An inactivated PDCoV vaccine induces robust neutralizing antibodies and immune protection in pigs lasting for three months.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes diarrhea mainly in suckling piglets and has the potential to infect humans. Whereas, there is no commercially available vaccine which can effectively prevent this disease. In this study, to ascertain the duration of immune protection of inactivated PDCoV vaccine, suckling piglets were injected subcutaneously with inactivated PDCoV vaccine using a prime/boost strategy at 3 and 17-day-old. Neutralizing antibody assay showed that the level of the inactivated PDCoV group was still ≥1:64 at three months after prime vaccination. The three-month-old pigs were orally challenged with PDCoV strain CZ2020. Two pigs in challenge control group showed mild to severe diarrhea at 10-11 day-post-challenge (DPC), while the inactivated PDCoV group had no diarrhea. High levels of viral shedding, substantial intestinal villus atrophy, and positive straining of viral antigens in ileum were detected in challenge control group, while the pigs in inactivated PDCoV group exhibited significantly reduced viral load, minor intestinal villi damage and negative straining of viral antigens. These results demonstrated that PDCoV was pathogenic against three-month-old pigs and inactivated PDCoV vaccine can provide effective protection in pigs lasting for three months.

The relationship of platelet distribution width with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Previous studies have demonstrated that platelet distribution width (PDW) is associated with cardiovascular events in hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this study, we hypothesized that elevated PDW can predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in PD patients. METHODS: We recruited PD patients for a single-center retrospective cohort study from 1 January 2007, to 30 June 2020. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were made to determine the PDW cutoff value for predicting all-cause mortality. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to improve the equilibrium between groups. The relation of PDW with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used to determine whether there was a linear relationship between PDW and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS: A total of 720 PD patients were screened, and 426 PD patients were enrolled after PSM. After adjusting for confounders, Cox proportional hazards models showed that the PDW value was positively correlated with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 1.162, 95% CI 1.057-1.278, p = 0.002 and HR = 1.200, 95% CI 1.041-1.382, p = 0.012). The adjusted RCS analysis further showed that the relationship of PDW with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was linear (p for nonlinearly = 0.143 and 0.062). CONCLUSION: Elevated PDW is independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in PD patients.

Targeted mutation of secretogranin-2 disrupts sexual behavior and reproduction in zebrafish.

The luteinizing hormone surge is essential for fertility as it triggers ovulation in females and sperm release in males. We previously reported that secretoneurin-a, a neuropeptide derived from the processing of secretogranin-2a (Scg2a), stimulates luteinizing hormone release, suggesting a role in reproduction. Here we provide evidence that mutation of the scg2a and scg2b genes using TALENs in zebrafish reduces sexual behavior, ovulation, oviposition, and fertility. Large-scale spawning within-line crossings (n = 82 to 101) were conducted. Wild-type (WT) males paired with WT females successfully spawned in 62% of the breeding trials. Spawning success was reduced to 37% (P = 0.006), 44% (P = 0.0169), and 6% (P < 0.0001) for scg2a-/- , scg2b-/- , and scg2a-/-;scg2b-/- mutants, respectively. Comprehensive video analysis indicates that scg2a-/-;scg2b-/- mutation reduces all male courtship behaviors. Spawning success was 47% in saline-injected WT controls compared to 11% in saline-injected scg2a-/-;scg2b-/- double mutants. For these mutants, spawning success increased 3-fold following a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of synthetic secretoneurin-a (P = 0.0403) and increased 3.5-fold with injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Embryonic survival at 24 h remained on average lower in scg2a-/-;scg2b-/- fish compared to WT injected with secretoneurin-a (P < 0.001). Significant reductions in the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone 3 in the hypothalamus, and luteinizing hormone beta and glycoprotein alpha subunits in the pituitary provide evidence for disrupted hypothalamo-pituitary function in scg2a and scg2b mutant fish. Our results indicate that secretogranin-2 is required for optimal reproductive function and support the hypothesis that secretoneurin is a reproductive hormone.

