being the most vulnerable organ in macaques (64%) and the kidneys--in baboons (94%). A comparative description of different forms of amyloidosis in monkey and man was made use of to suggest using the amyloidosis in monkeys as a model process for studying the pathology in man.

[Infectious pathology of monkeys: a brief description, potential experimental research, safety for attendants at primate care facilities and laboratories]. / Infektsionnaia patologiia obez'ian: kratkaia kharakteristika, vozmozhnosti éksperimental'nogo izucheniia, bioopasnost' dlia cheloveka pri soderzhanii obez'ian v primatologicheskikh pitomnikakh i laboratoriiakh.

Infectious diseases of monkeys, including the bacterial anthroponosous and zoogenous as well as viral infections, are described in the paper. A bulwark of research resulted from authors' independent long-term observations of monkey pathologies at Sukhumi and Adler primatological facilities. Pathologies are elucidated, which are better to be modeled in monkeys; there are also diseases that can be studied only in monkeys. Monkey agents were isolated, which are dangerous to humans attending the animals at primatological facilities and laboratories.

[Spontaneous hepatitis A with a fatal outcome in rhesus monkeys]. / Spontannyi gepatit A so smertel'nym iskhodom u makak.

This is the first report of virologically verified spontaneous hepatitis A in M. rhesus monkeys with severe involvement of the liver leading to the death of the animals. In 21 out of 23 dead monkeys morphological lesions in the liver have been characterized as acute hepatitis. In 6 (26%) animals no other pathological processes were found. In 15 animals hepatitis was combined with other diseases (dysentery, parasitic infestations, coronavirus infection). Antigen of hepatitis A virus was detected by an enzyme immunoassay in the intestinal contents of 8 monkeys and in the livers of 3 of them. Immune electron microscopic studies detected in the intestines some virus particles morphologically and antigenically similar to human hepatitis A virus.

[Preparation and characteristics of cultured strains of hepatitis A virus from humans and monkeys]. / Poluchenie i kharakteristika kul'tural'nykh shtammov virusa gepatita A ot cheloveka i obez'ian.

Cultural strains of hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been isolated from spontaneously infected Macaca mulatta (HAV-MM), Papio hamadryas (HAV-PH), African green monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops (HAV-CA), and patients (HAV-H). The strains replicate in continuous cells lines AGMK, 4647, Vero, and FRhk-4. AGMK and 4647 cells are the most permissive at 32 degrees C. Virus propagation was not associated with the cytopathic effect and could be detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immune electron microscopy (IEM), and molecular hybridization method (MHM). The morphological and antigenic properties of the above monkey and human strains did not differ in EIA and IEM with polyclonal antibodies and for one most conservative genome sites in the VP1 domain. Cultural strains retained their pathogenicity for monkeys. HAV strains are proposed to be used as HAV antigen in immunological tests and for hepatitis A induction in monkeys.

[Encephalomyocarditis in hamadryas baboons]. / Entsefalomiokardit u pavianov gamadrilov.

In 1978--1979, four cases of encephalomyocarditis were recorded in baboons in a simian preserve of the USSR AMS Research Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy located in the Zapadnyaya Gumista river valley. The diagnosis was made on the basis of virological and pathomorphological examinations. The isolate recovered from the dead monkeys was identical with the prototype strain of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC) and the EMC-70 strain previously isolated by us from M. rhesus monkeys. The infection of monkeys caused by the EMC-78/79 virus involved a severe affection of the myocardium of the type of parenchymatous-interstitial myocarditis, moderate encephalitis in the central nervous system, inflammatory changes in the brown fat and cross-striated muscles. An experimental infection in guinea pigs and mice exhibited similar features.

[Characteristics of experimental models of hepatitis A in Papio hamadryas]. / Kharakteristika éksperimental'nykh modelei gepatita A na pavianakh gamadrilakh.

