RESUMO
To enhance the specificity and sensitivity of molecular beacons (MBs) in detecting mRNA in living tumor cells, we introduced an aptamer (AS1411) to the delivery system of MBs to form an aptamer-decorated nanoprobe (ANP), which was prepared through self-assembly between AS1411-conjugated carboxymethyl chitosan (ACMC) with protamine sulfate (PS)/CaCO3/MB cores. Owing to the specific binding of AS1411 to nucleolin, which is overexpressed in tumor cell membranes and nuclei, an AS1411-decorated MB-delivery system leads to dramatically increased cell uptake of MBs for probing survivin mRNA and thus induces strong intracellular fluorescence emission in targeted tumorous cells and cell nuclei. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ANP can efficiently detect survivin mRNA in mitochondria. In other words, the effective delivery of MBs ensures the precise detection of mRNA distribution in diverse organelles. In addition, we evaluated the efficiency of ANP in probing tumor cells in simulated blood as well as in peripheral blood from a healthy donor and found that the nanoprobe can specifically deliver MBs to tumor cells and identify tumor cells in blood. The targeting delivery system we constructed holds promising applications in precise detection of subcellular distribution of mRNA in living tumor cells as well as in fluorescence-guided cancer detection in liquid biopsy technology. This study provides a facile strategy to effectively improve the specificity and sensitivity of conventional molecular beacons.
Assuntos
Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Sondas Moleculares/análise , Quitosana/análogos & derivados , Quitosana/química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Imagem MolecularRESUMO
One of critical steps in genome editing by CRISPR-Cas9 is to deliver the CRISPR-Cas9 system into targeted cells. In this study, we developed a dual-targeting delivery system based on polymer/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles to realize highly efficient genome editing in targeted tumor cells as well as in situ detection on the related protein expression in edited cells. The CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid for CDK11 knockout was encapsulated in the core of the delivery system composed of protamine sulfate, calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate by coprecipitation, and functional derivatives of carboxymethyl chitosan (biotinylated carboxymethyl chitosan with biotin ligands and aptamer-incorporated carboxymethyl chitosan with AS1411 ligands) were decorated on the nanovector surface by electrostatic interactions to form the dual-targeting delivery system. On the basis of the tumor cell targeting capability of biotin and AS1411 ligands as well as the nuclear targeting of AS1411, the dual-targeting system can deliver the CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid into the nuclei of tumor cells to realize highly efficient genome editing, resulting in a dramatic decrease (>90%) in CDK11 protein together with the significant downregulation of other proteins involved in tumor development, including an â¼90% decrease in MMP-9, >40% decrease in VEGF, and â¼70% decrease in survivin. Using the same vector, molecular beacons can be easily delivered to edited cell nuclei to in situ detect the mRNA level of related proteins (p53 and survivin as typical examples) and mRNA distribution in subcellular organelles. Our strategy can realize effective genome editing and in situ detection on related protein expression simultaneously.
Assuntos
Edição de Genes/métodos , Inativação Gênica , Transfecção/métodos , Biotina/química , Carbonato de Cálcio/química , Quitosana/análogos & derivados , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/genética , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Nanopartículas/química , Protaminas/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone pigment extracted from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has shown a variety of pharmacologic properties including anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, we analyzed the role of shikonin in acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty male BALB/C mice were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 10, each): control group, shikonin group (50 mg/kg), LPS group, and three different doses (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg) for shikonin-treated groups. Shikonin or vehicle was given with an intragastric administration 1 h before an intratracheal instillation of LPS (5 mg/kg). The severity of pulmonary injury was evaluated 6 h after LPS challenge. RESULTS: Shikonin pretreatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced pulmonary histopathologic changes, alveolar hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration. The lung wet-to-dry weight ratios, as the index of pulmonary edema, were markedly decreased by shikonin pretreatment. Moreover, shikonin decreased the productions of the proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1ß and the concentration of total proteins in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Shikonin pretreatment also reduced the concentrations of myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide in lung tissues. In addition, shikonin pretreatment significantly suppressed LPS-induced activation of cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and the nuclear factor κB DNA-binding activity in lung tissues. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that shikonin may have a protective effect against LPS-induced acute lung injury, and the potential mechanism of this action may attribute partly to the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 expression by downregulating nuclear factor κB activation.
Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Naftoquinonas/uso terapêutico , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/análise , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Edema Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Trade-offs in resource-use efficiency (including water-, nitrogen-, and light-use efficiency, i.e., WUE, NUE, and LUE) are an important acclimation strategy of plants to environmental stresses. C4 photosynthesis, featured by a CO2 concentrating mechanism, is believed to be more efficient in using resources compared to C3 photosynthesis. However, response of photosynthetic resource-use efficiency trade-offs in C4 plants to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and N supply has rarely been studied. Here, we studied the photosynthetic acclimation of Cleistogenes squarrosa, a perennial C4 grass, to controlled growth conditions with high or low VPD and N supply. High VPD increased WUE by 12% and decreased NUE by 16%, the ratio of net photosynthetic rate (A) to electron transport rate (J) (A/J) by 7% and the apparent quantum yield by 6%. High N supply tended to reduce NUE and increased maximum phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylation rate by 71% and slightly increased WUE. Stomatal conductance showed acclimation to VPD according to the Ball-Berry model, while a balanced cost of carboxylation and transpiration capacity was found across VPD and N treatments based on the least-cost model. WUE correlated negatively with NUE and LUE indicating that there was a trade-off between them, which is likely associated with acclimations in stomatal conductance and CO2 concentrating mechanisms.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Nitrogênio , Pressão de Vapor , Fotossíntese , Poaceae/fisiologia , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Água/fisiologiaRESUMO
Gene delivery vectors possess critical roles in effective genome editing. In this study, a multiple functional vector for encapsulating CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid was designed to knock out PPM1D gene and prevent cancer malignancy. The plasmid was complexed with a KALA peptide with the capability of endosomal escape and histones for nuclear transportation and then decorated by hyaluronic acid (HA) and AS1411-incorporated hyaluronic acid (AHA) targeting CD44 and nucleolin overexpressed in cancer cells to form AHA/HA/KALA/histone/plasmid nanoparticles. The constructed multifunctional plasmid delivery system with the cancer targeting specificity can realize efficient genome editing for PPM1D knockout and thus dramatically downregulate PPM1D expression in targeted malignant cells. More importantly, PPM1D knockout results in upregulation of p21 and p-p38 as well as downregulation of cyclin D1, MMP9, CYR61, and vimentin. The edited cancer cells exhibit suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion, indicating the successful reversal of tumor malignancy.
RESUMO
Effective reversal of tumor immunosuppression is of critical importance in cancer therapy. A multifunctional delivery vector that can effectively deliver CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid for ß-catenin knockout to reverse tumor immunosuppression is constructed. The multi-functionalized delivery vector is decorated with aptamer-conjugated hyaluronic acid and peptide-conjugated hyaluronic acid to combine the tumor cell/nuclear targeting function of AS1411 with the cell penetrating/nuclear translocation function of TAT-NLS. Due to the significantly enhanced plasmid enrichment in malignant cell nuclei, the genome editing system can induce effective ß-catenin knockout and suppress Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, resulting in notably downregulated proteins involved in tumor progression and immunosuppression. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) downregulation in edited tumor cells not only releases the PD-1/PD-L1 brake to improve the cancer killing capability of CD8+ T cells, but also enhances antitumor immune responses of immune cells. This provides a facile strategy to reverse tumor immunosuppression and to restore immunosurveillance and activate anti-tumor immunity.
