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1.
J Fish Biol ; 80(5): 1380-400, 2012 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22497389

RESUMO

The detailed movements of 32 acoustically tagged broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus were documented in and around north-east Pacific Ocean estuarine embayments from 2005 to 2007. Arrangements of passive acoustic receivers allowed analysis of movement at several spatial scales, with sex and size examined as possible factors influencing the pattern and timing of these movements. Notorynchus cepedianus exhibited a distinctly seasonal pattern of estuary use over three consecutive years, entering Willapa Bay in the spring, residing therein for extended periods of time during the summer and dispersing into nearshore coastal habitats and over the continental shelf during the autumn. Notorynchus cepedianus within Willapa Bay showed spatio-temporal patterns of segregation by size and sex, with males and small females using peripheral southern estuary channels early in the season before joining large females, who remained concentrated in central estuary channels for the entire season. Individuals displayed a high degree of fidelity not only to Willapa Bay (63% were documented returning over three consecutive seasons), but also to specific areas within the estuary, showing consistent patterns of site use from year to year. Cross-estuary movement was common during the summer, with most fish also moving into an adjacent estuarine embayment for some extent of time. Most winter and autumn coastal detections of N. cepedianus were made over the continental shelf near Oregon and Washington, U.S.A., but there were also examples of individuals moving into nearshore coastal habitats further south into California, suggesting the feasibility of broad-scale coastal movements to known birthing and nursery grounds for the species. These findings contribute to a better understanding of N. cepedianus movement ecology, which can be used to improve the holistic management of this highly mobile apex predator in regional ecosystems.


Assuntos
Migração Animal , Tubarões/fisiologia , Acústica , Sistemas de Identificação Animal , Animais , Baías , California , Ecologia/métodos , Ecossistema , Feminino , Masculino , Oregon , Oceano Pacífico , Estações do Ano , Washington
2.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 818, 2021 01 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33436640

RESUMO

Urbanization-driven landscape changes are harmful to many species. Negative effects can be mitigated through habitat preservation and restoration, but it is often difficult to prioritize these conservation actions. This is due, in part, to the scarcity of species response data, which limit the predictive accuracy of modeling to estimate critical thresholds for biological decline and recovery. To address these challenges, we quantify effort required for restoration, in combination with a clear conservation objective and associated metric (e.g., habitat for focal organisms). We develop and apply this framework to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), a highly migratory and culturally iconic species in western North America that is particularly sensitive to urbanization. We examine how uncertainty in biological parameters may alter locations prioritized for conservation action and compare this to the effect of shifting to a different conservation metric (e.g., a different focal salmon species). Our approach prioritized suburban areas (those with intermediate urbanization effects) for preservation and restoration action to benefit coho. We found that prioritization was most sensitive to the selected metric, rather than the level of uncertainty or critical threshold values. Our analyses highlight the importance of identifying metrics that are well-aligned with intended outcomes.

3.
Conserv Biol ; 24(1): 197-206, 2010 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19758392

RESUMO

Moving from single-species- to ecosystem-based management requires an understanding of how community-level attributes such as diversity change with area. We used survey data from bottom trawls to examine spatial patterns of species richness in U.S. Pacific coastal fishes. Specifically, we generated and compared species-area relationships (SARs) for species classified into several groups on the basis of maximum body size, trophic level, diet, maximum depth, geographic affinity, and taxonomic order. Because SARs among groups were not parallel and z values varied significantly for several groups, groups of species were under- or overrepresented (depending on the size of the area) relative to their proportions in the entire community (i.e., entire U.S. Pacific coast). In this way, differences in SARs help demonstrate trade-offs between species representation and coastal area and suggest strategies (such as targeting the protection of habitats and locations where a particular species or groups of species are maximized) that may minimize the size of marine protected areas (MPAs) but protect diversity at the level of the community and functional group.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Biologia Marinha , Animais , Biodiversidade , Peixes
4.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys ; 51(3): 766-74, 2001 Nov 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11697323

