[Application of stretched exponential diffusion-weighted imaging model in quantitative diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: in a rabbit model].

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of diffusion parameters obtained from mono-exponential and stretched exponential diffusion-weighted imaging models in staging of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and compare the diagnosis ability of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Methods: Thirty-two 12 -week-old male New Zealand rabbits, about 2.5 kg of each, were randomly divided into five groups. To obtained different severity groups of NAFLD, a variety of diet (from standard to high-fat, high cholesterol chow) were feed for different periods before liver diffusion imaging was performed by using 3.0 T MR imaging system (Discovery 750W GE health care), the value of ADC, stretched exponential model parameters distributed diffusion coefficient (DDC) and α (water molecular diffusion heterogeneity index) were measured. Liver specimens were obtained for pathological grading (NAFLD activity scoring system). The diffusion parameters of each group of NAFLD were compared by ANOVA, LSD-t test was utilized to pairwise comparison between different grades of NAFLD. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between ADC, DDC, α and different severity groups of NAFLD. ROC curve was compared to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of MR parameters for NASH. Results: α was significant different between borderline and NASH groups (0.65±0.05 vs 0.72±0.07; P<0.05); ADC and DDC showed no statistical difference between borderline and NASH groups (ADC:(1.09±0.14)×10(-3) vs (1.04±0.24)×10(-3) mm(2)/s; DDC: (0.73±0.08)×10(-3) vs (0.66±0.19)×10(-3) mm(2)/s; P>0.05); ADC and DDC were negatively correlated with NAFLD, and the correlation coefficients were -0.552, -0.596, respectively (P<0.05). α was found to be positively correlated with advancement of NAFLD, the correlation coefficient was 0.729 (P<0.05).In terms of the diagnostic efficiency of NASH, the AUC of ADC, DDC and α were 0.736, 0.784, 0.900, respectively, α was significantly greater than ADC in diagnosis of NASH (P<0.05). Conclusion: Stretched exponential model parameter α (water molecular diffusion heterogeneity index) could be utilized to identify NAFLD. α may provide more information and improve the staging of NASH compared with conventional diffusion parameters.

[Analysis of the awareness rate and correlates of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in elderly in Chinese].

Objective: To understand the awareness and influencing factors of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in the elderly population in China. Methods: The study included all participants aged ≥60 from the "13th Five-Year" National Tuberculosis Control Plan end-term assessment in 2020, with 13 706 valid questionnaires obtained. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of the awareness rate of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in the elderly. Results: The total awareness rate of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in the elderly aged ≥60 was 78.4%, with the highest for "suspicious symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis" (85.4%) and the lowest for "whether pulmonary tuberculosis can be cured" (65.3%). The complete awareness rate of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in the elderly was 41.3%, and the proportion of those who received tuberculosis health education is 67.6%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that factors associated with low awareness of core information included females (OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.86-1.00), ages 70- (OR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.84-0.98) and ≥80 (OR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.68-0.87) and minority ethnicity (OR=0.85, 95%CI: 0.74-0.99). Factors associated with high awareness of core information included educational levels of junior high school (OR=1.46, 95%CI: 1.34-1.58), high school (OR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.45-1.81), junior college (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.11-1.68), and an undergraduate degree or higher (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.09-2.11), and receiving tuberculosis health education (OR=2.13, 95%CI: 1.97-2.27). Conclusions: In 2020, the awareness rate of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in Chinese older adults aged ≥60 was lower than the national planning target. Therefore, there should be an increased focus on health education about tuberculosis for elderly females, those aged ≥70, ethnic minorities, and those with lower education levels.

[A consistency comparison between next-generation sequencing and the FISH method for gene rearrangement detection in B-cell lymphomas].

