Arene Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing the κ-P or κ-P,κ-S Ph2P(CH2)3SPh Ligand.

Neutral [Ru(η6-arene)Cl2{Ph2P(CH2)3SPh-κP}] (arene = benzene, indane, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene: 2a, 2c and 2d) and cationic [Ru(η6-arene)Cl(Ph2P(CH2)3SPh-κP,κS)]X complexes (arene = mesitylene, 1,4-dihydronaphthalene; X = Cl: 3b, 3e; arene = benzene, mesitylene, indane, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, and 1,4-dihydronaphthalene; X = PF6: 4a-4e) complexes were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy and also by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The stability of the complexes has been investigated in DMSO. Complexes have been assessed for their cytotoxic activity against 518A2, 8505C, A253, MCF-7 and SW480 cell lines. Generally, complexes exhibited activity in the lower micromolar range; moreover, they are found to be more active than cisplatin. For the most active ruthenium(II) complex, 4b, bearing mesitylene as ligand, the mechanism of action against 8505C cisplatin resistant cell line was determined. Complex 4b induced apoptosis accompanied by caspase activation.

(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)chloridoiridium(III) Complex Bearing Bidentate Ph2PCH2CH2SPh-κP,κS Ligand.

The (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)chloridoiridium(III) complex bearing a κP,κS-bonded Ph2PCH2CH2SPh ligand ([Ir(η5-C5Me5)Cl(Ph2P(CH2)2SPh-κP,κS)]PF6, (1)] was synthesized and characterized. Multinuclear (1H, 13C and 31P) NMR spectroscopy was employed for the determination of the structure. Moreover, SC-XRD confirmed the proposed structure belongs to the "piano stool" type. The Hirshfeld surface analysis outlined the most important intermolecular interactions in the structure. The crystallographic structure was optimized at the B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311++G(d,p)(H,C,P,S,Cl)/LanL2DZ(Ir) level of theory. The applicability of this level was verified through a comparison of experimental and theoretical bond lengths and angles, and 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts. The Natural Bond Orbital theory was used to identify and quantify the intramolecular stabilization interactions, especially those between donor atoms and Ir(III) ions. Complex 1 was tested on antitumor activity against five human tumor cell lines: MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma, SW480 colon adenocarcinoma, 518A2 melanoma, 8505C human thyroid carcinoma and A253 submandibular carcinoma. Complex 1 showed superior antitumor activity against cisplatin-resistant MCF-7, SW480 and 8505C cell lines. The mechanism of tumoricidal action on 8505C cells indicates the involvement of caspase-induced apoptosis, accompanied by a considerable reduction in ROS/RNS and proliferation potential of treated cells.

[3-Meth-oxy-1-(phenyl-sulfan-yl)prop-yl]triphenyl-tin(IV) benzene 0.17-solvate.

In the title compound, [Sn(C(6)H(5))(3)(C(10)H(13)OS)]·0.17C(6)H(6), the Sn(IV) atom exhibits a slightly distorted tetra-hedral coordination geometry built up by four C atoms, which are the three ipso-C atoms of the phenyl rings and the α-C atom of the deprotonated γ-O-functionalized propyl phenyl sulfide. The benzene mol-ecule lies about a threefold rotoinversion axis.

Chlorido[1-diphenyl-phosphanyl-3-(phenyl-sulfan-yl)propane-κ(2)P,S](η(5)-penta-methyl-cyclo-penta-dien-yl)iridium(III) chloride monohydrate.

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Ir(C(10)H(15))Cl(C(21)H(21)PS)]Cl·H(2)O, consists of discrete [Ir(η(5)-C(5)Me(5))Cl{Ph(2)P(CH(2))(3)SPh-κP,κS}](+) cations, chloride anions and water mol-ecules. The Ir(III) atom is coordinated by an η(5)-C(5)Me(5) ligand, a chloride and a Ph(2)P(CH(2))(3)SPh-κP,κS ligand, leading to a three-legged piano-stool geometry. In the crystal, two water molecules and two chloride anions are linked by weak O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding into tetra-mers that are located on centers of inversion. The H atoms of one of the methyl groups are disordered and were refined using a split model.

Delivery of [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2{Ph2P(CH2)3SPh-κP}] using unfunctionalized and mercapto functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous silica: Preparation, characterization and in vitro study.