Hepatitis A (HA) was induced in 14 Papio hamadryas by strain VHA-PH isolated from this species of monkeys with spontaneous infection, strain VHA-MM isolated from Macaca mulatta, and a unique strain VHA-H3 isolated from a patient; this latter strain is pathogenic for Macaca mulatta in experiment. All infected seronegative animals developed a disease with virological, serological, biochemical, and morphological signs characteristic of human HA, but the duration of these signs manifestation varied. Virus in the feces and an increased level of SGPT were detected periodically starting from days 3-26 to 24-135, and in 4 monkeys even later (up to days 163-238). Morphologic changes in the liver, typical of acute hepatitis, were observed from days 10-46 to days 16-130. Strain VHA-H3 is less pathogenic for papios. HA models on Papio hamadryas infected with strains VHA-PH and VHA-MM can help solve many research and practical problems.

[Secondary infection with hepatitis A in Rhesus monkeys after experimental inoculation]. / Povtornaia infektsiia gepatita A u makak rezusov pri éksperimental'nom zarazhenii.

Time course of specific humoral immunity is studied in 186 Macaca mulatta spontaneously infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV). Immunity parameters are characterized quantitatively and qualitatively and their similarity to those in human hepatitis A (HA) is demonstrated. Repeated HA was reproduced in 12 seropositive Macaca mulatta infected with HAV-MR in high doses. The disease was characterized either by periodical virus release with feces for 1.5-2 months (10(4) ID50) or by that together with a notable increase of SGPT for 1.5-4 months (10(5) ID50) without morphologic changes in the liver, indicating a lesser severity of infection. Reinfection was associated with a rapid expressed increase of class G anti-HAV titers to 20,000-74,000 and no class M antibodies. Virus release with feces in the absence of the main specific diagnostic criterion, IgM antibodies, may be epidemiologically significant. Hyperimmune sera from monkeys with reinfection are intended to be used as the antibody component of immune diagnostic agent.

[The modelling of hepatitis A in macaques]. / Modelirovanie gepatita A na makakakh.

Characteristics of experimental hepatitis A in Macaca fascicularis and M. mulatta produced with HAV, strain MP, isolated from M. mulatta in an outbreak of spontaneous hepatitis are presented. The HAV-MP strain induced the disease in all the animals used in the experiment. The infection was manifest, with all virological, serological, biochemical and morphological features typical of hepatitis A. In M. mulatta, the process was protracted, with virus persistence in feces for at least 4 months. Modeling of hepatitis A in Macaca monkeys using HAV-MP strain may be used for the study of the pathogenesis and trials of immune preparations.

[Spontaneous and experimental hepatitis A in Papio hamadryas]. / Spontannyi i éksperimental'nyi gepatit A u pavianov gamadrilov.

Data on high susceptibility of Papio hamadryas to HAV are presented. For the first time, P. hamadryas were shown to be able to respond to both natural and experimental infection developing the features typical of hepatitis A: increased aminotransferase activity, virus shedding in feces, production of anti-HAV IgG and IgM, histological liver lesions. An infection lingering for 3-4 months was observed, as well as a case of chronic experimental hepatitis A with relapse in 7 months of the disease. Virological evidence of HAV infection was obtained in both lingering and chronic disease. HAV-PH strain was isolated for the first time and is described at length. It was isolated from a baboon with spontaneous infection which did not differ from that in man by antigenic and morphological features. The virus replicated in continuous African green monkey kidney cell line (AGMK) and was pathogenic for P. hamadryas. The HAV-PH isolate can be used for modelling hepatitis A in P. hamadryas.

[The sensitivity of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques to the human hepatitis A virus]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' makak rezusov i iavanskikh makak k virusu gepatita A cheloveka.