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To determine the long-term outcome of radiotherapy (RT) in patients with progressively symptomatic thyroid eye disease and to evaluate the potential long-term sequelae. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Four hundred fifty-three patients provided written informed consent and received retrobulbar RT for Graves' ophthalmopathy at Stanford University Medical Center; 197 with 1 year of follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. Of the 197 patients, 189 received RT to the bilateral retrobulbar regions, and 4 received unilateral RT. The technical information was unavailable for 4 patients. Patients were assessed by chart review, telephone interview, questionnaire, and multidisciplinary physician examination. Eye impairment was scored using the SPECS system. The end point review included the before and after treatment SPECS score, surgical intervention, and patient satisfaction. Potential complications, including cataract development, retinopathy, and tumor formation, were investigated. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess the prognostic variables. RESULTS: Improvement or resolution was 89% for soft-tissue findings; 70% for proptosis; 85% for extraocular muscle dysfunction; 96% for corneal abnormalities; and 67% for sight loss. The response to RT may take >6 months to stabilize. Factors predictive of response varied in the individual SPECS categories but included the initial SPECS score, pretreatment thyroid status, female gender, a 20-Gy RT dose, and a history of hypertension. Nonpredictive factors included a history of tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, steroids, and prior cataracts. Only 16% required surgical intervention to preserve their vision or restore binocular vision. Twenty-two patients (12%) developed cataracts after irradiation (median 11 years). No patient developed a tumor within the RT field during the follow-up period (range 1-29 years). Ninety-eight percent of patients were pleased with their results, and 2% believed their symptoms progressed despite RT. CONCLUSIONS: Retrobulbar irradiation (20 Gy) is safe and effective treatment for progressive Graves' ophthalmopathy, with a 96% overall response rate, 98% patient satisfaction rate, and no irreparable long-term sequelae, with follow-up extending 29 years. The most common late effect observed was cataract development, which occurred more frequently in older patients and was reversible with extraction. Elective surgical intervention after RT should be withheld until patients have demonstrated a plateau in response.


Assuntos
Doença de Graves/radioterapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Análise de Variância , Catarata/etiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Lesões por Radiação/complicações , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Análise de Regressão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento
5.
Proc Biol Sci ; 268(1472): 1153-8, 2001 Jun 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11375103

RESUMO

Hatchery programmes for supplementing depleted populations of fish are undergoing a worldwide expansion and have provoked concern about their ramifications for populations of wild fish. In particular, Pacific salmon are artificially propagated in enormous numbers in order to compensate for numerous human insults to their populations, yet the ecological impacts of this massive hatchery effort are poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that massive numbers of hatchery-raised chinook salmon reduce the marine survival of wild Snake River spring chinook, a threatened species in the USA. Based on a unique 25-year time-series, we demonstrated a strong, negative relationship between the survival of chinook salmon and the number of hatchery fish released, particularly during years of poor ocean conditions. Our results suggest that hatchery programmes that produce increasingly higher numbers of fish may hinder the recovery of depleted wild populations.


Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Salmão/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Ecossistema , Pesqueiros
6.
Arch Ophthalmol ; 110(10): 1488-90, 1992 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1417551

RESUMO

In human cadaver specimens, a laser fiberoptic was advanced through the canalicular systems to create fistulas between the nasolacrimal sac and nose. A 400- to 600-microns, blunt-tipped quartz fiberoptic was then advanced through the upper and/or lower canaliculus to the medial aspect of the nasolacrimal sac. After 10 to 15 laser pulses (10 W for 0.1 second), a 2.5 x 2.5-mm fistula was created between the lacrimal sac and the nose just anterior and inferior to the middle turbinate. Additional laser pulses can further enlarge the fistula. Endocanalicular laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy has potential advantages compared with endonasal laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy, including the following: laser energy is directed away from the eye; the technique resembles standard nasolacrimal probing; and nasal endoscopy and instrumentation may prove unnecessary.


Assuntos
Dacriocistorinostomia/métodos , Aparelho Lacrimal/patologia , Terapia a Laser/métodos , Ducto Nasolacrimal/patologia , Tecnologia de Fibra Óptica , Fístula , Humanos , Aparelho Lacrimal/cirurgia , Ducto Nasolacrimal/cirurgia , Nariz/patologia , Nariz/cirurgia
7.
Arch Ophthalmol ; 108(2): 282-5, 1990 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2302116

RESUMO

Nine patients with contracted sockets, cicatricial conjunctival shortening, or severe symblepharon formation were treated by temporary grafting with polytef (polytetrafluoroethylene) alloplastic surgical membrane in place of autogenous mucous membrane. Within 2 weeks of the grafting, the patients' residual conjunctival epithelium grew beneath the alloplastic membrane and covered the raw surfaces of the reconstructed socket. The procedure produced satisfactory results in eight of nine patients without the need for harvesting mucous membrane from the mouth or nose. Healing was rapid and without the discomfort and potential complications associated with grafting of autogenous mucosa.