The role of glomerular lesions in the prognosis of patients with acute kidney injury during hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the role of glomerular lesions in patients who suffered from acute kidney injury (AKI) during hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). METHODS: The study comprised 66 patients with AKI during HFRS treated at the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases of China, Jinling Hospital, from January 2014 to December 2018. According to the kidney pathological findings, the 66 patients were divided into two groups: the tubulointerstitial injury group (HFRS-TI group, n = 43) and the tubulointerstitial injury with glomerular lesions group (HFRS-GL group, n = 23). The clinical and pathological characteristics of the 66 patients were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 9 cases of IgA nephropathy, 1 case of membranous nephropathy, 2 cases of diabetic nephropathy, and 11 cases of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in the HFRS-GL group. There were more males in the HFRS-GL group than in the HFRS-TI group (92.3% vs. 69.8%, p < .05). A higher proportion of interstitial fibrosis (56.5% vs. 27.9%, p < .05) and more immunoglobulin and complement depositions (p < .001) were observed in the HFRS-GL group than in the HFRS-TI group. Rates of remission of AKI were lower in the HFRS-GL group than in the HFRS-TI group (73.9% vs. 95.3%, p < .05). The presence of glomerular lesions (HR = 5.636, 95% CI = 1.121-28.329, p = .036) and moderate tubulointerstitial injury (HR = 3.598, 95% CI = 1.278-10.125, p = .015) were found to be independent risk factors for kidney prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AKI during HFRS can have glomerular lesions or glomerulonephritis. Patients with AKI during HFRS who have glomerular lesions or moderate renal tubulointerstitial injury proven by kidney biopsy have a relatively poor kidney prognosis. A kidney biopsy can help determine long-term prognosis in patients with AKI during HFRS.

Sub-Nanometer Acoustic Vibration Sensing Using a Tapered-Tip Optical Fiber Microcantilever.

We demonstrate a highly sensitive acoustic vibration sensor based on a tapered-tip optical fiber acting as a microcantilever. The tapered-tip fiber has a unique output profile that exhibits a circular fringe pattern, whose distribution is highly sensitive to the vibration of the fiber tip. A piezo transducer is used for the acoustic excitation of the fiber microcantilever, which results in a periodic bending of the tip and thereby a significant output power modulation. Using a multimode readout fiber connected to an electric spectrum analyzer, we measured the amplitude of these power modulations over the 10-50 kHz range and observed resonances over certain frequency ranges. Two types of tapered-tip fibers were fabricated with diameter values of 1.5 µm and 1.8 µm and their frequency responses were compared with a non-tapered fiber tip. Thanks to the resonance effect as well as the sensitive fringe pattern of the tapered-tip fibers, the limit of detection and the sensitivity of the fiber sensor were obtained as 0.1 nm and 15.7 V/nm, respectively, which were significantly better than the values obtained with the non-tapered fiber tip (i.e., 1.1 nm and 0.12 V/nm, respectively). The sensor is highly sensitive, easy to fabricate, low-cost, and can detect sub-nanometer displacements, which makes it a promising tool for vibration sensing, particularly in the photoacoustic sensing of greenhouse gases.

Tapered tip optical fibers for measuring ultra-small refractive index changes with record high sensitivity.

Here we demonstrate an inexpensive, simple, and ultra-sensitive refractive index sensor based on a tapered tip optical fiber combined with a straightforward image analysis method. The output profile of this fiber exhibits circular fringe patterns whose intensity distribution dramatically changes even with ultra-small refractive index variations in the surrounding medium. The sensitivity of the fiber sensor is measured using different concentrations of saline solutions with a transmission setup consisting of a single wavelength light source, a cuvette, an objective lens, and a camera. By analyzing the areal changes in the center of the fringe patterns for each saline solution, we obtain an unprecedented sensitivity value of 24,160 dB/RIU (refractive index unit), which is the highest value reported so far among intensity-modulated fiber refractometers. The resolution of the sensor is calculated to be 6.9 ×10-9. Moreover, we measure the sensitivity of the fiber tip in the backreflection mode using salt-water solutions and obtained a sensitivity value of 620 dB/RIU. This sensor is ultra-sensitive, simple, easy to fabricate, and low-cost, which makes it a promising tool for on-site measurements and point-of-care applications.

Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of polypoid lesions of gallbladder ≥ 1 cm.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the usefulness of Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Polypoid lesions of gallbladder (PLGs) ≥ 1 cm. METHODS: A prospective analysis was performed on 180 patients with PLGs ≥ 1 cm. 175 cases were confirmed by pathological diagnosis and the remaining were confirmed by other imaging findings. The characteristics of lesions on conventional Ultrasonography (US) and CEUS were recorded. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in enhancement patterns between benign and malignant PLGs during both arterial (P < 0.001) and venous phases (P < 0.001). The malignant lesions typically yielded a "fast-in and fast-out" enhancement pattern. There was no significant difference in Arrival time (AT) between malignant and benign PLGs. If we consider wash-out time ≤ 40 s as a diagnostic standard for malignant lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 88.24%, 85.62%, and 86.11%, respectively. Destruction of the Gallbladder (GB) wall was a particularly important indication of malignant PLGs, and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 93.33%, 92.12%, and 92.22%, respectively. The accuracy of CEUS in the diagnosis of PLGs, as well as malignant and benign lesions, was 92.22%, 92.47%, and 91.17%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The "fast-in and fast-out" enhancement pattern, hyper-enhancement in comparison to the GB wall in the arterial phase, wash-out time ≤ 40 s, GB wall destruction, and hepatic parenchymal infiltration are the characteristic findings of malignant PLGs. Besides, CEUS provides a valuable reference to classify some of the benign lesions.

Healthy aging index and its link with relative education between individual and neighborhood: a population-based, cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: There is increasing recognition of the importance of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) for establishing an age-friendly society. Despite the benefits of improved neighborhood SES, little is known about the link of relative education between individuals and neighborhoods with healthy aging. This study aims to construct a healthy aging index (HAI) accounting for indicators' interlinkages and to test the association of the HAI with relative education between neighborhoods and individuals. METHODS: The study used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2018, including middle-aged and older adults (≥ 45 years). The final sample comprised 11633 participants residing in 443 neighborhoods with 34123 observations. Based on 13 health indicators, a hybrid method integrating network analysis with TOPSIS was applied to construct a HAI accounting for health interlinkages. Weighted multilevel linear and ordered logistic models were used to estimate the effects of neighborhood education. RESULTS: Among the 11633 participants (mean [SD] age, 58.20 [8.91] years; 6415 women [52.82%]), the mean (SD) HAI was 48.94 (7.55) at baseline, showing a downward trend with age. Approximately 10% of participants had a HAI trajectory characterized by a low starting point and fast decline. A one-year increase in neighborhood education was independently associated with a 0.37-point increase (95% CI, 0.23-0.52) in HAI. Regardless of individual education, each participant tended to gain benefits from a neighborhood with higher education. However, the effects of increased neighborhood education were weaker for individuals whose education was lower than the neighborhood average. CONCLUSIONS: The HAI is an interaction system. Improving neighborhood education was beneficial to healthy aging, but individuals with lower education relative to the neighborhood average may experience poor person-environment fit and obtain fewer benefits from improved neighborhood education. Thus, in the process of improving neighborhood SES, individual-based interventions should be conducted for individuals whose education level is lower than the neighborhood average to achieve person-environment fit.