Hepatitis A infection characterized by virus excretion in feces, synthesis of specific IgM antibody, increased activity of alanine aminotransferase in the blood serum, and a complex of morphological lesions in the liver typical of acute hepatitis was reproduced in M. fascicularis (M. f.) and Macaca rhesus (M. r.) using 2 strains of hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolated from human patients. The incubation period varying from 9 to 23 (mean 16) days in M. f. and from 12 to 35 (mean 18) days in M. r. in primary infection shortened to 1-12 (mean 10) and 3-6 (mean 5) days in the process of virus passage from monkey to monkey. The disease was observed to run both manifest forms (except jaundice) typical of human HA and an inapparent form in which the level of enzymes remained within normal limits but HAV could be detected in feces, anti-HAV-IgM in the blood serum, and morphologically acute hepatitis in the liver. Immune electron microscopy of both the initial material and in monkey feces at the levels of all three passages revealed complexes consisting of spherical viral particles 27-29 nm in size coated with antibodies. The immune complexes formed upon addition to the fecal extracts under study of IgG isolated both from human convalescent sera and from sera of experimentally infected monkeys collected in the acute stage of the illness.

[Tumors of the liver, biliary tracts and pancreas in monkeys]. / Opukholi pecheni, zhelchevyvodiashchikh putei i podzheludochnoi zhelezy u obez'ian

The article deals with spontaneous tumours of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas observed in monkeys of the Sukhumi Simian Nursery during the period of 1960--1974. Among tumours of the liver hepatoadenomas predominated: they were revealed in 4 macaco rhesuses, one green marmoset. In a young baboon hamadryad adenomatous hyperplasia was observed to be developed against the background of hepatocirrhosis. All three cases of tumours of the biliary tract in baboons hamadryad were classified as adenocarcinomas. Descriptions of liver cell anaplastic carcinoma with extensive metastasizing in Macaco rhesus, those of insuloma of the pancreas in the same species, and of papilary duct carcinoma of the head of the pancreas in a red ape (Erythrocebus patas) are presented for the first time. All the monkeys with tumours, but one, were at the age over 10 years and were born in the Nursery, or had been brought to it more than 7 years before.

[Stomach polyps in simians at the Sukhumi nursery]. / Polipy zheludka u obez'ian Sukhumskogo pitomnika

Polyp-like changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach were noted in monkeys of the simian nursery in Sukhumi (100 cases). In 6 baboon hamadryads, in 4 Stum-tailed macaques and in one macaco rhesus they were diagnosed as the so-called polypous gastritis. In 5 Stum-tailed macaques there were noted gigantic folds of the pylorus. Of 84 macacos in 61 animals there was one polyp and in 23 macaques--2 and more polyps. Incidence of polyps among local monkeys was 0.48% in macaques rhesus and 2.3% in Stum-tailed macaques. Among imported monkeys the incidence of polyps was in macaques rhesus--0,31% and in Stum-tailed macaques--9,2%. Polyps in monkeys are considered as disregenatory formations, occasionally associated with parasitizing of helminths. In contrast to man, polyps in monkeys are not considered as precancer processes.

[Experimental Mycoplasma infection of the urogenital tract in monkeys]. / Eksperimental'naia mikoplazmennaia infektsiia urogenital'nogo trakta u obez'ian.

The possibility of the experimental reproduction of infectious urethritis in monkeys by infecting them with mycoplasma and ureaplasma cultures, newly isolated from human patients, has been shown. In monkeys inoculated with the mixture of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas, more pronounced infectious urethritis with the symptoms of ascending infection develops. The animals who have had the disease do not develop resistance to repeated infection.

[Pseudotuberculosis in simians]. / Psevdotuberkulez u obez'ian

Pathologo-anatomic picture of the disease caused by Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis in 20 red monkeys and 2 green marmosets are described. An intestinal form of the infection was observed in the majority of the animals. The main manifestations of pseudotuberculosis in the monkeys were: lesions of the gastro-intestinal tract in the form of grave, occasionally ulcerative enterocolitis; enlargement of the spleen with the presence therein and in the liver of necroses and low granulomatous reaction; enlargement of the lymph nodes, mesenteric in particular, with the characteristic macrophagal reaction in them; impairment of the blood circulation in organs with haemorrhages and necroses, with colonies of microbes in tissues. In the course of bacteriological investigations the pathogen Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis was isolated from the perished animals.

