RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) has been repeatedly shown to have socioeconomic impacts in both individual-level and ecological studies; however, much less is known about this effect among children and adolescents and the extent to which being affected by TB during childhood and adolescence can have life-course implications. This paper describes the results of the development of a conceptual framework and scoping review to review the evidence on the short- and long-term socioeconomic impact of tuberculosis on children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES: To increase knowledge of the socioeconomic impact of TB on children and adolescents. METHODS: We developed a conceptual framework of the socioeconomic impact of TB on children and adolescents, and used scoping review methods to search for evidence supporting or disproving it. We searched four academic databases from 1 January 1990 to 6 April 2021 and conducted targeted searches of grey literature. We extracted data using a standard form and analysed data thematically. RESULTS: Thirty-six studies (29 qualitative, five quantitative and two mixed methods studies) were included in the review. Overall, the evidence supported the conceptual framework, suggesting a severe socioeconomic impact of TB on children and adolescents through all the postulated pathways. Effects ranged from impoverishment, stigma, and family separation, to effects on nutrition and missed education opportunities. TB did not seem to exert a different socioeconomic impact when directly or indirectly affecting children/adolescents, suggesting that TB can affect this group even when they are not affected by the disease. No study provided sufficient follow-up to observe the long-term socioeconomic effect of TB in this age group. CONCLUSION: The evidence gathered in this review reinforces our understanding of the impact of TB on children and adolescents and highlights the importance of considering effects during the entire life course. Both ad-hoc and sustainable social protection measures and strategies are essential to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of TB among children and adolescents.
Assuntos
Tuberculose , Criança , Humanos , Adolescente , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Estigma Social , Bases de Dados Factuais , Escolaridade , ConhecimentoRESUMO
The enzyme DXS catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP, 1) pathway using thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) as cofactor; the DXS-catalyzed reaction constitutes also the first step in vitamin B1 and B6 metabolism in bacteria. DXS is the least studied among the enzymes of this pathway in terms of crystallographic information, with only one complete crystal structure deposited in the Protein Data Bank (Deinococcus radiodurans DXS, PDB: ). We synthesized a series of thiamine and ThDP derivatives and tested them for their biochemical activity against two DXS orthologues, namely D. radiodurans DXS and Mycobacterium tuberculosis DXS. These experimental results, combined with advanced docking studies, led to the development and validation of a homology model of M. tuberculosis DXS, which, in turn, will guide medicinal chemists in rationally designing potential inhibitors for M. tuberculosis DXS.
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Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimologia , Tiamina/análogos & derivados , Tiamina/farmacologia , Transferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Transferases/química , Deinococcus/química , Deinococcus/enzimologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/química , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Conformação Proteica , Homologia Estrutural de Proteína , Transferases/metabolismo , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose/microbiologiaRESUMO
The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends Xpert® MTB/RIF as the initial test for all people with presumptive tuberculosis (TB). A number of challenges have been reported, however, in using this technology, particularly in low-resource settings. Here we examine these challenges, and provide our perspective of the barriers to Xpert scale-up as assessed through a survey in 16 TB burden countries in which the Médecins Sans Frontières is present. We observed that the key barriers to scale-up include a lack of policy adoption and implementation of WHO recommendations for the use of Xpert, resulting from high costs, poor sensitisation of clinical staff and a high turnover of trained laboratory staff; insufficient service and maintenance provision provided by the manufacturer; and inadequate resources for sustainability and expansion. Funding is a critical issue as countries begin to transition out of support from the Global Fund. While it is clear that there is still an urgent need for research into and development of a rapid, affordable point-of-care test for TB that is truly adapted for use in low-resource settings, countries in the meantime need to develop functional and sustainable Xpert networks in order to close the existing diagnostic gap.