Assuntos
Doenças Palpebrais/cirurgia , Membranas Artificiais , Doenças Orbitárias/cirurgia , Politetrafluoretileno , Idoso , Cicatriz/cirurgia , Túnica Conjuntiva/fisiologia , Epitélio/fisiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mucosa , Cirurgia Plástica , Cicatrização
8.
Arch Ophthalmol ; 106(12): 1724-6, 1988 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3196217

RESUMO

Lateral orbitotomy may be performed using a coronal scalp flap to provide exposure of the lateral orbital wall and rim. A coronal incision is made across the scalp. The scalp flap is developed anteriorly to expose the orbital margin from the superior orbital rim to the zygomatic arch. The temporalis muscle is dissected from its bony attachments and bluntly retracted, providing maximal exposure of the lateral orbital wall. The orbitotomy proceeds as required. The case concludes with a layered closure. In selected patients, the coronal scalp flap provides improved exposure and postoperative aesthetics compared with approaches in which the skin and muscle layer are incised directly over the lateral orbit. Complications are infrequent.


Assuntos
Órbita/cirurgia , Couro Cabeludo/transplante , Retalhos Cirúrgicos , Humanos
9.
Arch Ophthalmol ; 101(7): 1093-7, 1983 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6870631

RESUMO

The eyes of a 44-month-old boy with Cockayne's syndrome had retinal pigmentary abnormalities that included variable pigmentation and excessive lipofuscin deposition in the retinal pigment epithelium and unusual pigmented cells in the retina and subretinal space. There was optic nerve atrophy with loss of nerve fibers and myelin sheaths and also atrophy of the retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers consistent with the histologic features of a demyelinating disease. Widespread pigment dispersion was found in the anterior segment. There was no evidence of vascular disorder, ocular calcification, neuronal storage disorder, or dystrophic corneal changes.


Assuntos
Síndrome de Cockayne/patologia , Nanismo/patologia , Olho/patologia , Pré-Escolar , Síndrome de Cockayne/complicações , Humanos , Masculino , Nervo Óptico/patologia , Epitélio Pigmentado Ocular/patologia , Degeneração Retiniana/etiologia , Degeneração Retiniana/patologia
11.
Am J Ophthalmol ; 112(5): 496-501, 1991 Nov 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1951584

RESUMO

We reviewed patient records of 99 consecutive orbital exenterations performed between 1969 and 1988. Patients ranged in age from 2 to 86 years (mean, 55.9 years). Classification of cases on histopathologic criteria showed 32 exenterations were performed for squamous cell carcinoma originating in the paranasal sinus (13), skin (12), conjunctiva (six), and lacrimal sac (one). Orbital exenteration was performed for treatment of other epithelial malignancy in basal cell carcinoma (eight), sebaceous carcinoma (six), adenoid cystic carcinoma (five), undifferentiated carcinoma (four), adenocarcinoma (two), intraepithelial carcinoma of the conjunctiva (two), benign mixed tumor (one), and transitional cell carcinoma (one). Exenterations were performed for melanoma of the conjunctiva (ten), nasosinus (three), skin (two), orbit (two), and choroid (one). Exenterations were also performed as treatment for mucormycosis (five), meningioma (three), fibrosarcoma (two), rhabdomyosarcoma (two), hemangiopericytoma (two), orbital cellulitis (one), fibrous histiocytoma (one), schwannoma (one), lymphangioma (one), benign lymphoepithelial lesion (one), and undifferentiated malignancy (one).


Assuntos
Oftalmopatias/cirurgia , Enucleação Ocular , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Neoplasias Oculares/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças do Aparelho Lacrimal/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia
12.
Am J Ophthalmol ; 95(3): 295-306, 1983 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6829676

RESUMO

We examined three patients with intracranial mass lesions that damaged the anterior visual pathway and studied this damage histologically after the patients died. Estimation of the number of surviving axons in the six optic nerves generally showed the greatest atrophy to be in the temporal sector in cross sections immediately behind the globe. More posterior to the globe, atrophy appeared greatest in the center of several nerves. This pattern of damage may result from particular vulnerability of macular axons to damage along the anterior visual pathway. Optic disk pallor was present in two eyes that had less than 40% of the normal number of axons remaining, while one optic disk appeared to be normal with 70% of the axons intact. Afferent pupillary defects were observed in two patients who had two to three times as many remaining axons in the contralateral optic nerve as in the nerve on the side of the defect.