[Comparative morphology of spontaneous hepatitis A in lower Old World monkeys]. / Sravnitel'naia morfologiia spontannogo hepatita A u nizshikh obez'ian starogo sveta.

Detailed description of liver damage in two species of macaques (rhesus and fascicularis) and green monkeys with spontaneous hepatitis A (HA) induced by the virus similar to human hepatitis. A virus (HAV) is given. Evolution of histological changes was followed by serial liver biopsies. The picture of the hepatitis in the above monkey species resemble that of human NA as well as HA in other monkey species susceptible to HAV. Only in 8 of 21 monkeys the disease lasted for 2-5 months, others exhibited undulating and lingering course which lasted 8-19 months from the beginning of the infection. The lingering course of the infection was caused by HAV persistence in the host with its periodical elimination in faeces.

[The infection of monkeys with Ureaplasma urealyticum serovar VIII]. / Infitsirovanie obez'ian Ureaplasma urealyticum VIII serovara.

The possibility of modeling chronic infection on monkeys by the injection of the culture of U. urealyticum, serotype VIII, was shown. The infection of monkeys with these microorganisms introduced in a single intraperitoneal injection resulted in the generalization of the process, which was manifested by the persistence and reproduction of the infective agent in the organs and blood of the animals for as long as 6 months (the term of observation). Lymphoid hyperplasia in the organs of immunogenesis and transitory immunomorphological reaction in the tissues of some organs of the urogenital system were noted. The localization of infective agents in some endocrine glands was not accompanied by disturbances in their function.

[Spontaneous coronavirus infection in monkeys]. / Spontannaia koronavirusnaia infektsiia obez'ian.

A high level of the spread of coronavirus (CV) infection among hamadryas baboons and macaques of different species (about 50%), both resident in the animal house and imported, has been established. The tropism of CV to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts has been demonstrated. The course of spontaneous CV infection is accompanied by enterocolitis and/or pneumonia with periodic exacerbations, or takes the inapparent form. Cases of virus persistence have also been noted. Infected macaques exhibited an increase in the titers of antibodies to their own CV strain isolated from these animals, as well as to antigenically related human CV strain 0043. Spontaneous CV infection in monkeys may be used for solving some obscure problems of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of CV infection in humans.

[An outbreak of Streptococcus zooepidemicus-caused infection among laboratory primates]. / Vspyshka infektsii, vyzvannoi Streptococcus zooepidemicus, sredi laboratornykh primatov.

An outbreak of septicemia caused by S. zooepidemicus in representatives of 5 species of lower monkeys, viz. Macaca mulatta (5), Macaca nemestrina (1), Macaca fascicularis (2), Cercopithecus aethiops (2), Mandrillus sphinx (1), is described. The disease was accompanied by the symptoms of enteric infection and well responded to etiotropic therapy with antibiotics of the penicillin row. The source of this infection was not established. Until now it is one of few descriptions of enteric infection in lower monkeys caused by S.zooepidemicus.

[Immunological efficacy of live streptomycin-dependent salmonellae vaccines used orally in experiment on monkeys]. / Immunologicheskaia éffektivnost' zhivnykh streptomitsinzavisimykh sal'monelleznykh vaktsin pri peroral'nom primenenii v éksperimente na obez'ianakh

Experiments were conducted on 99 monkeys; a study was made of the reactogenic properties and the immunological efficacy of the streptomycin-dependent S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium mutants in oral application. The results of clinical, bacteriological, pathomorphological and fluorescent-serological studies demonstrated that the vaccines in the doses under study were areactogenic for monkeys in 5-fold oral administration and promoted development of marked immunity. The greatest immunizing effect was obtained in 5-fold oral vaccination with the subsequent three-fold (in 2 months) revaccination of the monkeys. Associated streptomyqin-dependent S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium vaccine could be used for prophylaxis of salmonellosis in monkeys.