Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and Pulmonary Hypertension: Outcomes in SAVR.

BACKGROUND: Severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) are independently associated with poor outcomes in cardiac surgery. We evaluated the relationship of several measures of LVDD, PH, and hemodynamic subtypes of PH including precapillary pulmonary hypertension(pcPH) and isolated post-capillary pulmonary hypertension(ipcPH) and combined pre and post capillary pulmonary hypertension(cpcPH) capillary PH to postoperative outcomes in a cohort of patients who underwent elective isolated-AVR. METHODS: We evaluated (n = 206) patients in our local STS database who underwent elective isolated-AVR between 2014 and 2018, with transthoracic echocardiogram (n = 177) or right heart catheterization (n = 183) within 1 year of operation (or both, n = 161). The primary outcome was a composite end point of death, prolonged ventilation, ICU readmission, and hospital stay >14 days. RESULTS: Severe PH was associated with worse outcomes (moderate: OR, 1.1, p = 0.09; severe: OR, 1.28, p = 0.01), but degree of LVDD was not associated with worse outcomes. Across hemodynamic subtypes of PH, odds of composite outcome were similar (p = 0.89), however, patients with cpcPH had more postoperative complications (67 vs. 36%, p = 0.06) and patients with ipcPH had greater all-cause mortality at 1 (8 vs. 1%, p = 0.03) and 3 years (27 vs. 4%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Severe PH conferred modestly greater risk of adverse events, and both LVDD grade and the combination of severe PH and LVDD were not associated with worse outcomes. However, hemodynamic stratification of PH revealed higher postoperative complications and worse long-term outcomes for those with cpcPH and ipcPH. Preoperative stratification of PH by hemodynamic subtype in valve replacement surgery may improve our risk stratification in this heterogenous condition. Further evaluation of the significance of LVDD and PH in other cardiac operations is warranted.

Detection, Isolation and Quantification of Myocardial Infarct with Four Different Histological Staining Techniques.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The precise quantification of myocardial infarction is crucial for evaluating therapeutic strategies. We developed a robust, color-based semi-automatic algorithm capable of infarct region detection, isolation and quantification with four different histological staining techniques, and of the isolation and quantification of diffuse fibrosis in the heart. METHODS: Our method is developed based on the color difference in the infarct and non-infarct regions after histological staining. Mouse cardiac tissues stained with Masson's trichrome (MTS), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride and picrosirius red were included to demonstrate the performance of our method. RESULTS: We demonstrate that our algorithm can effectively identify and produce a clear visualization of infarct tissue in the four staining techniques. Notably, the infarct region on an H&E-stained tissue section can be clearly visualized after processing. The MATLAB-based program we developed holds promise for infarct quantification. Additionally, our program can isolate and quantify diffuse fibrotic elements from an MTS-stained cardiac section, which suggests the algorithm's potential for evaluating pathological cardiac fibrosis in diseased cardiac tissues. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that this color-based algorithm is capable of accurately identifying, isolating and quantifying cardiac infarct regions with different staining techniques, as well as diffuse and patchy fibrosis in MTS-stained cardiac tissues.

Detection, Isolation and Quantification of Myocardial Infarct with Four Different Histological Staining Techniques.

Precise quantification of myocardial infarction is crucial for evaluating the therapeutic strategies. We developed a robust, color-based semi-automatic algorithm capable of infarct region detection, isolation and quantification with four different histological staining techniques, and the isolation and quantification of diffuse fibrosis in the heart. Our method is developed based on the color difference in the infarct and non-infarct regions after histological staining. Mouse cardiac tissues stained with Masson's trichrome (MTS), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride and picrosirius red were included to demonstrate the performance of our method. We demonstrate that our algorithm can effectively identify and produce a clear visualization of infarct tissue for the four staining techniques. Notably, the infarct region on a H&E-stained tissue section can be clearly visualized after processing. The MATLAB-based program we developed holds promise in the infarct quantification. Additionally, our program can isolate and quantify the diffuse fibrotic elements from an MTS-stained cardiac section, which suggested the algorithm's potential for evaluating pathological cardiac fibrosis in diseased cardiac tissues. In conclusion, we demonstrate that this color-based algorithm is capable of accurately identifying, isolating and quantifying cardiac infarct regions with different staining techniques, as well as the diffuse and patchy fibrosis in MTS-stained cardiac tissues.

