Dopamine modification of glycolytic enzymes impairs glycolysis: possible implications for Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic and severe neurodegenerative disease, is pathologically characterized by the selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine (DA), the neurotransmitter produced by dopaminergic neurons, and its metabolites can covalently modify proteins, and dysregulation of this process has been implicated in neuronal loss in PD. However, much remains unknown about the protein targets. METHODS: In the present work, we designed and synthesized a dopamine probe (DA-P) to screen and identify the potential protein targets of DA using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) technology in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In situ pull-down assays, cellular thermal shift assays (CETSAs) and immunofluorescence were performed to confirm the DA modifications on these hits. To investigate the effects of DA modifications, we measured the enzymatic activities of these target proteins, evaluated glycolytic stress and mitochondrial respiration by Seahorse tests, and systematically analyzed the changes in metabolites with unbiased LC-MS/MS-based non-targeted metabolomics profiling. RESULTS: We successfully identified three glycolytic proteins, aldolase A, α-enolase and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), as the binding partners of DA. DA bound to Glu166 of α-enolase, Cys49 and Cys424 of PKM2, and Lys230 of aldolase A, inhibiting the enzymatic activities of α-enolase and PKM2 and thereby impairing ATP synthesis, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Recent research has revealed that enhancing glycolysis can offer protection against PD. The present study identified that the glycolytic pathway is vulnerable to disruption by DA, suggesting a promising avenue for potential therapeutic interventions. Safeguarding glycolysis against DA-related disruption could be a potential therapeutic intervention for PD.

Single-cell RNA sequencing deciphers the mechanism of sepsis-induced liver injury and the therapeutic effects of artesunate.

Liver, as an immune and detoxification organ, represents an important line of defense against bacteria and infection and a vulnerable organ that is easily injured during sepsis. Artesunate (ART) is an anti-malaria agent, that also exhibits broad pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, immune-regulation and liver protection. In this study, we investigated the cellular responses in liver to sepsis infection and ART hepatic-protective mechanisms against sepsis. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis model was established in mice. The mice were administered ART (10 mg/kg, i.p.) at 4 h, and sacrificed at 12 h after the surgery. Liver samples were collected for preparing single-cell RNA transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq). The scRNA-seq analysis revealed that sepsis-induced a dramatic reduction of hepatic endothelial cells, especially the subtypes characterized with proliferation and differentiation. Macrophages were recruited during sepsis and released inflammatory cytokines (Tnf, Il1b, Il6), chemokines (Ccl6, Cd14), and transcription factor (Nfkb1), resulting in liver inflammatory responses. Massive apoptosis of lymphocytes and abnormal recruitment of neutrophils caused immune dysfunction. ART treatment significantly improved the survival of CLP mice within 96 h, and partially relieved or reversed the above-mentioned pathological features, mitigating the impact of sepsis on liver injury, inflammation, and dysfunction. This study provides comprehensive fundamental proof for the liver protective efficacy of ART against sepsis infection, which would potentially contribute to its clinical translation for sepsis therapy. Single cell transcriptome reveals the changes of various hepatocyte subtypes of CLP-induced liver injury and the potential pharmacological effects of artesunate on sepsis.

Hysteresis effects of different levels of storm flooding on susceptible enteric infectious diseases in a central city of China.