Objective: To compare the consistency of lymphoma multigene detection panels based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) with FISH detection of B-cell lymphoma gene rearrangement. Methods: From January 2019 to May 2023, fusion genes detected by lymphoma-related 413 genes that targeted capture sequencing of 489 B-cell lymphoma tissues embedded in paraffin were collected from Henan Cancer Hospital, and the results were compared with simultaneous FISH detection of four break/fusion genes: BCL2, BCL6, MYC, and CCND1. Consistency was defined as both methods yielding positive or negative results for the same sample. The relationship between fusion mutation abundance in NGS and the positivity rate of cells in FISH was also analyzed. Results: Kappa consistency analysis revealed high consistency between NGS and FISH in detecting the four B-cell lymphoma-related gene rearrangement (P<0.001 for all) ; however, the detection rates of positive individuals differed for the four genes. Compared with FISH, NGS demonstrated a higher detection rate for BCL2 rearrangement, a lower detection rate for BCL6 and MYC rearrangement, and a similar detection rate for CCND1 rearrangement. No correlation was found between fusion mutation abundance in NGS and the positivity rate of cells in FISH. Conclusions: NGS and FISH detection of B-cell lymphoma gene rearrangement demonstrate overall good consistency. NGS is superior to FISH in detecting BCL2 rearrangement, inferior in detecting MYC rearrangement, and comparable in detecting CCND1 rearrangement.

[Analysis on off-label use of drugs in pediatric guidelines and consensus published by Chinese authors].

Objective: To understand the current situation regarding pediatric off-label use of drugs recommendations in Chinese clinical practice guidelines and to make recommendations for standardized reporting format regarding off-label use of drugs for children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out by systematically searching the databases for Chinese guideline consensus articles published in journals between 2018 and 2020 and extracting recommendations regarding off-label use of drugs from those articles. The essential characteristics of the included guidelines, the ranking of off-label drug types, the order of drug information, the type of off-label drug use, and the percentage of citation studies on which the recommendations were based were analyzed. Results: Among 108 studies that included Chinese off-label guidelines and consensus, 364 recommendations on pediatric off-label use of drugs were included. The Chinese Medical Association published the most, 48 out of the 108 studies (44.4%), and of those 14 studies (13.0%) were on infectious and parasitic diseases. Of the 364 recommendations on off-label use of drugs, the most commonly addressed drugs were 16 recommendations (4.4%) for cyclosporine A, 11 recommendations (3.0%) for methotrexate , and 11 recommendations (3.0%) for fentanyl. The most commonly addressed drug categories were as follows: 68 recommendations (18.6%) were immune system drugs, 66 recommendations (18.1%) were anti-infectives, and 56 recommendations (15.4%) were oncology drugs. The most commonly addressed drug information accounts were as follows: 364 recommendations (100.0%) were indications, 204 recommendations (56.0%) were dosages, and 198 recommendations (54.4%) were the route of administration. Based on the instructions approved by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration, the main forms of the off-label drug were as follows: 175 recommendations (48.1%) were unapproved indications, 127 recommendations (34.9%) were unapproved populations, and 72 recommendations (19.8%) were unapproved ages. Only 129 recommendations (35.4%) were cited, mainly including clinical guidelines (48 studies, 23.4%), reviews (22 studies, 10.7%), and pediatric randomized controlled trials (22 studies, 10.7%). Conclusions: Off-label use of drugs is commonly recommended in pediatric guidelines and consensus documents written by Chinese authors. However, the reporting of the recommendations varies widely, and the quality of the supporting evidence is poor.

[A Meta-analysis on varicella-zoster virus antibody levels in healthy population in China].

Objective: To systematically analyze and evaluate the IgG antibody levels of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in healthy population in China. Methods: CNKI, Wanfang, CBM and PubMed databases were used for the retrieval of literatures about VZV IgG antibody levels in healthy people in China from January 1, 2000 to November 3, 2020. The quality of the included papers was evaluated by the critical appraisal tools for cross sectional study from Joanna Briggs Institute (JBL). The stratified analysis on the IgG antibody levels in populations in different age groups, provinces, regions, gender groups, and years was performed by using software Stata 14.0. Results: A total of 59 papers were included that met the inclusion criteria, including 51 papers in Chinese and 8 papers in English. There were 22 papers with quality score of 8, 16 papers with quality score of 7, 15 papers with quality score of 6, and 6 papers with quality score of 5. Meta-analysis showed that the positive rate of VZV IgG antibody in healthy population in China was 64% (95%CI:60%-67%, I2 =98.7%), and the IgG antibody levels were reported in the papers for 22 provinces of China. The positive rate of VZV IgG antibody was highest in Yunnan (79%, 95%CI: 64%-93%, I2 =94.7%) and lowest in Inner Mongolia (50%, 95%CI: 46%-54%); the positive rate of VZV IgG antibody was highest in Northeastern China (71%, 95%CI: 69%-73%) and lowest in Eastern China (62%, 95%CI: 57%-67%); the positive rate of VZV IgG antibody in urban population was higher than that in rural population (RR=1.08, 95%CI: 1.04-1.11). The positive rate of VZV IgG antibody in women was higher than that in men (RR=1.10, 95%CI: 1.08-1.11); the positive rate of VZV IgG antibody in the population increased with age; and the positive rate of VZV IgG antibody increased with the change of sampling time. Conclusion: The positive rate of VZV IgG antibody in healthy population in China was relatively low; the coverage of varicella vaccine should be improved for the outbreak control and incidence reduction of varicella in China.