Age-Stratified Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: The management of aortic stenosis has evolved to stratification by age as reflected in recent societal guidelines. We evaluated age-stratified surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) trends and outcomes in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) or tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database. METHODS: This cohort included adults (≥18 years) undergoing SAVR for severe aortic stenosis between July 2011 and December 2022. Comparisons were stratified by age (<65 years, 65-79 years, ≥80 years) and BAV or TAV status. Primary end points included operative mortality, composite morbidity and mortality, and permanent stroke. Observed to expected ratios by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality were calculated. RESULTS: In total, 200,849 SAVR patients (55,326 BAV [27.5%], 145,526 TAV [72.5%]) from 1238 participating hospitals met study criteria. Annual SAVR volumes decreased by 45% (19,560 to 10,851) during the study period. The decrease was greatest (96%) for patients ≥80 years of age (4914 to 207). The relative prevalence of BAV was greater in younger patients (<65 years, 69,068 [49.5% BAV]; 65-79 years, 104,382 [19.1% BAV]; ≥80 years, 27,399 [4.5% BAV]). The observed mortality in <80-year-old BAV patients (<65 years, 1.08; 65-79 years, 1.21; ≥80 years, 3.68) was better than the expected mortality rate (<65 years, 1.22; 65-79 years, 1.54; ≥80 years, 3.14). CONCLUSIONS: SAVR volume in the transcatheter era has decreased substantially, particularly for patients ≥80 years old and for those with TAV. Younger patients with BAV have better than expected outcomes, which should be carefully considered during shared decision-making in the treatment of aortic stenosis. SAVR should remain the preferred therapy in this population.

Conformational changes during in vitro balloon fracture of internal aortic annuloplasty ring.

Objective: HAART 300 300 (BioStable Science and Engineering, Inc) aortic annuloplasty rings restore physiologic annular geometry during aortic valve repair. Transcatheter valve-in-ring implantation is appealing for recurrent valve dysfunction but may necessitate balloon fracture of downsized annuloplasty rings. We characterized the feasibility of ring fracture and changes in ring geometry preceding fracture. Methods: The 19-mm, 21-mm, and 23-mm HAART 300 annuloplasty rings were obtained, and 23-mm, 24-mm, 25-mm, and 26-mm valvuloplasty balloons were obtained. Under continuous fluoroscopy and video recording, a 23-mm balloon was inflated within a 19-mm ring at 1 atm/s until ring fracture or balloon failure occurred. If balloon failure occurred, experiments were sequentially repeated with 1-mm upsized balloons until ring fracture occurred or no larger-sized balloons were available. Results: Upon balloon inflation, all rings exhibited an irreversible conformational change from an elliptical, annular geometry to a circular shape with ring posts flaring outward. A 23-mm balloon burst at 21 atm without fracturing the 19-mm ring. The 24-mm balloon fractured the 19-mm ring at 15 atm. Likewise, a 24-mm balloon ruptured at 18 atm without fracturing the 21-mm annuloplasty ring. A 25-mm balloon fractured the 21-mm ring at 18 atm. Finally, a 26-mm balloon burst at 20 atm without fracturing a 23-mm annuloplasty ring, but it did elicit the confirmational changes described. All fractures occurred along the upslope of a ring post. The exposed metal frame was visible after the 21-mm ring fracture. Conclusions: Fracture of HAART 300 aortic annuloplasty rings is possible with an oversized, high-pressure balloon. However, the geometrical changes in the ring and subsequent rupture of its fabric covering may be obstacles to safe, in vivo ring fracture.