BACKGROUND: Recently, attention has focused on the impact of global climate change on infectious diseases. Storm flooding is an extreme weather phenomenon that not only impacts the health of the environment but also worsens the spread of pathogens. This poses a significant challenge to public health security. However, there is still a lack of research on how different levels of storm flooding affect susceptible enteric infectious diseases over time. METHODS: Data on enteric infectious diseases, storm flooding events, and meteorology were collected for Changsha, Hunan Province, between 2016 and 2020. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test was used to identify the enteric infectious diseases that are susceptible to storm flooding. Then, the lagged effects of different levels of storm flooding on susceptible enteric infectious diseases were analyzed using a distributed lag nonlinear model. RESULTS: There were eleven storm flooding events in Changsha from 2016 to 2020, concentrated in June and July. 37,882 cases of enteric infectious diseases were reported. During non-flooding days, the daily incidence rates of typhoid/paratyphoid and bacillary dysentery were 0.3/100,000 and 0.1/100,000, respectively. During flooding days, the corresponding rates increased to 2.0/100,000 and 0.8/100,000, respectively. The incidence rates of both diseases showed statistically significant differences between non-flooding and flooding days. Correlation analysis shows that the best lags for typhoid/paratyphoid and bacillary dysentery relative to storm flooding events may be 1 and 3 days. The results of the distributed lag nonlinear model showed that typhoid/paratyphoid had the highest cumulative RR values of 2.86 (95% CI: 1.71-4.76) and 8.16 (95% CI: 2.93-22.67) after 4 days of general flooding and heavy flooding, respectively; and bacillary dysentery had the highest cumulative RR values of 1.82 (95% CI: 1.40-2.35) and 3.31 (95% CI: 1.97-5.55) after 5 days of general flooding and heavy flooding, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Typhoid/paratyphoid and bacillary dysentery are sensitive enteric infectious diseases related to storm flooding in Changsha. There is a lagging effect of storm flooding on the onset of typhoid/paratyphoid and bacillary dysentery, with the best lagging periods being days 1 and 3, respectively. The cumulative risk of typhoid/paratyphoid and bacillary dysentery was highest at 4/5 days lag, respectively. The higher of storm flooding, the higher the risk of disease, which suggests that the authorities should take appropriate preventive and control measures before and after storm flooding.

Celastrol exerts a neuroprotective effect by directly binding to HMGB1 protein in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.

BACKGROUND: Celastrol (cel) was one of the earliest isolated and identified chemical constituents of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Based on a cel probe (cel-p) that maintained the bioactivity of the parent compound, the targets of cel in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury were comprehensively analyzed by a quantitative chemical proteomics method. METHODS: We constructed an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model in primary rat cortical neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in adult rats to detect the direct binding targets of cel in cerebral I/R. By combining various experimental methods, including tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling, mass spectrometry, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), we revealed the targets to which cel directly bound to exert neuroprotective effects. RESULTS: We found that cel inhibited the proinflammatory activity of high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) by directly binding to it and then blocking the binding of HMGB1 to its inflammatory receptors in the microenvironment of ischemia and hypoxia. In addition, cel rescued neurons from OGD injury in vitro and decreased cerebral infarction in vivo by targeting HSP70 and NF-κB p65. CONCLUSION: Cel exhibited neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects by targeting HSP70 and NF-κB p65 and directly binding to HMGB1 in cerebral I/R injury.

CZ-7, a new derivative of Claulansine F, ameliorates 2VO-induced vascular dementia in rats through a Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses.

Vascular dementia (VD) results from accumulated damage in the vascular system, which is characterized by progressive impairments in memory and cognition and is second only to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in prevalence among all types of dementia. In contrast to AD, there is no FDA-approved treatment for VD owing to its multiple etiologies. In this study, we investigated whether CZ-7, a new derivative of Claulansine F (Clau F) with verified neuroprotective activity in vitro, could ameliorate the cognitive impairment of rats with permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) and its potential mechanisms of action. The 2VO rats were orally administered CZ-7 (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) from day 27 to day 53 post-surgery. Morris water maze tests conducted at day 48-51 revealed that CZ-7 administration significantly reduced the escape latency in 2VO rats. After the rats were sacrificed on day 53, morphological studies using Nissl and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining showed that administration of CZ-7 markedly attenuated the pathological changes in CA1-CA3 area of the hippocampus, including neuronal cell loss, nuclear shrinkage, and dark staining of neurons, and significantly decreased the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced cell loss. Klüver-Barrera staining study revealed that CZ-7 administration significantly improved the white matter lesions. 8-OHdG and reactive oxygen species (ROS) immunofluorescent analyses showed that CZ-7 administration significantly decreased oxidative stress in CA1-CA3 area of the hippocampus. Finally, we found that the CZ-7-improved oxidative stress might be mediated via the Nrf2 pathway, evidenced by the double immunofluorescent staining of Nrf2 and the elevation of expression levels of oxidative stress proteins HO-1 and NQO1. In conclusion, CZ-7 has therapeutic potential for VD by alleviating oxidative stress injury through Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses.

Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against ischemic/reperfusion-induced neuronal injury through miR-144/Nrf2/ARE pathway.

Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), a saponin extracted from Panax ginseng, has been well documented to be effective against ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) neuronal injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In the present study, we investigated the roles of Nrf2 and miR-144 in the protective effects of Rg1 against I/R-induced neuronal injury. In OGD/R-treated PC12 cells, Rg1 (0.01-1 µmol/L) dose-dependently attenuated the cell injury accompanied by prolonging nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, enhancing the transcriptional activity of Nrf2, as well as promoting the expression of ARE-target genes. The activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway by Rg1 was independent of disassociation with Keap1, but resulted from post-translational regulations. Knockdown of Nrf2 abolished all the protective changes of Rg1 in OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. Furthermore, Rg1 treatment significantly decreased the expression of miR-144, which downregulated Nrf2 production by targeting its 3'-untranlated region after OGD/R. Knockdown of Nrf2 had no effect on the expression of miR-144, suggesting that miR-144 was an upstream regulator of Nrf2. We revealed that there was a direct binding between Nrf2 and miR-144 in PC12 cells. Application of anti-miR-144 occluded the activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway by Rg1 in OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. In tMCAO rats, administration of Rg1 (20 mg/kg) significantly alleviated ischemic injury, and activated Nrf2/ARE pathway. The protective effects of Rg1 were abolished by injecting of AAV-HIF-miR-144-shRNA into the predicted ischemic penumbra. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that Rg1 alleviates oxidative stress after I/R through inhibiting miR-144 activity and subsequently promoting the Nrf2/ARE pathway at the post-translational level.

Ursodeoxycholic acid protects interstitial Cajal-like cells in the gallbladder from undergoing apoptosis by inhibiting TNF-α expression.

Hypomotility is a common symptom of gallstone disease, which is accompanied by a loss of interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs) in the gallbladder. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is widely used in treating gallstone disease, and has shown anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects apart from its ability to dissolve gallstones. In this study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of UDCA on ICLCs in guinea pigs with gallstones. Guinea pigs were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks to induce the formation of gallstones. A group of animals was administered UDCA (50 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig) simultaneously. At the end of 8 weeks, the animals were euthanized with anesthesia, cholecystectomy was performed immediately and gallbladder was collected for further analysis. We showed that in the model group the contractility of gallbladder muscle strips in response to both acetylcholine (ACh) and CCK-8 was severely impaired, which was significantly improved by UDCA administration. Furthermore, UDCA administration significantly reduced the apoptotic ratio of ICLCs, based on the observation of co-localization imaging of apoptotic cells and c-kit-positive cells. Western blotting analysis and real-time PCR results revealed that the TNF-α/Caspase8/Caspase3 pathway was suppressed in the UDCA-treated animals, confirming the anti-apoptotic effect of UDCA in the gallbladder. The H&E staining showed that UDCA administration significantly attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration in the gallbladder wall. In conclusion, UDCA can protect ICLCs in the gallbladder from undergoing apoptosis by inhibiting the TNF-α/Caspase8/caspase3 pathway.

Early Stage Functions of Mitochondrial Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury.

Mitochondria go through frequent cycles of fusion and fission, a process required for mitochondrial quality control by eliminating ROS-damaged mitochondria through mitochondrial autophagy. Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause liver injury in animals and human beings by inducing mitochondrial damage, which need to be further evaluated. The aim of the current study is to assess the changes between oxidative damage mitophagy in vivo and in vitro, which mimics APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) in humans. Liver damage was monitored by measuring the levels of biochemical indexes. Proteins associated with oxidative stress were inspected by western blot analysis. After given APAP to both Nrf2-/- and wild-type mice, Nrf2-/- mice were highly susceptible to APAP induced liver injury. Actually, rapamycin promoted the process of autophagy, reducing the formation of giant mitochondria and lipid droplets. Both tBHQ and NAC protected hepatic cells, promoting Nrf2 translocation into nucleus and increasing the expression of downstream enzymes and proteins. C57BL/6 mice with stabilized Nrf2 had increased hepatic up-regulation of Nrf2 and other antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the mitochondria dysfunction. Interestingly, APAP-induced mitochondrial changes of Drp1; however, the initiation of mitochondria fission was inhibited by MDIVI-1, causing much more serious hepatic impairment. In the early stage of AILI, Nrf2 played a protective role in antioxidant activity while mitophagy protected against oxidative stress damage by the scavenging function. Promoting that both Drp1 and Nrf2 could be a promising new approach to reduce AILI. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3130-3141, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A Novel Bibenzyl Compound (20C) Protects Mice from 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine/Probenecid Toxicity by Regulating the α-Synuclein-Related Inflammatory Response.