[Clinical characteristics and prognostic risk factors analysis of carbapenem-resistant organism in the department of hematology].

Objective: To study the distribution and drug resistance of Carbapenem-Resistant Organism (CRO) and to analysis the risk factors of CRO 30-day mortality. Methods: A total of 181 patients with CRO infection diagnosed in Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital from January 2018 to June 2020 were retrospectively investigated. The clinical and laboratory data of the patients were collected, the prognosis of patients diagnosed with CRO infection in day 30 was followed up, and the risk factors of prognosis were analyzed. The clinical significance of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) active screening was further evaluated in the CRE subgroup. Results: Among the total of 181 CRO isolates, 47.2% were CRE, 37.0% were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 32.6% were Klebsiella pneumoniae, which were highly resistant to carbapenem and had high MIC value, 76.8% (139/181) of CRO were MIC of imipenem resistance≥16 µg/ml. The main sources of isolates were blood and sputum. The 30-day all-cause mortality rates of patients with CRO or CRE infection were (41.4±3.7) % and (44.7±5.4) %, respectively. The COX multivariate regression analysis showed that the level of procalcitonin >0.2 ng/ml and the MIC value of imipenem resistance ≥ 16 µg/ml were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality of CRO infected patients. The CRE subgroup analysis showed that MIC value of imipenem resistance ≥16 µg/ml were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality of CRE infected patients. The 30-day cumulative survival rate of patients with CRE active screening was higher than the patients without CRE active screening [ (68.0±9.3) % vs (50.0±6.5) %, P=0.21]. Conclusion: The high MIC value of imipenem resistance isolates seriously affects the prognosis of patients with CRO infection in the hematology department, and the mortality rate was high. CRE active screening is expected for early prevention, early diagnosis, and early treatment for high-risk patients.

[Effect of using scenario infiltration joint interactive training mode for junior nurse training in the prevention and treatment of pressure sore].

Objective: To explore the application effect of scenario infiltration joint interactive training mode for junior nurse training in the prevention and treatment of pressure sore. Methods: A total of 118 junior nurses starting to work in the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from July 2017 to July 2018 met the inclusion criteria and were divided into routine training (RT) group and scenario infiltration joint interactive training (SIJIT) group using the random number table for prospective randomized controlled trial. There were 2 males and 57 females, aged (23.9±1.2) years in RT group and 3 males and 56 females, aged (23.5±1.3) years in SIJIT group. Before the training, nurses in both groups received theory and practical tests for the prevention and treatment of pressure sore with a homemade theory test paper and operation requirements designed by the training group. The training content was drawn up in 3 themes according to the weak points shown in the test. Nurses in RT group were trained in a large classroom with the help of multimedia teaching technique, and one lesson of 2 h targeting one theme was given once a week.Nurses in SIJIT group were trained by using the SIJIT mode, with online self-study for 2 weeks and then multimedia theory and practical teaching, and interaction in scene. After the training, theoretical and practical tests were conducted again in nurses of two groups. Satisfaction scores of nurses for the training mode, training effect, and curriculum design and answers to open questions about the degree of training satisfaction were investigated through homemade questionnaire for satisfaction degree. Homemade training contents and requirements questionnaire designed by the training group was used to understand the demands of nurses for training contents and requirements in 2 groups. Data were statistically analyzed with chi-square test and independent sample t test. Results: (1) The theoretical and practical scores on the prevention and treatment of pressure sore before the training were (78±11) and (83±10) points respectively in RT group, similar to (79±11) and (84±10) points in SIJIT group (t=0.522, 0.615, P>0.05). The theoretical and operational scores on prevention and treatment of pressure score of nurses after the training were (90±8) and (92±5) points in SIJIT group, significantly higher than (82±10) and (85±9) points in RT group (t=4.581, 5.259, P<0.01). (2) The satisfaction degree scores for training mode, curriculum design, and training effect of nurses in SIJIT group were significantly higher than those in RT group (t=5.169, 7.976, 4.463, P<0.01). Nurses in the 2 groups were satisfied with the curriculum content, and unsatisfied with the curriculum time and the ways of test. (3) The top demand of the training nurses for curriculum content was the treatment of phase Ⅱ-Ⅲ pressure sore, accounting for 81.36% (96/118). Conclusions: The SIJIT has flexible training mode, and reasonable curriculum design and content, which significantly improves the theoretical and operational levels on prevention and treatment of pressure sore of the training nurses and receives recognition of the training nurses.