Assuntos
Adenoma/patologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Meningioma/patologia , Doenças do Nervo Óptico/patologia , Adenoma/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Axônios/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias Encefálicas/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Meningioma/complicações , Nervo Óptico/ultraestrutura , Doenças do Nervo Óptico/etiologia , Sela Túrcica/patologia
13.
Oecologia ; 97(1): 124-133, 1994 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28313597

RESUMO

In order to understand variability in recruitment to populations of benthic and demersal marine species, it is critical to distinguish between the contributions due to variations in larval settlement versus those caused by post-settlement mortality. In this study, fine-scale (1-2 days) temporal changes in recruit abundance were followed through an entire settlement season in a temperate demersal fish in order to determine 1) how dynamic the process of recruitment is on a daily scale, 2) whether settlement and post-settlement mortality are influenced by habitat structure and conspecific density, and 3) how the relationship between settlement and recruitment changes over time. "Settlement" is considered to be the arrival of new individuals from the pelagic habitat, and "recruitment" is defined as the number of individuals surviving arbitrary periods of time after settlement. Replicate standardized habitat units were placed in 2 spatial configurations (clumped and randomly dispersed) and monitored visually for cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) settlement and recruitment every 1-2 days throughout the settlement season. The process of recruitment in T. adspersus was highly variable at a fine temporal scale. Changes in the numbers of recruits present on habitat units were due to both settlement of new individuals and mortality of animals previously recruited. The relative importance of these two processes appeared to change from day to day. The magnitude of the change in recruit number did not differ between the clumped and random habitats. However, post-settlement loss was significantly greater on randomly dispersed than clumped habitats. During several sampling dates, the extent of the change in recruit abundance was correlated with the density of resident conspecifics; however, on other dates no such relationship appeared to exist. Despite the presence of significant relationships between the change in recruit number and density, there was no evidence of either density-dependent mortality or settlement. Initially, there was a strong relationship between settlement and recruitment; however, this relationship weakened over time. Within 2 months after the cessation of settlement, post-settlement loss was greater than 99%, and no correlation remained between recruitment and the initial pattern of settlement. The results of this study demonstrate that the spatial arrangement of the habitat affects the rate and intensity of post-settlement loss. Counter to much current thinking, this study suggests that in order to understand the population ecology of reef fishes, knowledge of what habitats new recruits use and how mortality varies with structural aspects of the habitats is essential.

14.
Laryngoscope ; 108(11 Pt 1): 1648-53, 1998 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9818820

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Surgical management of Graves' ophthalmopathy is an alternative to medical therapy with corticosteroids or external beam radiotherapy. Orbital decompression has commonly been performed via a transantral approach to the medial orbital wall and floor. Although an endoscopic approach to these walls has been described, a balanced approach (incorporating a lateral decompression by an ophthalmology team) is desirable. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Endoscopic medial decompression and extended lateral decompression were accomplished in 18 orbits (11 patients); inferior decompression was performed in 11 of these. Five additional procedures were performed. RESULTS: Exophthalmos improved by a mean of 4.6 mm. All patients who underwent decompression for vision loss had improved vision after surgery. Exposure keratitis improved in six of six orbits. Two of five patients undergoing orbital decompression for vision loss developed postoperative diplopia, which was successfully treated with strabismus surgery or prism glasses. There were no other significant complications. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic approach to the medial orbital wall is an important component of balanced orbital decompression for patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Balancing the decompression and preserving the medial orbital strut between the ethmoid cavity and the orbital floor may minimize the risk of diplopia.