The novel bibenzyl compound 2-[4-hydroxy-3-(4- hydroxyphenyl) benzyl]-4-(4- hydroxyphenyl) phenol (20C) plays a neuroprotective role in vitro, but its effects in vivo have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we estimated the efficacy of 20C in vivo using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid (MPTP/p) mouse model from behavior, dopamine, and neuron and then the possible mechanisms for these effects were further investigated. The experimental results showed that 20C improved behavioral deficits, attenuated dopamine depletion, reduced dopaminergic neuron loss, protected the blood-brain barrier (BBB) structure, ameliorated α-synuclein dysfunction, suppressed glial activation, and regulated both nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and the NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP) 3 inflammasome pathway. Our results indicated that 20C may prevent neurodegeneration in the MPTP/p mouse model by targeting α-synuclein and regulating α-synuclein-related inflammatory responses, including BBB damage, glial activation, NF-κB signaling, and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Polygalasaponin XXXII, a triterpenoid saponin from Polygalae Radix, attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice.

AIM: Recent studies show that the extract of a Chinese herb Polygalae Radix exerts cognition-enhancing actions in rats and humans. The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacological profiles of active compounds extracted from Polygalae Radix. METHODS: Two fractions P3 and P6 and two compounds PTM-15 and polygalasaponin XXXII (PGS32) were prepared. Neuroprotective effects were evaluated in primary cortical neurons exposed to high concentration glutamate, serum deficiency or H2O2. Anti-dementia actions were assessed in scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice using step-through avoidance tests and channel water maze tests. After conducting the channel water maze tests, TrkB phosphorylation in mouse hippocampus was detected using Western blotting. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced in the dentate gyrus in adult rats; PGS32 (5 µL 400 µmol/L) was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle 20 min after high frequency stimulation (HFS). RESULTS: Compared to the fraction P6, the fraction P3 showed more prominent neuroprotective effects in vitro and cognition-enhancing effects in scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. One active compound PGS32 in the fraction P3 exerted potent cognition-enhancing action: oral administration of PGS32 (0.125 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 19 days abolished scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Furthermore, PGS32 (0.5 and 2 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) significantly stimulated the phosphorylation of TrkB in the hippocampus. Intracerebroventricular injection of PGS32 significantly enhanced HFS-induced LTP in the dentate gyrus of rats. CONCLUSION: PGS32 attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice, suggesting that it has a potential for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and dementia.

Bibenzyl compound 20c protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress in tunicamycin-treated PC12 cells in vitro.

AIM: Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain is a characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we investigated whether treatment with tunicamycin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, led to the accumulation of α-syn in PC12 cells, and where α-syn protein was accumulated, and finally, whether bibenzyl compound 20c, a novel compound isolated from Gastrodia elata (Tian ma), could alleviate the accumulation of α-syn and ER stress activation in tunicamycin-treated PC12 cells. METHODS: PC12 cells were treated with tunicamycin for different time (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h). Cell viability was determined by a MTT assay. Subcellular fractions of ER and mitochondria were extracted with the Tissue Endoplasmic reticulum Isolation Kit. The levels of α-syn protein and ER-stress-associated downstream chaperones were detected using Western blots and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Treatment of PC12 cells with tunicamycin (0.5-10 µg/mL) dose-dependently increased the accumulation of α-syn monomer (19 kDa) and oligomer (55 kDa), and decreased the cell viability. Accumulation of the two forms of α-syn was observed in both the ER and mitochondria with increasing treatment time. Co-treatment with 20c (10-5 mol/L) significantly increased the viability of tunicamycin-treated cells, reduced the level of α-syn protein and suppressed ER stress activation in the cells, evidenced by the reductions in phosphorylation of eIF2α and expression of spliced ATF6 and XBP1. CONCLUSION: Tunicamycin treatment caused accumulation of α-syn monomer and oligomer in PC12 cells. Bibenzyl compound 20c reduces the accumulation of α-syn and inhibits the activation of ER stress, which protected PC12 cells against the toxicity induced by tunicamycin.

STING modulates iron metabolism to promote liver injury and inflammation in acute immune hepatitis.