[Design of a multifunctional urine bag].

At present, there are many monitoring devices for vital signs parameters for clinical selection, but urine monitoring has not received enough attention. The traditional manual visual measurement, intermittent measurement of urine pH value, and other methods are still in use, so the authors designed a multifunctional urine bag. The urine bag can set up an alarm system per unit time according to patient's age and condition as well as set up urine pH value detection area in hard plastic measuring bottle. This device can not only accurately monitor urine volume per unit time, but also hopefully realize the alarm automation of abnormal urine volume per unit time, as well as real-time dynamic monitoring of urine pH value. It is helpful for medical staff to make accurate judgment on patients' condition changes, to guide the formulation and modification of clinical treatment plans, and to reduce the workload of clinical nursing staff to a certain extent.

LncRNA ADPGK-AS1 regulated cell proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis via targeting miR-542-3p in osteosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: The functions of lncRNAs have been verified to be important biomarkers and regulators for diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. In osteosarcoma (OS), emerging evidence determined that lncRNA was associated with cell progression. However, due to the high incidence and recurrence rate of osteosarcoma, it is important to find an effective treatment for osteosarcoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: QRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of ADPGK-AS1 and miR-542-3p in tissues and cells. Western blot was applied to measure the protein expression of CDK4, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bax, Cleaved caspase-3, MMP-2, and MMP-9. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to measure cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell invasion and migration were determined using the transwell assay. Moreover, luciferase reporter assay was used to ensure the relation between ADPGK-AS1 and miR-542-3p. RESULTS: LncRNA ADPGK-AS1 expression was induced while miR-542-3p expression was reduced in OS tissues and cells. Functional experiments showed that inhibition of ADPGK-AS1 could decrease cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as promoted cell apoptosis in OS cells. Also, miR-542-3p has been verified to be a target miRNA of ADPGK-AS1 and miR-542-3p could reverse the effects of ADPGK-AS1 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion in OS cells. CONCLUSIONS: ADPGK-AS1 affected cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis via targeting miR-542-3p in OS, providing a theoretical basis and a new therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of OS.

[Influence of cluster nursing intervention on inadequate drainage in vacuum sealing drainage for inpatients in burn unit].