Assuntos
Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Edição de Genes/métodos , Peptídeos/química , Animais , Apoptose , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácido Hialurônico/química , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Nanopartículas/química , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/química , Plasmídeos/química , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , beta Catenina/deficiência , beta Catenina/genética , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
Accurate and efficient delivery of genome editing plasmids to targeted cells is of critical importance in genome editing. Herein, we prepared a multifunctional delivery vector with a combination of ligand-mediated selectivity and peptide-mediated transmembrane function to effectively deliver plasmids to targeted cancerous cells. In the delivery system, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated Cas9 nuclease (CRISPR-Cas9) plasmid is combined with protamine with membrane and nuclear translocating activities and co-precipitated with CaCO3, which is further decorated by AS1411-functionalized carboxymethyl chitosan and cell penetrating peptide (TAT)-functionalized carboxymethyl chitosan. The AS1411-mediated tumor cell/nuclear targeting and TAT-induced enhanced endocytosis result in obviously increased cellular uptake and nuclear transport. As a result, the CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid can be efficiently delivered to cancer cell nuclei to mediate genome editing, resulting in an efficacious knockout of CTNNB1 gene encoding ß-catenin. More importantly, downregulation of ß-catenin could effectively prevent its enrichment in nuclei and then significantly downregulate the expression of proteins, such as vimentin, Snail, MMP-2, MMP-9, CD44, Nanog, and Oct4 to prevent tumor progression and metastasis. The edited cancerous cells exhibit favorable remodulated properties including inhibited growth, suppressed migration and invasion, and reduced cancer stemness.
Assuntos
Peptídeos Penetradores de Células , Edição de Genes/métodos , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Vetores Genéticos , Proteínas de Neoplasias , Neoplasias , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos , Plasmídeos , beta Catenina , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos , Proteína 9 Associada à CRISPR , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Peptídeos Penetradores de Células/química , Peptídeos Penetradores de Células/farmacologia , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Vetores Genéticos/metabolismo , Vetores Genéticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/terapia , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/química , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/farmacologia , Plasmídeos/genética , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , Plasmídeos/farmacologia , beta Catenina/genética , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
A multiple-functionalized targeting delivery system was prepared by self-assembly for efficient delivery of Cas9/sgRNA plasmids to targeted tumor cell nuclei. The Cas9/sgRNA plasmids were compacted by protamine in the presence of calcium ions to form nanosized cores, which were further decorated by peptide and aptamer conjugated alginate derivatives. With the help of the nuclear location signal peptide and AS1411 aptamer with specific affinity for nucleolin in the tumor cell membrane and nuclei, the delivery vector can specifically deliver the plasmid to the nuclei of tumorous cells for knocking out the protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2) gene to down-regulate focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The tumor cell apoptosis induced by genome editing is mitochondrial-dependent. In addition, FAK knockout results in negative regulation on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Meanwhile, favorable modulation on various proteins involved in tumor progression can be realized by genome editing. The enhanced E-cadherin and decreased MMPs, vimentin, and VEGF imply the desirable effects of genome editing on suppression of tumor development. Wound healing and transwell assays confirm that the genome editing system can suppress tumor invasion and metastasis in edited cells efficiently. The investigation provides a facile and effective strategy to fabricate multiple-functionalized delivery vectors for genome editing.
Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Edição de Genes , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Neoplasias , Peptídeos , Plasmídeos , Apoptose/genética , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , DNA de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Plasmídeos/química , Plasmídeos/genética , Plasmídeos/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/genéticaRESUMO
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) could lead to developmental disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) and mental retardation. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 plays an important role in PAE-induced neurodevelopmental defects. However, how PAE affects TLR4 response in the brain remains controversial. Using a moderate PAE model by feeding pregnant rats with liquid ethanol diet, we investigated the TLR4-mediated response to intraventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the hippocampus of PEA rats at postnatal day (PND) 30. The results showed that PAE significantly up-regulated the expression of Toll-Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon (IFN)-ß (TRIF), TNF-α, and IL-1ß in the rat hippocampus in the absence of LPS, indicated by western blot assay. LPS treatment dramatically up-regulated the expressions of TLR4 and its downstream molecules in the hippocampus of paired-food and control groups. But no such significant changes of those molecules were found in the hippocampus of PAE animals. Moreover, the LPS stimulation even down-regulated the levels of TLR4 and TRIF in the PAE group. These data suggest that the relatively moderate level of PAE may lead to a mild neuroinflammation and a suppression of TLR4-mediated response to LPS in the hippocampus of young rats. As innate immunity plays crucial roles in CNS development, moderate PAE-induced suppression of TLR4-mediated response may serve as a new candidate mechanism of CNS developmental defects.