The pathogenesis of Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) is closely associated with perturbations in iron ion metabolism, during which Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) plays an important role. However, the precise regulatory mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the relationship between iron dysregulation and STING activation in Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced AIH liver injury. STING knockout (STING-/-) mice and AAV (Adeno-Associated virus)-Sting1-RNAi-treated mice were involved and subjected in AIH. We observed that increased iron dysregulation was linked with STING activation, but this effect was effectively reversed by the administration of iron chelating agent Desferoxamine (DFO) and the antioxidant Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). Notably, the iron transport protein Transferrin (TF) and Transferrin Receptor (TfR) exhibited significant accumulation in AIH along with upregulated expression of ferritin protein. Additionally, the deficiency of STING reduced hepatic iron accumulation, mitigated oxidative stress, and attenuated macrophage activation during ConA treatment. Furthermore, liver-specific knockdown of STING using AAV-Sting1-RNAi significantly ameliorated liver iron dysregulation and oxidative stress response induced by Kupffer cells (KCs). KC-derived STING exacerbates liver damage severity in AIH through promoting disturbances in hepatic iron ion metabolism as well as oxidative stress response. These findings provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of AIH and may pave the way for potential therapeutic strategies targeting STING and iron metabolism in the future.

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals the Ameliorative Effect of Oridonin on Septic Liver Injury.

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome leading to hemodynamic instability and potential organ dysfunction. Oridonin, commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), exhibits significant anti-inflammation activity. To explore the protective mechanisms of oridonin against the pathophysiological changes, the authors conducted single-cell transcriptome (scRNA-seq) analysis on septic liver models induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). They obtained a total of 63,486 cells, distributed across 11 major cell clusters, and concentrated their analysis on four specific clusters (hepatocytes/Heps, macrophages, endothelial/Endos and T/NK) based on their changes in proportion during sepsis and under oridonin treatment. Firstly, biological changes in Hep, which are related to metabolic dysregulation and pro-inflammatory signaling, are observed during sepsis. Secondly, they uncovered the dynamic profiles of macrophage's phenotype, indicating that a substantial number of macrophages exhibited a M1-skewed phenotype associated with pro-inflammatory characteristics in septic model. Thirdly, they detected an upregulation of both inflammatory cytokines and transcriptomic factor Nfkb1 expression within Endo, along with slight capillarization during sepsis. Moreover, excessive accumulation of cytotoxic NK led to an immune imbalance. Though, oridonin ameliorated inflammatory-related responses and improved the liver dysfunction in septic mice. This study provides fundamental evidence of the protective effects of oridonin against sepsis-induced cytokine storm.

Chemoproteomics Reveals Glaucocalyxin A Induces Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis of Leukemia Cells via Covalently Binding to VDAC1.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) that is resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors is one of the deadliest hematologic malignancies, and the T315I mutation in the breakpoint cluster region-Abelson (BCR-ABL) kinase domain is the most prominent point mutation responsible for imatinib resistance in CML. Glaucocalyxin A (GLA), a natural bioactive product derived from the Rabdosia rubescens plant, has strong anticancer activity. In this study, the effect and molecular mechanism of GLA on imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant CML cells harboring T315I mutation via a combined deconvolution strategy of chemoproteomics and label-free proteomics is investigated. The data demonstrated that GLA restrains proliferation and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in both imatinib-sensitive and resistant CML cells. GLA covalently binds to the cysteine residues of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), resulting in mitochondrial damage and overflow of intracellular apoptotic factors, eventually leading to apoptosis. In addition, the combination of GLA with elastin, a mitochondrial channel VDAC2/3 inhibitor, enhances mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in imatinib-sensitive and -resistant CML cells, representing a promising therapeutic approach for leukemia treatment. Taken together, the results show that GLA induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis via covalently targeting VDACs in CML cells. GLA may thus be a candidate compound for the treatment of leukemia.

Influence of protonic acid on the structure and properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) in oxidation polymerization.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used because of its excellent performance. We report the synthesis of two PEDOT:PSS dispersions. The two dispersions differ by the addition of additional protonic acid in the oxidative polymerization system. Although there are examples of the introduction of acids into the polymerization system, the effects of acid on the structure and properties of these materials, in particular their mechanisms of action, have not been elucidated. We describe the chemical structure and molecular weight of two PEDOT polymers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The carrier concentration, carrier mobility, and surface morphology of the composites are characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, Raman spectra, Hall effect measurements, and atomic force microscopy. The crystallinity of PEDOT:PSS was measured by X-ray diffraction patterns. We show that the addition of a proper amount of protonic acid to the oxidative polymerization system can effectively reduce the formation of the terminal carbonyl group of PEDOT chains, which is conducive to the growth of polymer chains, and further improve the carrier concentration, which leads to an improvement of conductivity. Our results highlight the optimization of the chemical structure of PEDOT in order to increase its molecular weight and ultimately its conductivity.