Objective: To explore the influence of cluster nursing intervention on inadequate drainage in vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) for inpatients in burn unit. Methods: From October to December 2016, 60 patients, aged (43.6±2.8) years admitted to our department, receiving VSD treatment and conforming to the inclusion criteria, were included in the routine nursing group, and among the patients, 37 cases were male and 23 cases were female. From May to July 2017, 58 patients, aged (44.2±3.2) years admitted to our department, receiving VSD treatment and conforming to the inclusion criteria, were included in the cluster nursing group, and among the patients, 36 cases were male and 22 cases were female. The patients' medical records were retrospectively analyzed. After VSD treatment, patients in routine nursing group received routine nursing, and patients in cluster nursing group received cluster nursing. A cluster intervention group was formed and headed by a chief surgeon. The cluster nursing plan was formulated and implemented strictly from the following six aspects of material preparation, negative pressure value control and negative pressure mode setting, drainage tube nursing, semi-permeable membrane reinforcement, standardizing changing process and timing of drainage capsule, and health education. During VSD treatment, the incidence of inadequate drainage, reasons of inadequate drainage and the occurrences, occurrences of inadequate drainage of wounds in different types and sites, and satisfaction of patients in two groups were observed and calculated. The patient satisfaction items included procedure of drainage capsule replacement, the method of tube fixation, the content and form of health education. Data were processed with independent sample t test and chi-square test. Results: (1) During VSD treatment, the incidence of inadequate drainage of patients in routine nursing group was 43.33% (130/300), which was significantly higher than 17.24% (50/290) in cluster nursing group (χ(2)=43.350, P<0.01). (2) During VSD treatment, the incidences of inadequate drainage caused by blockage of drainage tube due to scabbing of drainage, low negative pressure, air leakage of semi-permeable membrane, improper changing process of drainage capsule, shedding, compression, reversal of drainage tube of patients in cluster nursing group were 7.93% (23/290), 4.48% (13/290), 1.72% (5/290), 1.03% (3/290), and 2.07% (6/290), respectively, significantly lower than 16.67% (50/300), 11.67% (35/300), 4.33% (13/300), 4.00% (12/300), and 6.67% (20/300) in routine nursing group (χ(2)=10.379, 22.951, 4.832, 7.840, 7.399, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) During VSD treatment, the incidences of inadequate drainage of burn wounds, trauma wounds, pressure ulcer, venous ulcer in lower limbs, and diabetic foot of patients in cluster nursing group were significantly lower than those in routine nursing group (χ(2)=17.835, 6.809, 9.478, 4.939, 8.631, P<0.05 or P<0.01). During VSD treatment, the incidences of inadequate drainage of wounds in different types of patients in the same group were close (χ(2)=0.434, 0.057, P>0.05). (4) During VSD treatment, the incidences of inadequate drainage of wounds in limbs, trunk, buttocks, and sacrococcyx of patients in cluster nursing group were significantly lower than those in routine nursing group (χ(2)=31.892, 9.588, 4.939, 4.549, P<0.05 or P<0.01). During VSD treatment, the incidences of inadequate drainage of wounds in different wound sites of patients in the same group were close (χ(2)=0.071, 0.069, P>0.05). (5) The satisfaction scores in changing process of drainage capsule, method of tube fixation, content and form of health education of patients in cluster nursing group after VSD treatment were significantly higher than those in routine nursing group (t=5.166, 4.471, 7.958, 8.975, P<0.01). Conclusions: Cluster nursing intervention on patients receiving VSD treatment could reduce the incidences of inadequate drainage of wounds in different types and sites caused by various reasons. It also can improve patient satisfaction.

[Influences of comprehensive nursing intervention on the caregivers of severely burned children].

Objective: To explore the influences of comprehensive nursing intervention on the caregivers of severely burned children. Methods: Eighty severely burned children, admitted to our department from November 2016 to November 2017 and conforming to the study criteria, were included in this study. They were divided into comprehensive group and control group according to the random number table, with 40 children in each group. One caregiver for each child was included in the same group. Children and caregivers in control group had routine nursing care while children and caregivers in comprehensive group had comprehensive nursing care on the base of routine nursing care, including comprehensive psychological nursing of children and caregivers, guidance of rehabilitation for caregivers throughout the entire recovery process, individualized propaganda and education for caregivers on account of disease of children, perfecting social support system, sustained attention of children during follow-up. Anxiety self-rating scale and social support rating scale were used to assess the levels of anxiety and social support of caregivers of children in the two groups at the time of admission (before intervention) and the second month after discharge (the third time follow-up, after intervention). On the day of discharge, the nursing service satisfaction questionnaire of our department was used to evaluate the nursing service satisfaction of caregivers of children. Data were processed with chi-square test and independent sample t test. Results: (1) Before intervention, the anxiety and social support scores of caregivers of children in control group were respectively (64.5±3.8) and (40.4±2.5) points, similar to (63.5±4.9) and (40.5±2.6) points in comprehensive group (t=0.988, 0.177, P>0.05). After intervention, the anxiety score [(47.2±1.9) points] of caregivers of children in comprehensive group was significantly lower than that of control group [(57.6±4.3) points, t=13.917, P<0.01], and the social support score [(45.3±1.9) points] was significantly higher than (35.9±2.1) points in control group (t=-21.282, P<0.01). After intervention, scores of objective support, subjective support, and social support utilization in the social support evaluation rating of caregivers of children in comprehensive group were significantly higher than those in control group (t=12.678, -11.079, -10.031, P<0.01). (2) At the time of discharge, scores of clinical care, propaganda and education content and form in the nursing service satisfaction questionnaire of caregivers of children in comprehensive group were significantly higher than those of control group (t=-14.757, -15.627, -33.221, P<0.01). Conclusions: Comprehensive nursing intervention method can effectively reduce the anxiety of the caregivers of severely burned children, help them to make better use of social support system, and improve the satisfaction of caregivers in nursing services.