Assuntos
Etanol/efeitos adversos , Hipocampo/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/imunologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/imunologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/biossíntese , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Regulação para Baixo , Feminino , Injeções Intraventriculares , Interferon beta/biossíntese , Lipopolissacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Ratos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
For effective regulation of cell behaviors and prevention of tumor development by genome editing, we constructed multi-functional self-assembled nanoparticles based on natural polymers to deliver CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid to tumorous cells. The CRISPR based gene editing plasmid to knockout CDK11 gene was complexed with protamine sulfate, and then the complex was decorated by a multi-functional outer layer composed of an endosomolytic peptide (KALA) and aptamer AS1411 incorporated carboxymethyl chitosan. The resultant multi-functional nanoparticles, which exhibit significantly enhanced delivery efficiency, can specifically deliver the plasmid into tumor cell nuclei owing to the favorable effects of KALA in cellular uptake and endosomal escape, together with the cancer cell and cell nucleus targeting capability of AS1411 ligands. The genome editing mediated by the nanoparticles leads to a dramatic decrease (>75%) in CDK11 expression, which results in further modulation of cancer cells with significant down-regulation of the proteins (MMP-9 and VEGF) involved in tumor development and metastasis as well as up-regulation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. More importantly, the detection of immune-related proteins after genome editing shows that the significantly enhanced Fas, CD80, MICA, MICB, and HLA-1 expression and decreased CD47 and MUC1 expression, indicating the genome editing is favorable for reversal of tumor-induced immunosuppression and prevention of tumor development.
Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/genética , Edição de Genes/métodos , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Neoplasias/terapia , Terapia Genética/métodos , Vetores Genéticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Neoplasias/genética , Plasmídeos/genética , Plasmídeos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
To effectively reverse tumor malignization by genome editing, a multi-functional self-assembled nanovector for the delivery of a genome editing plasmid specifically to tumor cells was developed. The nanovector core consisting of protamine and calcium carbonate entrapping the CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid is decorated by aptamer incorporated heparin. Owing to a high affinity between a MUC1 specific aptamer and mucin 1 (MUC1) overexpressed in tumor cells as well as the interaction between AS1411 and nucleolin on the tumor cell surface and cell nuclei, the nanovector can target the nuclei of tumorous cells for the knockout of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Notably, the genome editing mediated by our delivery systems can effectively modulate cell behaviors and thus reverse tumor malignization. Up-regulated p53, p16, p21, E-cadherin, CD80, MICA, MICB and Fas, together with down-regulated MMP-9, vimentin, VEGF, TGF-ß, CD47 and CD133 in genome edited cells indicate that the genome editing system can inhibit cancerous cell growth, prevent tumor invasion and metastasis, reverse tumor-induced immune suppression, and inhibit cancer stemness. More importantly, the edited cells can maintain the modulated cellular function after succeeding subcultures.