STEP: profiling cellular-specific targets and pathways of bioactive small molecules in tissues via integrating single-cell transcriptomics and chemoproteomics.

Identifying the cellular targets of bioactive small molecules within tissues has been a major concern in drug discovery and chemical biology research. Compared to cell line models, tissues consist of multiple cell types and complicated microenvironments. Therefore, elucidating the distribution and heterogeneity of targets across various cells in tissues would enhance the mechanistic understanding of drug or toxin action in real-life scenarios. Here, we present a novel multi-omics integration pipeline called Single-cell TargEt Profiling (STEP) that enables the global profiling of protein targets in mammalian tissues with single-cell resolution. This pipeline integrates single-cell transcriptome datasets with tissue-level protein target profiling using chemoproteomics. Taking well-established classic drugs such as aspirin, aristolochic acid, and cisplatin as examples, we confirmed the specificity and precision of cellular drug-target profiles and their associated molecular pathways in tissues using the STEP analysis. Our findings provide more informative insights into the action modes of bioactive molecules compared to in vitro models. Collectively, STEP represents a novel strategy for profiling cellular-specific targets and functional processes with unprecedented resolution.

Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits non-small cell lung cancer via promotion of Prdx6- and caspase-3-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis.

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) shows great efficiency against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the detailed mechanism is unclear, which has limited its clinical application. Herein, we investigated the potential targets of GA against NSCLC by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) technology and the combination of histopathology and proteomics validation. In vitro and in vivo results indicated GA significantly inhibited NSCLC via promotion of peroxiredoxin-6 (Prdx6) and caspase-3 (Casp3)-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. This original finding will provide theoretical and data support to improve the treatment of NSCLC with the application of GA.

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the ameliorative effect of rosmarinic acid on diabetic nephropathy-induced kidney injury by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe complication of diabetes, characterized by changes in kidney structure and function. The natural product rosmarinic acid (RA) has demonstrated therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative-stress, in renal damage or dysfunction. In this study, we characterized the heterogeneity of the cellular response in kidneys to DN-induced injury and RA treatment at single cell levels. Our results demonstrated that RA significantly alleviated renal tubular epithelial injury, particularly in the proximal tubular S1 segment and on glomerular epithelial cells known as podocytes, while attenuating the inflammatory response of macrophages, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which RA alleviates kidney damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation, offering valuable guidance for the clinical application of RA in the treatment of DN.

Icaritin with autophagy/mitophagy inhibitors synergistically enhances anticancer efficacy and apoptotic effects through PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the deadliest malignancies worldwide and still a pressing clinical problem. Icaritin, a natural compound obtained from the Epimedium genus plant, has garnered significant attention as a potential therapeutic drug for HCC therapies. Mitophagy plays a crucial role in mitochondrial quality control through efficiently eliminating damaged mitochondria. However, the specific mechanisms of the interplay between mitophagy and apoptosis in HCC is still unclear. We aimed to explore the cross-talk between icaritin-induced mitophagy and apoptosis in HCC cells and investigate its potential mechanisms. Firstly, we confirmed that icaritin inhibits proliferation and migration while inducing mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HCC cells. Secondly, based on proteomics analysis, we discovered that icaritin inhibits the growth of tumor cells and disrupts their mitochondrial homeostasis through the regulation of both mitophagy and apoptosis. Thirdly, icaritin causes mitophagy mediated by PINK1-Parkin signaling via regulating feedforward loop. Furthermore, knockdown of PINK1/Parkin leads to inhibition of mitophagy, which promotes cell death induced by icaritin in HCC cells. Finally, autophagy/mitophagy inhibitors remarkably enhance icaritin-induced cell death and anticancer efficacy. Collectively, our findings reveal that icaritin suppresses growth, proliferation and migration of HCC cell through induction of mitophagy and apoptosis, while inhibition of mitophagy significantly increased the anti-cancer and pro-apoptotic effects of icaritin, indicating that targeting autophagy or mitophagy is a novel approach to overcome drug resistance and enhance anticancer therapies.