L'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) recommande actuellement l'Xpert® MTB/RIF comme test initial pour toutes les personnes suspectes de tuberculose (TB). Le recours à cette technique s'est cependant heurté à un certain nombre de défis, particulièrement dans les contextes de faibles ressources. Nous examinons ici ces défis et proposons notre vision des contraintes à l'expansion comme l'a montré une enquête dans 16 pays très frappés par la TB où Médecins Sans Frontières est présent. Nous affirmons que les entraves majeures à l'expansion incluent un manque d'adoption politique et de mise en Åuvre des recommandations de l'OMS relatives à l'utilisation de l'Xpert, résultant des coûts élevés, d'une sensibilisation insuffisante du personnel clinique et d'un taux élevé de renouvellement du personnel de laboratoire formé ; une offre insuffisante de service et de maintenance de la part du fabricant ; et des ressources insuffisantes pour la pérennité et l'expansion. Le financement est un problème crucial à mesure que les pays commencent leur transition vers l'arrêt du soutien du Fonds Mondial. Il est clair qu'il y a toujours un besoin urgent de recherche et de développement d'un test de TB rapide, abordable, réalisable sur place et réellement adapté à une utilisation dans des contextes de faibles ressources. Dans l'intervalle, les pays ont cependant besoin d'élaborer des réseaux d'Xpert fonctionnels et pérennisables de manière à combler le fossé existant en matière de diagnostic.
En la actualidad, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda como primer método diagnóstico la prueba Xpert® MTB/RIF en todas las personas con presunción clínica de tuberculosis (TB). Se ha comunicado, no obstante, una serie de dificultades con la utilización de esta técnica sobre todo en entornos con recursos limitados. En el presente estudio se examinan estas dificultades y se ofrece una perspectiva de los obstáculos a la ampliación de escala de la recomendación, a partir de una encuesta realizada en 16 países con carga de morbilidad por TB donde está presente Médicos Sin Fronteras. Los autores afirman que los principales obstáculos a la ampliación de escala son los siguientes: la falta de adopción de políticas en favor de las recomendaciones de la OMS sobre la utilización de la prueba Xpert y el refuerzo de su cumplimiento, debido a los costos altos, la escasa sensibilización del personal médico y una alta rotación del personal de laboratorio capacitado; la insuficiencia de la prestación de servicios y mantenimiento por parte del fabricante; y los recursos insuficientes para la sostenibilidad y la ampliación. El financiamiento constituye un elemento primordial a medida que los países dejan de percibir el apoyo del Fondo Mundial. Es evidente que existe una necesidad urgente de investigación y desarrollo de una prueba en el lugar de la consulta que sea asequible y efectivamente adaptada a los entornos con recursos escasos, pero mientras tanto, los países deben crear redes funcionales y sostenibles de la prueba Xpert a fin de subsanar las deficiencias actuales en el diagnóstico.
RESUMO
A case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is reported, detected at autopsy of a 30-year-old patient. The clinical picture was characterized by a progressive course of mental deterioration and ingravescent neurological symptoms. The patient was HIV-negative. He died of bronchopneumonia, after a clinical course of 13 months. Autopsy disclosed pulmonary tuberculosis with involvement of regional lymph nodes. In the brain, besides numerous PML-foci of varying age and structure, a pleomorphic astrocytoma was found in the white matter of the right parietal lobe. In the brain stem glial proliferation resembling diffuse gliomatosis was also present. In situ hybridization revealed Papova-virus (JCV) in oligoglial nuclei, but not in neoplastic astrocytes. This is the third report on the concomitant occurrence of PML and glioma in man.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Glioma/patologia , Soropositividade para HIV , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/patologia , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas/complicações , Glioma/complicações , Humanos , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/complicações , Masculino , Tuberculose Miliar/complicaçõesRESUMO
In a neuropathological autopsy study of 21 cases of AIDS-associated PML no fundamental morphological differences to non-AIDS PML were found. PML in AIDS often showed very large foci as well as necrotizing lesions. Partial involvement of cerebral cortex and deep gray matter were common findings; infratentorial lesions could be observed in more than three quarters of cases. Perivascular mononuclear infiltrates within PML foci were frequent and obviously not associated with a more benign clinical course. Possible reasons for these peculiarities of PML in AIDS are discussed. In 7 cases evidence of concomitant HIV encephalopathy was found; this may be one relevant factor contributing to severity of PML in AIDS. PML has to be regarded as a common complication of HIV infection, which may show atypical morphological and neuroradiological features.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/patologia , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/patologia , Adulto , Autopsia , Encéfalo/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Vacuolar myelopathy belongs to the AIDS-associated diseases. It is characterized by vacuolation and infiltration of the long tracts of the spinal cord by macrophages. The clinical and morphological findings of 8 AIDS-patients with vacuolar myelopathy are reported here. The syndrome developed during the final stages of AIDS and was associated with HIV-encephalopathy in 5 cases. The vacuoles were mainly due to intramyelinic swelling and vacuolation. Vacuolated macrophages and axons contributed only to a minor degree. In one case only, HIV-antigens were detected immunohistochemically. The results are discussed in the light of modern pathogenetical concepts of HIV-related diseases.
