RSG1 is required for cilia-dependent neural tube closure.

Cilia play a key role in the regulation of signaling pathways required for embryonic development, including the proper formation of the neural tube, the precursor to the brain and spinal cord. Forward genetic screens were used to generate mouse lines that display neural tube defects (NTD) and secondary phenotypes useful in interrogating function. We describe here the L3P mutant line that displays phenotypes of disrupted Sonic hedgehog signaling and affects the initiation of cilia formation. A point mutation was mapped in the L3P line to the gene Rsg1, which encodes a GTPase-like protein. The mutation lies within the GTP-binding pocket and disrupts the highly conserved G1 domain. The mutant protein and other centrosomal and IFT proteins still localize appropriately to the basal body of cilia, suggesting that RSG1 GTPase activity is not required for basal body maturation but is needed for a downstream step in axonemal elongation.

Shep interacts with posttranscriptional regulators to control dendrite morphogenesis in sensory neurons.

RNA binding proteins (RBPs) mediate posttranscriptional gene regulatory events throughout development. During neurogenesis, many RBPs are required for proper dendrite morphogenesis within Drosophila sensory neurons. Despite their fundamental role in neuronal morphogenesis, little is known about the molecular mechanisms in which most RBPs participate during neurogenesis. In Drosophila, alan shepard (shep) encodes a highly conserved RBP that regulates dendrite morphogenesis in sensory neurons. Moreover, the C. elegans ortholog sup-26 has also been implicated in sensory neuron dendrite morphogenesis. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism by which Shep/SUP-26 regulate dendrite development is not understood. Here we show that Shep interacts with the RBPs Trailer Hitch (Tral), Ypsilon schachtel (Yps), Belle (Bel), and Poly(A)-Binding Protein (PABP), to direct dendrite morphogenesis in Drosophila sensory neurons. Moreover, we identify a conserved set of Shep/SUP-26 target RNAs that include regulators of cell signaling, posttranscriptional gene regulators, and known regulators of dendrite development.

Folic acid supplementation can adversely affect murine neural tube closure and embryonic survival.

Neural tube defects (NTDs), a common birth defect in humans, result from the failure of the embryonic neural tube (NT) to close properly. NT closure is a complex, poorly understood morphogenetic process influenced by genes and environment. The most effective environmental influence in decreasing the risk for NTDs is folic acid (FA) fortification and supplementation, and these findings led to the recommendation of periconceptual FA intake and mandatory fortification of the US grain supply in 1998. To explore the relationship between genetics and responsiveness to FA supplementation, we used five mouse NTDs models-Zic2, Shroom3, Frem2, Grhl2 (Grainyhead-like 2) and L3P (Line3P)-and a long-term generational FA supplementation scheme. Contrary to expectations, we find that three genetic mutants respond adversely to FA supplementation with increased incidence of NTDs in homozygous mutants, occurrence of NTDs in heterozygous embryos and embryonic lethality prior to NT closure. Because of these unexpected responses, we examined NTD risk after short-term FA supplementation. Our results indicate that, for the same genetic allele, NTD risk can depend on the length of FA exposure. Our data indicate that, depending on the gene mutation, FA supplementation may adversely influence embryonic development and NT closure.