Characteristics of hepatic solitary necrotic nodules on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: To summarize the characteristics of solitary necrotic nodules (SNN) in the liver observed under contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). METHODS: Conventional ultrasonography (US) and CEUS were performed in 24 patients who were confirmed to have SNN by pathological assessment. The US data and dynamic enhancement patterns of CEUS were recorded and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Ten of 24 patients underwent surgical resection, while the other 14 patients underwent a puncture biopsy to be confirmed as SNN. Among the 24 patients, 13 patients had a single lesion and 11 patients had multiple lesions. The largest lesion was selected for CEUS examination for patients with multiple lesions. Eleven patients presented no enhancement in all three phases, while the other 13 patients presented with a peripheral thin rim-like enhancement in the arterial phase, an iso-enhancement in the portal phase and delayed phase. However, no enhancement in the interior of the lesions was detected during three phases of CEUS. CONCLUSIONS: SNN has characteristic findings on the CEUS, which play an important role in the differential diagnoses of liver focal lesions.

Secretoneurin is a secretogranin-2 derived hormonal peptide in vertebrate neuroendocrine systems.

Secretogranin-2 (SCG2) is a large precursor protein that is processed into several potentially bioactive peptides, with the 30-43 amino acid central domain called secretoneurin (SN) being clearly evolutionary conserved in vertebrates. Secretoneurin exerts a diverse array of biological functions including regulating nervous, endocrine, and immune systems in part due to its wide tissue distribution. Expressed in some neuroendocrine neurons and pituitary cells, SN is a stimulator of the synthesis and release of luteinizing hormone from both goldfish pituitary cells and the mouse LßT2 cell line. Neuroendocrine, paracrine and autocrine signaling pathways for the stimulation of luteinizing hormone release indicate hormone-like activities to regulate reproduction. Mutation of the scg2a and scg2b genes using TALENs in zebrafish reduces sexual behavior, ovulation, oviposition, and fertility. A single injection of the SNa peptide enhanced reproductive outcomes in scg2a/scg2b double mutant zebrafish. Evidence in goldfish suggests a new role for SN to stimulate food intake by actions on other feeding-related neuropeptides. Expression and regulation of the Scg2a precursor mRNA in goldfish gut also supports a role in feeding. In rodent models, SN has trophic-like properties promoting both neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity and has chemoattractant properties that regulate neuroinflammation. Data obtained from several cellular models suggest that SN binds to and activates a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), but a bona fide SN receptor protein needs to be identified. Other signaling pathways for SN have been reported which provides alternatives to the GPCR hypothesis. These include AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in cardiomyocytes, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt/Protein Kinase B (AKT, and MAPK in endothelial cells and Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (JAK2-STAT) signaling in neurons. Some studies in cardiac cells provide evidence for cellular internalization of SN by an unknown mechanism. Many of the biological functions of SN remain to be fully characterized, which could lead to new and exciting applications.

Strong optical force and its confinement applications based on heterogeneous phosphorene pairs.

We study the plasmonic properties of face-to-face phosphorene pairs, including their optical constraints and optical gradient forces. The symmetric and anti-symmetric plasmonic modes occur due to the strong anisotropic dispersion of phosphorene. Compared with the anti-symmetric mode, the symmetric mode has a stronger optical constraint and much larger gradient force. Especially, the optical constraint of the symmetric mode can even reach as high as 96% when the two phosphorene layers are along the armchair and zigzag direction respectively. We also propose a scheme of an ultra-small phase shifter using phosphorene-based photonic devices.

Ser422 phosphorylation blocks human Tau cleavage by caspase-3: Biochemical implications to Alzheimer's Disease.