Assuntos
Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Edição de Genes/métodos , Nanopartículas/química , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Movimento Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Proteína-Tirosina Quinases de Adesão Focal/deficiência , Proteína-Tirosina Quinases de Adesão Focal/genética , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Microscopia Confocal , Mucina-1/genética , Mucina-1/metabolismo , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/química , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/metabolismo , Plasmídeos/química , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
Proteins have been extensively explored as versatile nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their complete biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, and lack of toxicity and immunogenicity. In this study, a facile strategy was used to construct aptamer-functionalized albumin-based nanoparticles for effective drug delivery and targeted cancer therapy. A hydrophobic drug, doxorubicin (DOX) was employed to trigger the self-assembly of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to from stable nanoparticles via hydrophobic interaction, and then a tumor targeting aptamer AS1411 was incorporated to the surface of DOX loaded BSA. Due to the specific recognition between AS1411 and its receptor over-expressed on tumor cells, the aptamer-modified nanoparticles show higher cellular uptake and stronger cell inhibitory efficacy against cancerous MCF-7 cells as compared with the nanoparticles without aptamer modification. In addition, DOX loaded aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles can induce more significant down-regulation of Bcl-2 and PCNA as well as up-regulation of pRB, PARP and Bax in MCF-7 cells compared with unmodified nanoparticles, indicating the aptamer modification can induce cell apoptosis more effectively. Besides, aptamer-modified nanoparticles exhibit a significantly improved capability in up-regulating p16, p21 and E-cadherin, and down-regulating EpCAM, vimentin, Snail, MMP-9, CD44 and CD133, implying the favorable effects of drug delivery on the prevention of tumor progression and metastasis.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Nanopartículas/química , Soroalbumina Bovina/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Bovinos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Doxorrubicina/química , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Tamanho da Partícula , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
To achieve effective tumor eradication using anti-tumor immunotherapies, a fusion peptide functionalized gene delivery system for macrophage and tumor targeting delivery of the plasmid DNA encoding the IL-12 gene (pDNA IL-12) was prepared for macrophage re-polarization as well as reversal of cancer immunosuppression. A fusion peptide containing the tuftsin sequence that can interact with Fc receptors and neuropilin-1, and hyaluronic acid (HA) that can interact with CD44 were introduced into the delivery system by self-assembly to form peptide/hyaluronic acid/protamine/CaCO3/DNA nanoparticles (PHNP) with both macrophage targeting and tumor targeting capabilities. PHNP provides an efficient immunoregulation on J774A.1 cells to shift the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype to the anti-tumor M1 phenotype with enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased expression of M1 markers. Owing to the improved delivery efficiency caused by the fusion peptide and HA, the transfection mediated by multi-functional PHNP can up-regulate IL-12 as well as down-regulate IL-10 and IL-4 more effectively as compared with the nanoparticles without HA and/or peptide decoration. More importantly, the gene delivery system can also deliver pDNA IL-12 to targeted cancerous HeLa cells to realize the secretion of IL-12. PHNP not only enables tumorous cells to produce pDNA IL-12, but also down-regulates CD47 and up-regulate CD80 and HLA-1 in the malignant cells, indicating that the gene delivery system can effectively reverse tumor induced immunosuppression.
Assuntos
Polaridade Celular , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Interleucina-12/genética , Macrófagos/citologia , Nanopartículas , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos , Ácido Hialurônico , Camundongos , Neuropilina-1 , Plasmídeos , Protaminas , Receptores Fc , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão , Transfecção , Tuftsina , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
To effectively reverse multiple drug resistance (MDR) in tumor treatments, a functional nano-sized drug delivery system with active targeting function and pH sensitivity was prepared for the co-delivery of multiple drug resistance inhibitors. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to inhibit GSH synthesis and celecoxib (CXB) to down-regulate P-gp expression were co-loaded in polymer/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles to form buthionine sulfoximine/celecoxib@biotin-heparin/heparin/calcium carbonate/calcium phosphate nanoparticles (BSO/CXB@BNP). To investigate the reversal of MDR, the drug resistant cells (MCF-7/ADR) were pretreated by the dual-inhibitor loaded nanoparticles (BSO/CXB@BNP) followed by the treatment of doxorubicin (DOX) loaded nanoparticles (DOX@BNP). The dual-inhibitor loaded nanoparticles (BSO/CXB@BNP) exhibited greatly enhanced efficiency in down-regulation of GSH and P-gp since BSO and CXB had combined effects on the reduction of GSH and P-gp in drug resistant tumor cells. As a result, BSO/CXB@BNP exhibited a significantly improved capability in reversal of MDR compared with mono-inhibitor loaded nanoparticles (CXB@BNP and BSO@BNP). As compared with free drug resistance inhibitors, delivery of drug resistance inhibitors by functional nanocarriers could obviously improve the therapeutic efficiency due to enhanced cellular uptake and increased intracellular drug accumulation. The study on immunostimulatory effects of different treatments showed that BSO/CXB@BNP treatment resulted in the lowest concentration of interleukin 10, a cytokine related to tumor development. These results suggest the nanoparticulate drug delivery platform developed in this study has promising applications in multiple drug delivery to overcome drug resistance in tumor treatments.