[Distribution and drug resistance of pathogens of blood stream infection in patients with hematological malignancies after chemotherapy].

Objective: To investigate the distribution and resistance of pathogens isolated from blood cultures in patients with hematological malignancies after chemotherapy in Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University so as to understand the real situation of blood stream infection (BSI) and provide the basis for rational use of antibiotics in clinic. Methods: The data of 657 strains isolated from blood culture specimens of patients with hematological malignancies from January 2013 to December 2016 were collected analyzed. Results: A total of 657 cases of blood culture positive bacterial strains were included in the study, involving 410 cases (62.4%) with single Gram-negative bacteria (G(-) bacteria) , 163 cases (24.8%) with single Gram-positive bacteria (G(+) bacteria) , 50 cases (7.6%) with single fungi. The most common 5 isolates in blood culture were Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.5%) , Escherichia coli (17.2%) , Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (14.9%) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%) and Staphylococcus aureus (3.5%) . The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were 25.2% and 55.8%, respectively. ESBL producing strains were almost more resistant than non-ESBL producing strains. The resistance rates of Enterobacteriaceae to carbapenems, piperacillin/tazobactam and tigecycline were lower than 14.0%. The resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a variety of drugs were lower than 12.0%. Tigecycline-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria were not detected, and the resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to cefixime and cefotaxime were 7.1%. Methicillin-resistant strains in CNS (MRCNS) and in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for 84.7% and 43.5%, respectively. Vancomycin, linezolid and tigecycline-resistant G(+) bacteria were not detected. Conclusion: The pathogens isolated from blood culture were widely distributed. Most of them were G(-) bacteria, and the resistance to antibiotics was quite common. Furhermore, vancomycin, linezolid and tigecycline can be chosen empirically to treat patiens who ar suspected to have G(+) bacterial BSI.

Disease progression in patients with multiple myeloma is associated with a concurrent alteration in the expression of both oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes and can be monitored by the oncoprotein phenotype.

The dysregulation of specific oncogenes due to either mutation or activation has previously been reported in a small number of patients with myeloma but the extent of oncogene dysregulation during the course of the disease is not known. The oncoprotein phenotype of plasma cells in 146 bone marrow samples from 81 patients with multiple myeloma was determined by dual colour flow cytometry using a predetermined panel of 8 monoclonal antibodies. High intensity CD38 expression was used to distinguish the plasma cell population and the cells were permeabilised to detect intracellular antigen expression. In situ hybridization using biotinylated cDNA probes for c-myc and bcl-2 was used to determine mRNA expression and to validate the flow cytometric assay. The normal range of expression for each of 6 oncoproteins (c-myc, c-fos, c-neu, bcl-2, p-ras, p53 mutant) and 2 tumour suppressor gene products (p53 wild and Rb) was determined in plasma cells from 33 normal bone marrows. Disease progression was associated with the concurrent abnormal expression of at least one oncogene and one tumour suppressor gene where as stable disease was associated with a normal expression of at least one or both (chi2 = 34.1; p < 0.001). At diagnosis there was a correlation between serum beta2 microglobulin and the concurrent overexpression of both an oncoprotein and a tumour suppressor gene product. Longitudinal studies of 33 different patients over 4 years, suggests that the progressive evolution of myeloma is a multistep process of genomic instability producing ongoing alterations in the expression of both oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes.

The oncoprotein phenotype of plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma.