Assuntos
Endoscopia , Doença de Graves/cirurgia , Órbita/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Diplopia/etiologia , Diplopia/reabilitação , Diplopia/cirurgia , Endoscopia/efeitos adversos , Endoscopia/métodos , Seio Etmoidal/cirurgia , Exoftalmia/cirurgia , Óculos , Feminino , Humanos , Ceratite/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Seio Maxilar/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estrabismo/cirurgia , Transtornos da Visão/cirurgia , Visão Ocular/fisiologia
17.
Genes Brain Behav ; 7(6): 677-89, 2008 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18397380

RESUMO

C57BL/6 inbred mice have been widely used as research models; however, widespread demand has led to the creation of several B6 substrains with markedly different phenotypes. In this study, we report that two substrains of C57BL/6 mice, C57BL/6J (B6J) and C57BL/6NCrl (B6C), separated over 50 years ago at two different breeding facilities differ significantly in alcohol consumption and alcohol preference. The genomes of these two substrains are estimated to differ by only 1-2% of all gene loci, providing a unique opportunity to extract particular expression signatures between these substrains that are associated with quantifiable behavioral differences. Expression profiling of the cortex and striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum and the ventral brain region from alcohol-naïve B6C and B6J mice showed intervals on three chromosomes that are enriched in clusters of coregulated transcripts significantly divergent between the substrains. Additional analysis identified two genomic regions containing putative copy number differences between the substrains. One such region on chromosome 14 contained an estimated 3n copy number in the B6J genome compared with B6C. Within this interval, a gene of unknown function, D14Ertd449e, was found to be both associated with alcohol preference and vary in copy number across several inbred strain lineages. H2afz, Psen1, Wdfy1 and Clu were also identified as candidate genes that may be involved in influencing alcohol consumption.


Assuntos
Transtornos do Sistema Nervoso Induzidos por Álcool/genética , Alcoolismo/genética , Química Encefálica/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Genoma/genética , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/genética , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/metabolismo , Transtornos do Sistema Nervoso Induzidos por Álcool/metabolismo , Transtornos do Sistema Nervoso Induzidos por Álcool/fisiopatologia , Alcoolismo/metabolismo , Alcoolismo/fisiopatologia , Animais , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Dosagem de Genes/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Testes Genéticos , Genótipo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fenótipo , Especificidade da Espécie
18.
Ophthalmic Surg ; 18(3): 217-9, 1987 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3495760

RESUMO

We report a case of mycotic endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after cataract surgery. Treatment consisted of early vitrectomy, multiple intravitreal injections of amphotericin B and miconazole, intravenous miconazole and, later, oral ketoconazole. The intraocular lens, which initially appeared uninvolved, was removed six weeks after initiation of therapy and found to contain causative organisms. Final visual acuity was 20/20. We recommend aggressive therapy consisting of early vitrectomy, intravitreal injections repeated as necessary, removal of the intraocular lens, avoidance of intraocular steroid, and administration of systemic antifungal agents.


Assuntos
Extração de Catarata , Endoftalmite/terapia , Micoses/terapia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Terapia Combinada , Endoftalmite/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Cetoconazol/uso terapêutico , Lentes Intraoculares , Micoses/etiologia , Paecilomyces , Vitrectomia
19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3154583

RESUMO

The technique of split-thickness cranial bone graft for reconstructive orbital surgery, is reported in five patients who sustained extensive orbital trauma. This technique involves exposing the skull via a coronal scalp incision, after which the cranial bone is split in situ along the diploe. The outer table of the cranial bone is then used as a graft to correct orbital defects and other associated bony deformities. Cranial bone grafts have several advantages over other graft sites in orbital reconstruction, including more rapid postoperative recovery, close proximity of donor site to recipient site, and improved survival of cranial bone grafts in experimental studies. Cranial bone grafts are an important source of autogenous tissue for the reconstructive surgeon.


Assuntos
Transplante Ósseo/métodos , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/cirurgia , Órbita/cirurgia , Adolescente , Adulto , Traumatismos Oculares/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Órbita/lesões
20.
Opt Lett ; 10(6): 267-9, 1985 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19724416

RESUMO

A new technique has been developed that permits simultaneous two-dimensional mapping of two scalar components (e.g., species and temperature) in a turbulent reacting flow. The technique uses two optical multichannel analyzers, each of which detects light scattered by a different mechanism (e.g., Rayleigh and Raman) and thus provides different information. The technique has been applied to both premixed and nonpremixed flames, and results are reported for each. The simultaneous information obtained in these experiments should provide new data on the interaction of turbulence and combustion in these chemically reacting flows.

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