Assuntos
Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Butionina Sulfoximina/farmacologia , Celecoxib/farmacologia , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanopartículas/química , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/antagonistas & inibidores , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/química , Transporte Biológico , Butionina Sulfoximina/química , Celecoxib/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Doxorrubicina/química , Portadores de Fármacos , Composição de Medicamentos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Expressão Gênica , Glutationa/antagonistas & inibidores , Glutationa/biossíntese , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Interleucina-10/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Células MCF-7 , Nanopartículas/ultraestruturaRESUMO
To overcome cancer-associated immunosuppression, we prepared a dual-targeting vector to deliver CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) to macrophages. The dual-targeting system composed of mannosylated carboxymethyl chitosan (MCMC)/hyaluronan (HA) for macrophage targeting and protamine sulfate for ODN complexation was prepared by self-assembly. The effects of ODN delivery on immune cells was studied in J774A.1 cells. Due to the enhanced delivery efficiency, the dual-targeting delivery system exhibits a higher immune stimulatory activity compared with the monotargeting delivery system containing either MCMC or HA, resulting in a dramatically enhanced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and a successful shift to activated macrophages (M1). Besides macrophages, the influence of the delivery system on tumor cells (MCF-7) was also investigated. In MCF-7 cells, the increased expressions of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), PIK3R3, and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) caused by activated NF-κB and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalings were observed. Nevertheless, upregulated Fas as well as Fas ligand (FasL) may induce Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis, which results in the increased expressions of caspases in tumor cells.
Assuntos
Macrófagos , Humanos , NF-kappa B , Neoplasias , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-QuinasesRESUMO
A facile self-assembly strategy was developed to decorate polymer/inorganic hybrid nano-sized drug delivery systems with functional peptides. To enhance drug delivery efficacy and overcome tumor drug resistance, a functional fusion peptide containing an RGD sequence for tumor targeting and an R8 sequence for cell penetration was introduced onto the surface of biotinylated carboxymethyl chitosan/CaCO3 (BCMC/CaCO3) hybrid nanoparticles through biotin-avidin interaction to obtain peptide functionalized nanoparticles (PNP). The peptide functionalization results in improved delivery efficiency and effective inhibition for drug resistant tumor cells. Co-delivery of an anti-cancerous drug (doxorubicin hydrochloride, DOX) and a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (celecoxib, CXB) by PNP can further improve the therapeutic efficiency by effectively down-regulating P-gp expression to reduce P-gp mediated drug efflux and increase intracellular drug accumulation.
RESUMO
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are associated with poor response to chemotherapy, and confer a poor prognosis in various malignancies. However, the association between the expression of the ABC sub-family G member 4 (ABCG4) and prognosis in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. NSCLC tissue samples (n = 140) and normal lung tissue samples (n = 90) were resected from patients with stage II to IV NSCLC between May 2004 and May 2009. ABCG4 mRNA and protein expressions were detected by RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Patients received four cycles of cisplatin-based post-surgery chemotherapy and were followed up until May 31st, 2014. ABCG4 positivity rate was higher in NSCLC than in normal lung tissues (48.6% vs. 0%, P<0.001) and ABCG4 expression was significantly associated with poor differentiation, higher tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, and adenocarcinoma histological type (all P<0.001). Univariate (HR = 2.284, 95%CI: 1.570-3.324, P<0.001) and multivariate (HR = 2.236, 95%CI: 1.505-3.321, P<0.001) analyses showed that ABCG4 expression was an independent factor associated with a poor prognosis in NSCLC. Patients with ABCG4-positive NSCLC had shorter median survival than ABCG4-negative NSCLC (20.1 vs. 43.2 months, P<0.001). The prognostic significance of ABCG4 expression was apparent in stages III and IV NSCLC. In conclusion, high ABCG4 expression was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.