SBA-15 (Santa Barbara Amorphous 15) mesoporous silica and its functionalized form (with 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane) SBA-15~SH were used as carriers for [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2{Ph2P(CH2)3SPh-κP}] complex, denoted as [Ru]. Prepared mesoporous silica nanomaterials were characterized by traditional methods. Materials without [Ru] complex did not show any cytotoxic activity against melanoma B16 and B16-F10 cell lines. On the contrary, materials containing [Ru] such as SBA-15|[Ru] and SBA-15~SH|[Ru], exhibited very high activity against tested tumor cell lines, moreover with similar inhibitory potential. According to the loaded amount of the [Ru] in SBA-15|[Ru] and SBA-15~SH|[Ru] the IC50 values are 1-2µM depending on the test used, thus in comparison to [Ru] alone the activity of nanomaterials containing [Ru] are elevated 3-6 times in vitro. However, the mechanism of apoptosis induction differs for these two mesoporous silica. Unlike reference [Ru] compound and SBA-15~SH|[Ru], SBA-15|[Ru] induces high caspase activation. Discrepancy in mechanism of drugs action at intracellular level points towards an influence of functionalization as well as availability of the drug. Moreover, both SBA-15|[Ru] and SBA-15~SH|[Ru] similarly to [Ru] are declining autophagy in B16 cell line.

Biological Potential of Halfsandwich Ruthenium(II) and Iridium (III) Complexes.

In vitro studies with the ruthenium(II) and analogous iridium(III) complexes [Ru(η6- p-cymene)Cl2{Ph2PCH2CH2CH2S(O)xPh-κP}], [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl{Ph2PCH2CH2CH2S(O)xPh- κP,κS}][PF6] (1-4), [Ir(η5-C5Me5)Cl2{Ph2PCH2CH2CH2S(O)xPh-κP}] and [Ir(η5-C5Me5)Cl{Ph2 PCH2CH2CH2S(O)xPh-κP,κS}][PF6] (5-8; x = 0, 1) revealed the high selectivity toward the 8505C, A253, MCF-7, SW480 and 518A2 cancer cell lines. Thus, the cationic ruthenium complex 4 proved to be the most selective one. In case of the neutral and cationic ruthenium complexes 1-4 the caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death was proven as the main cause of the drug's tumoricidal action on 8505C cell line.

Lithiated sulfoxides: α-sulfinyl functionalized carbanions.

Reactions of alkyl aryl sulfoxides H-CRR'S(O)Ar with n-BuLi-TMEDA (TMEDA = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) afforded α-sulfinyl functionalized alkyl aryl lithium compounds of the type [Li2{CRR'S(O)Ar}2(TMEDA)2] (1, R/R' = H/H, Ar = Ph; 2, R/R' = H/H, Ar = p-Tol; 3, R/R' = Me/Me, Ar = Ph; 4, R/R' = H/Ph, Ar = Ph; 5, R/R' = Me/Ph, Ar = Ph). The compounds were characterized by (1)H, (13)C and (7)Li NMR spectroscopy and, except for 5, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. In crystals of 1, 2, 3 and 4 ·Et2O dinuclear molecules with four-membered Li2O2 rings were found. There are no LiCα contacts, thus, "free" carbanions are the main structural feature. Reactions of 1-6 (6, R/R' = H/Me, Ar = Ph) with benzaldehyde and benzophenone afforded the corresponding sulfoxides of the type ArS(O)CRR'CHPhOH (1a-6a) and ArS(O)CRR'CPh2OH (1b-6b), respectively. The reactions yielding / and / proceeded with high diastereoselectivities. By X-ray diffractometry it has been shown that in the case of and the diastereomers consisting of the two enantiomers SSRC and RSSC were formed.

Anticancer potential of (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)chloridoiridium(III) complexes bearing κP and κP,κS-coordinated Ph2 PCH2 CH2 CH2 S(O)x Ph (x=0-2) ligands.