Assuntos
Complexo AIDS Demência/patologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/patologia , Soropositividade para HIV/patologia , Doenças da Medula Espinal/patologia , Complexo AIDS Demência/complicações , Complexo AIDS Demência/imunologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Adulto , Antígenos HIV/análise , Soropositividade para HIV/complicações , Soropositividade para HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças da Medula Espinal/complicações , Doenças da Medula Espinal/imunologia , Vacúolos/patologiaRESUMO
The authors describe a case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis with lethal outcome within five weeks from surgical resection. The lesion consisted of a multilocular abscess in the left parietal lobe. The histopathologic findings showed a granulomatous reaction surrounding the abscess cavities. The causative fungus was clearly visible because of its brown-pigmented, septate, branched hyphae and spherical thick-walled cells, sometimes inside the multinucleated giant cells. Although no cultures were obtained from the exsudate, the possible diagnosis of cerebral cladosporiosis is discussed.
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Abscesso Encefálico/patologia , Micoses/patologia , Telencéfalo/patologia , Idoso , Cladosporium , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Sarcomas represent only 1-2% of primary malignant tumors of the liver. We report the twenty first case of primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in the literature. Metastases from gastrointestinal tract, female genital system and lung have to be excluded before confirming diagnosis of a primary neoplasm. Extensive involvement of the liver parenchyma contraindicated surgery, the treatment of choice when the tumor is solitary or multiple but located in one lobe. Chemotherapy, as employed in our patient, is the alternative therapeutic option in inoperable cases, but its role has to be clarified.
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Leiomiossarcoma/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Adulto , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Leiomiossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Bronquiolite Obliterante/patologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/patologia , Transplante de Pulmão , Pulmão/patologia , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Bronquiolite Obliterante/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pneumonia/etiologia , Pneumonia/patologia , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Transplante de Fígado , Mielinólise Central da Ponte/patologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Adulto , Autopsia , Causas de Morte , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Transplante de Fígado/imunologia , Transplante de Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Artéria Pulmonar , TromboemboliaRESUMO
The objective of this article is to describe the results of a 2-year pilot programme implementing prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) in a refugee camp setting. Interventions used were: community sensitization, trainings of healthcare workers, voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCT), infant feeding, counselling, and administration of Nevirapine. Main outcome measures include: HIV testing acceptance rates, percentage of women receiving post test counselling, Nevirapine uptake, and HIV prevalence among pregnant women and their infants. Ninety-two percent of women (n=9,346) attending antenatal clinics accepted VCT. All women who were tested for HIV received their results and posttest counselling. The HIV prevalence rate among the population was 3.2%. The overall Nevirapine uptake in the camp was 97%. Over a third of women were repatriated before receiving Nevirapine. Only 14% of male counterparts accepted VCT. Due to repatriation, parent's refusal, and deaths, HIV results were available for only 15% of infants born to HIV-infected mothers. The PMTCT programme was successfully integrated into existing antenatal care services and was acceptable to the majority of pregnant women. The major challenges encountered during the implementation of this programme were repatriation of refugees before administration of Nevirapine, which made it difficult to measure the impact of the PMTCT programme.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Refugiados , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacocinética , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Soropositividade para HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Nevirapina/farmacocinética , Projetos Piloto , Gravidez , Tanzânia/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The histopathologic pattern of secondary mycoses in 61 immunocompromised patients is presented. The underlying diseases were: neoplasms, organ transplants, AIDS and a variety of other debilitating diseases. Three patients with AIDS had a double fungal infection. Candida spp. accounted for the majority of deep-seated mycoses, with 27 cases (44.2%); disseminated candidiasis was responsible of 18.5% of these patients death. Aspergillosis was seen in 23 subjects (37.7%), 18 of them (78.2%) died for systemic infection. These patients were severely debilitated by disease and/or iatrogenic procedures. The other fungal infections were: actinomycosis (10 cases), gerotrichosis (2 cases), histoplasmosis (1 case) and cerebral phaeohyphomycosis (1 case).