Proteolytic truncation of microtubule associated human (h) Tau protein by caspase-3 at the carboxy (C) terminus has been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This cleavage likely occurs between Asp421↓Ser422 leading to the formation of 421-mer truncated Tau protein which has been found to be present as aggregate in high level after phosphorylation in mortal AD brain tissue compared to normal. At least 50 phosphorylation sites involving Ser, Thr and Tyr residues have been identified or proposed in hTau and a selected number of them have been implicated in hTau aggregation following latter's proteolytic truncation. Interestingly, it is further noted that Ser422 residue present in the P1' position of hTau caspase-3 cleavage region is a potential phosphorylation site. So we became interested to examine in vitro the effect of phospho-Ser422 residue on hTau cleavage by caspase-3 which is a crucial upstream event associated with hTau self-assembly leading to AD pathogenesis. The goal of this project is to study in vitro the caspase-3 cleavage site of hTau protein and to examine the kinetics of this cleavage following Ser422 phosphorylation and treatment with caspase-3 inhibitors. This is achieved by designing peptides from the sequence of hTau protein containing the proposed caspase-3 cleavage region. Peptides were designed from 441-mer major human Tau protein sequence that encompasses the proposed caspase-3 cleavage site [Asp421↓Ser422]. Corresponding phospho-, dextro-Ser422 and dextro-Asp421 analogs were also designed. Peptides were synthesized by solid phase chemistry, purified and fully characterized by mass spectrometry. These were then incubated with recombinant caspase-3 enzyme under identical condition for digestion and analyzed for cleavage by mass spectrometry and RP-HPLC chromatograms. Our results indicated that while the control peptide is efficiently cleaved by caspase-3 at Asp421↓Ser422 site producing the expected N- and C-terminal fragment peptides, the corresponding phospho-Ser422 peptide remained completely resistant to the cleavage. Substitution of Asp421 by its dextro isoform also blocks peptide cleavage by caspase-3. However substitution of Ser422 by its dextro isoform in the peptide did not affect the cleavage significantly. The above results were further confirmed by caspase-3 digestion experiment in the presence of varying amounts of caspase-3 inhibitor (Ac-DQVD-aldehyde) which was found to block this cleavage in a highly effective manner. Our results highlighted the crucial significance of Ser422 phosphorylation and suggest that the kinase associated with this Ser-phosphorylation may protect Tau from aggregation. Thus specific promoters/activators of this kinase may find useful therapeutic benefits in arresting Tau truncation by caspase-3 and the progression of AD. In addition our data demonstrated that Tau-peptides where Ser422 or Asp421 are substituted by their respective dextro isomers, exhibit different cleavage kinetics by caspase-3 and this may have important implications in therapeutic intervention of Tau aggregation and associated AD.

Impulse oscillometry in patients with persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms: A retrospective study.

Introduction: Impaired lung function has been observed in patients following COVID-19 infection, with studies reporting persistent lung volume and diffusing capacity impairments. Some studies have demonstrated significantly higher small airway resistance in COVID-19 positive cases. This retrospective study aims to examine impulse oscillometry (IOS) data of patients with persistent symptoms after COVID-19 infection, focusing on the relationship between time and symptoms. Material and Method: The study analyzed data from adult patients with persistent symptoms who underwent IOS testing within and after 84 days from the diagnosis date. Result: The results showed that patients within 84 days and those between 31 and 84 days had higher small airway resistance values, indicating peripheral airway disease. Patients with dyspnea exhibited higher IOS values compared to those with cough symptoms, suggesting more significant impairment in the peripheral airways. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of using comprehensive diagnostic tools like IOS to assess respiratory impairments in post-COVID-19 patients, particularly in the small airways. Understanding the relationship between time and symptoms can provide valuable insights for the treatment of peripheral airway dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients.

Clinical significance of serum microRNA-146a and inflammatory factors in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia after azithromycin treatment.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of serum microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia after azithromycin treatment. microRNA-146a is known to regulate inflammatory responses, and excessive inflammation is a primary characteristic of MPP. METHODS: Children with MPP received conventional symptomatic therapy along with intravenous administration of azithromycin for one week. Serum levels of microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors were measured using RT-qPCR and ELISA kits, respectively. The correlation between microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors was analyzed by the Pearson method. Pulmonary function indexes were assessed using a pulmonary function analyzer, and their correlation with microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors after treatment was evaluated. Children with MPP were divided into effective and ineffective treatment groups, and the clinical significance of microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Serum microRNA-146a was downregulated in children with MPP but upregulated after azithromycin treatment, contrasting with the trend observed for pro-inflammatory factors. MicroRNA-146a showed a negative correlation with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pulmonary function parameters were initially reduced in children with MPP, but increased after treatment, showing positive/inverse associations with microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors. Higher microRNA-146a and lower pro-inflammatory factors predicted better efficacy of azithromycin treatment. MicroRNA-146a, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) were identified as independent factors influencing treatment efficacy. CONCLUSION: Azithromycin treatment in children with MPP upregulates microRNA-146a, downregulates pro-inflammatory factors, and effectively improves pulmonary function.