Iridium(III) complexes of the type [Ir(η(5) -C5 Me5 )Cl2 {Ph2 PCH2 CH2 CH2 S(O)x Ph-κP}] (x=0-2; 1-3) and [Ir(η(5) -C5 Me5 )Cl{Ph2 PCH2 CH2 CH2 S(O)x Ph-κP,κS}][PF6 ] (x=0-1; 4 and 5) with 3-(diphenylphosphino)propyl phenyl sulfide, sulfoxide, and sulfone ligands Ph2 PCH2 CH2 CH2 S(O)x Ph were designed, synthesized, and characterized fully, including X-ray diffraction analyses for complexes 3 and 4. In vitro studies against human thyroid carcinoma (8505C), submandibular carcinoma (A253), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colon adenocarcinoma (SW480), and melanoma (518A2) cell lines provided evidence for the high biological potential of the neutral and cationic iridium(III) complexes. Neutral iridium(III) complex 5 proved to be the most active, with IC50 values up to about 0.1 µM, representing activities of up to one order of magnitude higher than cisplatin. Using 8505C cells, apoptosis was shown to be the main mechanism through which complex 5 exerts its tumoricidal action. The described iridium(III) complexes represent potential leads in the search for novel metal-based anticancer agents.

Biological activity of neutral and cationic iridium(III) complexes with κP and κP,κS coordinated Ph2PCH2S(O)xPh (x = 0-2) ligands.

Neutral iridium(III) complexes of the type [Ir(η(5)-C5Me5)Cl2{Ph2PCH2S(O)xPh-κP}] (1-3) with diphenylphosphino-functionalized methyl phenyl sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones Ph2PCH2S(O)xPh (x = 0, L1; 1, L2; 2, L3) and the cationic complex [Ir(η(5)-C5Me5)Cl{Ph2PCH2SPh-κP,κS}][PF6] (4) were synthesized and fully characterized analytically and spectroscopically. Furthermore, the structure of 2 was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The biological potential of the neutral and cationic iridium(III) complexes was tested in vitro against the cell lines 8505C, A253, MCF-7, SW480 and 518A2. Complex [Ir(η(5)-C5Me5)Cl2{Ph2PCH2S(O)Ph-κP}] (2), with ligand L2 κP coordinated containing a pendent sulfinyl group, is the most active one (IC50 values of about 3 µM), thus, with activities comparable to cisplatin. Complex 2 proved to have an even a higher antiproliferative activity than cisplatin against 8505C and SW480 cell lines, used as a model system of highly anaplastic cancers with low sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin. Additional experiments demonstrated that apoptosis and autophagic cell death contribute to the drug's tumoricidal action.

Cationic arene ruthenium(II) complexes with chelating P-functionalized alkyl phenyl sulfide and sulfoxide ligands as potent anticancer agents.

The synthesis and characterization of cationic ruthenium(II) complexes of the type [Ru(η(6)-p-cym)Cl{Ph(2)P(CH(2))(n)S(O)(x)Ph-κP,κS}][PF(6)] (n = 1-3; x = 0, 1; p-cym = p-cymene) are presented. Furthermore, their high biological potential even against cisplatin-resistant tumor cell lines and their structure-activity relationships are discussed.

Highly active neutral ruthenium(II) arene complexes: synthesis, characterization, and investigation of their anticancer properties.

Reactions of ω-diphenylphosphino-functionalized alkyl phenyl sulfides Ph(2)P(CH(2))(n)SPh (n=1, L1; 2, L2; 3, L3), sulfoxides Ph(2)P(CH(2))(n)S(O)Ph (n=1, L4; 2, L5; 3, L6) and sulfones Ph(2)P(CH(2))(n)S(O)(2)Ph (n=1, L7; 2, L8; 3, L9) with the dinuclear chlorido bridged ruthenium(II) complex [{Ru(η(6)-p-cymene)Cl(2)}(2)] afforded mononuclear ruthenium(II) complexes of the type [Ru(η(6)-p-cymene)Cl(2){Ph(2)P(CH(2))(n)S(O)(x)Ph-κP}] (n/x=1/0, 1; 2/0, 2; 3/0, 3; 1/1, 4; 2/1, 5; 3/1, 6; 1/2, 7; 2/2, 8; 3/2, 9) having the P(∩)S(O)(x) ligands κP coordinated. The complexes were characterized by (1)H, (13)C and (31)P NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of complexes 2, 7·CH(2)Cl(2) and 8 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. All complexes have been screened for cytostatic activity against cell lines 518A2, 8505C, A253, MCF-7, and SW480. In vitro biological experiments demonstrate that these compounds are active toward the used cell lines. The ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(η(6)-p-cymene)Cl(2){Ph(2)P(CH(2))(2)SPh-κP}] (2) is the most active compound in the human cancer cell line MCF-7 with the IC(50) value 1.4 µM lower than cisplatin (2.0 µM).