[Research of the air environment in cafes and restaurants, where a nargile is smoked].

By means of special devices there was performed research of air in premises of 17 cafes and restaurants where nargile is smoking. In the premises during the day and more there was evaluated a concentration of the following markers of tobacco smoke: carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, tobacco smoke particles PM2,5 andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the air of the examined enterprises the concentration of the major markers of tobacco smoke was established to exceed by several times acceptable and safe levels. At that in cafes and restaurants where nargile smoking the higher concentration of CO and PAHs was on average significantly more frequently than in a cafes with a rare nargile smoking. The data obtained can be used to refute the opinion on the safety of nargile smoking and tobacco smoke from the nargiles. All modern legislative and administrative measures to restrict and ban tobacco smoking should be extend to smoking nargile.

[Reproductive function of women and risk of the development of breast cancer]. / Reproduktivnaia funktsiia zhenshchin i risk razvitiia raka molochnoi zhelezy.

The relationship between risk for breast cancer and certain factors of reproductive function was studied on a "case-control" basis. It was demonstrated that the traditional and well-known index of age at first birth cannot be considered a universal factor for all females who have borne different numbers of children. Indexes which take into account age at all births proved more reliable in evaluating risk of cancer in bi-, tri- and multiparae. Indexes of relative risk and the role of characteristics of reproductive function are discussed.

[Evaluation of individual factors in the risk of the development of breast cancer]. / Otsenka vliianiia otdel'nykh faktorov na risk razvitiia raka molochnoi zhelezy.

A new parameter--risk factor-related morbidity index--is suggested to assess the role of separate risk factors of morbidity in a population. The index based on relative risk indices and occurrence of a specific risk factor provides the "share" of the latter in the total morbidity. The risk factor-related index was identified among others involved in breast cancer morbidity on a case-control study basis. The informative value and advantages of its application in comparative analysis of separate risk factors are discussed.

[Method of medical history taking and control group recruitment in oncoepidemiological studies]. / O metode oprosa i kontrolia v onkoepidemiologicheskikh issledovaniiakh.

Some methodical aspects of using the questionnaire as one of the basic tests, employed in oncoepidemiological investigations, are analysed. Under discussion is the potentialities and limits of the questionnairing method; the rules and ways of the optimum application of the given test to obtain the most comprehensive and objective enough information are reported. Also, the principles and criteria of selecting control groups in oncoepidemiological investigations are considered. The factors and conditions which may cause significant differences between the control and "test" groups irrespective of the genesis of the affection under study are discussed. An analysis is made of a number of typical methodical errors in oncoepidemiological investigations.

[Importance of anthropometric parameters in breast cancer]. / Znachenie antropometricheskikh parametrov pri rake molochnoi zhelezy.

The study of 14 anthropometric findings and indices in a group of primary breast cancer patients with an operable stage of the disease and in the appropriate controls enabled revealing certain differences in the distribution of patients and healthy females with relation to levels of separate anthropometric tests. Some anthropometric findings and their definite numerical values were singled out with respect to which these differences were statistically reliable. The degree of a relatively higher risk of the disease was ascertained in corresponding values of separate indices. Of greatest importance for the increased relative risk of breast cancer were such anthropometric features as obesity (in the extreme age subgroups), asthenia and gynecomastia. With regard to these features the most valuable tests were as follows: Broca's formula, Brugsch index, chest circumference and the ratio of chest circumference to thigh circumference.

[Development of criteria for assessing the individual risk of breast cancer]. / Vyrabotka kriteriev otsenki individual'nogo riska zabolevaniia rakom molochnoi zhelezy.

The results of clinico-epidemiological examination of breast cancer patients and controls were used in prognostic tables designed for evaluation of individual risk for breast cancer on the basis of a case history. Practical experience with the said tables showed the percentage of breast tumors detected in patients at high risk selected with the aid of the tables to be several times that of routine mass screenings.

[THe secondary prevention of stomach cancer]. / O vtorichnoi profilaktike raka zheludka.

The histories of 313 primary gastric cancer patients were analysed. Stage-IV disease was identified in 55%. Radical surgery was performed in 26.1% of cases only. The evaluation of conditions of identification and time to diagnosis of gastric cancer in general health care service showed the inadequacy of the existing patterns and procedures of regular check-up and outpatient follow-up for secondary prophylaxis of gastric cancer. Potentialities and strategy of development of effective secondary prophylaxis of the disease are discussed.

[The reproductive function and the risk of developing cancer of the breast in different ethnic groups]. / Reproduktivnaia funktsiia i risk razvitiia raka molochnoi zhelezy v razlichnykh étnicheskikh gruppakh.

The study was concerned with the relationship between certain characteristics of reproductive case history and risk for breast cancer development in three different ethnic groups of females living in the Moldavian SSR: Moldavians, Ukrainians and Russians. Risk of cancer was found to be higher in all groups in cases of premenstrual syndrome, late onset of sexual life (greater than or equal to 26 years), suspension of sexual life for more than 12 months, late first pregnancy and delivery, low productivity (0-1 birth in case history), agalactia, and menstrual cycle resumption 1-2 months after childbirth. However, certain ethnic differences in relationships between such factors as age of menopause onset, no pregnancies, late pregnancy (greater than or equal to 40 years) and type of contraceptives used and risk of cancer are rather due to the difference in prevalence of said factors in the groups under study. The results of the investigation suggest a common pattern of influence of reproductive case history factors on risk for breast cancer in different ethnic groups.