The expression of 6 different oncoproteins and 2 tumour suppressor gene products in the plasma cells of 63 bone marrow samples was used to determine a profile of the oncogenic phenotype of patients with multiple myeloma. Dual label flow cytometry after periodatelysine paraformaldehyde fixation was used to detect cell surface phenotype and intracellular protein expression simultaneously. The normal range for both the incidence and intensity of expression was determined for each protein by analysing plasma cells (high CD38 intensity) in 22 normal bone marrow samples. The percentage of myeloma patients with a greater than normal incidence of plasma cells expressing these proteins was 53% for c-myc, 28% for Rb, 28% for bcl-2, 27% for c-fos, 24% for p53 wild, 22% for p53 mutant, 13% for c-neu and 13% for pan-ras. When a panel of 8 antibodies was used, 82% of the samples (n = 28) had an increased incidence of expression by at least one oncoprotein or tumour suppressor gene product. The 5 patients with a normal incidence of expression of all 8 proteins were in plateau stage and 4 had not received chemotherapy for more than 12 months. The number of patients with an increased incidence of expression by 2 or more oncoproteins was significantly greater (X2 = 9.0; p < 0.005) in progressive disease (55%) than in stable disease (14%) but there was no specific phenotype pattern associated with progressive disease. All 6 oncoproteins and both tumour suppressor gene products had a greater incidence and intensity of expression in progressive than in stable disease. The expression of c-myc oncoprotein correlated with c-myc mRNA expression in the same samples (n = 10) but c-myc did not correlate with either the plasma cell labelling index (r = -0.15) nor serum thymidine kinase (r = 0.10). Our results suggest that there is a heterogeneous, non-systematic but almost universal presence of activated oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in the plasma cells of patients with multiple myeloma and that disease progression is associated with the accumulation of a variety of secondary genetic changes which confer increased malignant behaviour.

Genetic differentiation among three populations of Anopheles minimus of Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces in the People's Republic of China.

Electrophoretic studies were carried out on isozymes of 3 populations of Anopheles minimus collected from Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces of the People's Republic of China in 1993. Eight proteins were analyzed by 5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The most variable population, Y-F, was highly polymorphic at 14 of 20 loci (P=0.700) with an average heterozygosity H of 0.340. P values of 0.500 and 0.700, and H values of 0.220 and 0.210 were obtained for each from 'Guangxi-Lab' (GX-L) and 'Yunnan-Lab' (Y-L), respectively. Nei's genetic distances (D) between Y-L and GX-L, Y-F and GX-L, and Y-F and Y-L were 0.1131, 0.1946 and 0.1069, respectively. These results suggest that GX-L is distant from the 2 other populations, Y-L and Y-F, and that this genetic differentiation between the 2 populations of Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces corresponds to the forms A and B, which were morphologically classified by Xu et al (unpublished).

Genetic differentiation among three populations of Anopheles minimus of Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces in the People's Republic of China.

Electrophoretic studies were carried out on isozymes of 3 populations of Anopheles minimus collected from Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces of the People's Republic of China in 1993. Eight proteins were analyzed by 5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The most variable population, 'Yunnan-Field' (Y-F), was highly polymorphic at 14 of 20 loci (P = 0.700) with an average heterozygosity H of 0.340. P values of 0.500 and 0.700, and H values of 0.220 and 0.210 were obtained for each from 'Guangxi-Lab' (GX-L) and 'Yunnan-Lab' (Y-L), respectively, Nei's genetic distances (D) between Y-L and GX-L, Y-F and GX-L, and Y-F and Y-L were 0.1131, 0.1946 and 0.1069, respectively. These results suggest that GX-L is distant from the 2 other populations, Y-L and Y-F, and that this genetic differentiation between the 2 populations of Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces corresponds to the forms A and B, which were morphologically classified by Xu et al (unpublished).

[Studies on the susceptibility of Anopheles anthropophagus to experimental infection with Wuchereria bancrofti].

This paper reports the susceptibility of Anopheles anthropophagus (Xu et Feng, 1975) to experimental infection with Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold, 1877), comparing with that of An. sinensis Wiedemann, 1828, Culex pipiens quinque fasciatus Say, 1823, and Aedes togoi (Theobald, 1907). Of 188 An. anthropophagus, 202 An. sinensis, 280 Cx. pipiens quinque fasciatus and 129 Ae. togoi infected by the blood of a bancroftian microfilaremia with mff density of 190 mff/20cmm, the infective rates were 35.64%, 9.41%, 30.00% and 65.89%, respectively; while of 188 An. lesteri anthropophagus, 134 An. sinensis, 289 Cx, pipiens quinque fasciatus and 176 Ae. togoi infected by the blood of another bancroftian microfilaremia with mff density of 83 mff/20 cmm, the infective rates were 18.09%, 3.73%, 13.84% and 39.77%, respectively. It is concluded that the susceptibility of An. anthropophagus to experimental infection with W. bancrofti is significantly higher than that of An. sinensis, significantly lower than that of Ae. togoi and at the same level with that of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus (Fig. 1-7).