Corrigendum: Simultaneous extraction and detection of peptides, steroids, and proteins in small tissue samples.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1266985.].

Arginine vasopressin injection rescues delayed oviposition in cyp19a1b-/- mutant female zebrafish.

In zebrafish, estrogens produced in the ovaries via Cyp19a1a activity are required for both sexual differentiation of the ovary during early development as well as maintenance of the ovarian state during adulthood. The importance of Cyp19a1b that is highly expressed in the brain for female reproduction is still under study. We previously reported that female cyp19a1b -/- mutant zebrafish have significantly lower brain estradiol levels and impaired spawning behavior characterized by an increased latency to oviposition during dyadic sexual behavior encounters. In the current study, we provide evidence that the delayed oviposition in female cyp19a1b -/- mutants is linked to impaired arginine vasopressin (Avp) signaling. Droplet digital PCR experiments revealed that levels of the estrogen receptors, avp, and oxytocin (oxt) are lower in the hypothalamus of mutant females compared to wildtype fish. We then used acute intraperitoneal injections of Avp and Oxt, along with mixtures of their respective receptor antagonists, to determine that Avp can uniquely rescue the delayed oviposition in female cyp19a1b -/- mutants. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that Cyp19a1b-expressing radial glial cell (RGC) fibers surround and are in contact with Avp-immunopositive neurons in the preoptic areas of the brain. This could provide the neuroanatomical proximity for RGC-derived estrogens to diffuse to and activate estrogen receptors and regulate avp expression levels. Together these findings identify a positive link between Cyp19a1b and Avp for female zebrafish sexual behavior. They also suggest that the female cyp19a1b -/- mutant behavioral phenotype is likely a consequence of impaired processing of Avp-dependent social cues important for mate identification and assessment.

Mutation of brain aromatase disrupts spawning behavior and reproductive health in female zebrafish.

Aromatase (Cyp19a1) is the steroidogenic enzyme that converts androgens into bioactive estrogens, and hence is in a pivotal position to mediate reproduction and sexual behavior. In teleosts, there are two aromatase paralogs: cyp19a1a that is highly expressed in granulosa and Leydig cells in the gonads with critical function in sexual differentiation of the ovary, and cyp19a1b that is highly expressed in radial glial cells in the brain with unknown roles in reproduction. Cyp19a1 -/- mutant zebrafish lines were used to investigate the importance of the cyp19a1 paralogs for spawning behavior and offspring survival and early development. Mutation of cyp19a1b was found to increase the latency to the first oviposition in females. Mutation of cyp19a1b in females also increased the number of eggs spawned; however, significantly more progeny died during early development resulting in no net increase in female fecundity. This finding suggests a higher metabolic cost of reproduction in cyp19a1b -/- mutant females. In males, the combined mutation of both cyp19a1 paralogs resulted in significantly lower progeny survival rates, indicating a critical function of cyp19a1 during early larval development. These data establish the specific importance of cyp19a1b for female spawning behavior and the importance of the cyp19a1 paralogs for early larval survival.

Mapping health vulnerability to short-term summer heat exposure based on a directional interaction network: Hotspots and coping strategies.

Health risk resulting from non-optimal temperature exposure, referred to as "systematic risk", has been a sustainable-development challenge in the context of global warming. Previous studies have recognized interactions between and among system components while assessing the vulnerability to climate change, but have left open the question of indicator directional interactions. The question is important, not least because indicator directional association analysis provides guidance to address climate risks by revealing the key nodes and pathways. The purpose of this work was to assess health vulnerability to short-term summer heat exposure based on a directional interaction network. Bayesian network model and network analysis were used to conduct a directional interaction network. Using indicator directional associations as weights, a weighted technique for the order of preference by similarity to ideal solution method was then proposed to assess heat-related health vulnerability. Finally, hotspots and coping strategies were explored based on the directional interaction network and health vulnerability assessments. The results showed that (1) indicator directional interactions were revealed in the health vulnerability framework, and the interactions differed between northern and southern China; (2) there was a dramatic spatial imbalance of health vulnerability in China, with the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and the Yangtze River Basin identified as hotspots; (3) particulate matter and ozone were recognized as priority indicators in the most vulnerable cities of northern China, while summer heat exposure level and variation were priority indicators in southern China; and (4) adaptive capacity could alter the extent of risk; thus, mitigation and adaptation should be implemented in an integrated way. Our study has important implications for strengthening the theoretical basis for the vulnerability assessment framework by providing indicator directional associations and for guiding policy design in dealing with heat-related health vulnerability in China.

Clinical characterization of polycythemia vera associated with IgA nephropathy in a single Chinese center: A case series.

BACKGROUND: Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm which is characterized by excessive production of erythrocytes as well as myeloid and megakaryocytic proliferation. PV associated with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has rarely been reported in the literature. The long-term renal prognosis of these patients is unknown. METHODS: Clinical and pathological characteristics of 7 patients with renal biopsy-proven IgAN associated with PV were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The 7 patients were all males, with a mean age of 49.1 ±â€…18.8 years when admitted to our hospital. Systemic symptoms include: hypertension in case 2, 3, 5, and 6, splenomegaly in case 2, 4, and 5, and multiple lacunar infarction in case 6. Bone marrow biopsy test revealed relative erythroid hyperplasia and atypical megakaryocyte proliferation which consistent with a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm. All patients had JAK2V617F and BCR-ABL tested, and JAK2V617F positive in 2 patients. Mild mesangial proliferation was observed in 5 patients and moderate/severe mesangial proliferation in 2patients. Immunofluorescence mainly showed diffuse granular deposition of dominant IgA in mesangium. After follow-up of 56.7 ±â€…44.0 months, hemoglobin level was 144 ±â€…29 g/L and hematocrit lever was 0.470 ±â€…0.03, compared with 187 ±â€…29 g/L and 0.563 ±â€…0.087 respectively when admitted to our hospital. The urine protein was 0.85 ±â€…0.64 g/24 h compared with 3.97 ±â€…4.68 g/24 h. Case 3 progressed to end stage renal disease and had received hemodialysis for 5 years before renal transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that PV associated with IgAN mainly occurs in males and is often accompanied by hematuria and mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. The long-term prognosis was good for most patients, and few progressed relatively quickly to end stage renal disease.

Prioritizing sustainable development goals in China based on a comprehensive assessment accounting for indicator interlinkages.

Prioritizing areas and targets, coordinated with development gaps, is necessary to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the face of resource limitations resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The SDG interlinkages further exacerbate the difficulty inherent in addressing these goals. However, previous studies failed to consider the indicator interlinkages in the process of aggregate performance assessments and thus cannot identify priorities based on indicator interlinkages and development gaps. This study integrated network analysis and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method to convert indicator interlinkages into indicator weights and then assessed the aggregate performance of the SDGs. Subsequently, the prioritized provinces and indicators were identified at the subnational level of China based on the aggregate performance of the SDGs, SDG growth rate and indicator interlinkages. The per capita net income of rural residents (2.3.2), the proportion of people living below 50% of the median income (10.2.1), and the under-five mortality rate (3.2.1) were the most contributing indicators to the aggregate performance of the SDGs, while the common challenges dealt with SDG 16, SDG 6, SDG 7 and SDG 12. Moreover, accelerating the development of western provinces would make it possible to overcome the traditional imbalance status, while resource-driven provinces should be paid special attention due to their poor aggregate performance of the SDGs and their lower growth rate. Thus, a coordinating strategy is highly recommended for allocating resources to the priority targets and finally achieving the SDGs.