Assuntos
Tolerância Imunológica , Micoses/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Aspergilose/etiologia , Aspergilose/patologia , Candidíase/etiologia , Candidíase/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Geotricose/etiologia , Geotricose/patologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/etiologia , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Micoses/etiologiaRESUMO
Primary Teratocarcinoma of Pineal Region. A case of a 12 year old boy admitted for intracranial hypertension of sudden onset has been reported. CT scanning and MR showed a triventricular hydrocephalus due to a space-occupying lesion of the pineal region. Tonic-clonic fits of the upper limbs and Parinaud syndrome were followed by loss of consciousness. Intervention I: ventriculo-peritoneal shunt with sampling of CSF and assay for beta-HCG, alpha FP and CEA, which proved negative. Cytology for neoplastic cells in cerebrospinal fluid was negative. Intervention II: grossly total removal of the tumor. This was followed by partial remission of Parinaud syndrome, total remission of the hypertensive symptoms and discharge on day 12. The 3 cm. whitish-pink tumor of rubbery consistency proved on histological examination to be a teratocarcinoma. The patient was further submitted to chemioterapy and irradiation but died 7 months after the second intervention. This is a rare tumor, much more than teratoma of the pineal gland, which is relatively frequent. It is interesting histologically because of the presence not only of chondroid and mesenchymal portions but also of adamantinomatous rudiments and of epithelial zones resembling embryonal carcinoma of the testis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Glândula Pineal , Teratoma/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Neoplasias Encefálicas/análise , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Humanos , Masculino , Radiografia , Teratoma/análise , Teratoma/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Few cases of ectopic neurological tissue have been reported in the lung. The aim of the present study was to give a brief overview of these cases and to examine an additional case of intrapulmonary neuroglial heterotopia. We have identified only sixteen similar cases in the literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: The object of our study was a male fetus of Asian parents at the 23rd week of gestation, in which ultrasound tests revealed the presence of anterior encephalocele. Routine postmortem examination of lung samples showed neuroglial tissue and a congenital adenomatoid cystic malformation of type II. The lesion was made up of multiple small cysts lined with columnar or ciliated cuboidal epithelium. A possible link between adenomatoid malformation and intrapulmonary neurological tissue has not so far been reported in the literature. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence in the pulmonary parenchyma of neuronal cells (neuron-specific enolase positive), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein positive) and intra-alveolar squamous cells (citokeratines positive), indicative of fetal aspiration of amniotic fluid. CONCLUSIONS: There are several possible explanations for the presence of intrapulmonary neuroglial heterotopia: fetal aspiration, neural crest migration defects or vascular embolization with implantation. However, in the view of the microscopic findings and at the same time recognizing the intrapulmonary aspiration of amniotic fluid, the authors maintain that the most likely explanation for the heterotopia is that of consequential multiple malformations. Moreover neuroglial ectopy and cystic adenomatoid congenital malformation of the lung could have appeared simultaneously, due to embryologic insult between the 4th and the 20th week of gestation.
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Coristoma , Malformação Adenomatoide Cística Congênita do Pulmão/diagnóstico , Pulmão/ultraestrutura , Neuroglia/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , MasculinoRESUMO
The growing incidence of AIDS in children and newborns has been related to increasing incidence of AIDS in women. Case records were composed by 14 children with death occurring at different ages--from 1 hour to 12 years--and 1 female fetus, all with serological confirmation of AIDS. Brain and internal organs samples were collected at autopsy for morphological, immunohistochemical and "in situ" hybridization's technical examination. The prevailing extracerebral pathology observed at autopsy consisted of opportunistic infections. The cerebral findings were HIV-encephalopathy; cytomegalovirus encephalitis; vascular alterations such as necrosis and hemorrhage; calcifications and edema. Neurologic symptoms were reported in 3 children of intravenous drug-abuser mothers as drug withdrawal syndrome. HIV positivity in one or both the intravenous drug-abuser parents is the main risk factor of congenital AIDS. This factor means lack of care during the gestational stage and may determine relevant differences in the course of disease. The cerebral changes due to opportunistic infection must be differentiated from HIV-specific lesions; it has to be stressed that "diffuse" leukoencephalopathy is not AIDS-specific but can be found in every chronic encephalitis/encephalopathy especially in newborns and children. Chronologically, HIV encephalopathy appears as late manifestation of the disease, due to an infiltration of CNS of HIV-infected macrophages and not to an impairment of neuronal or glial cells infected by HIV in the early stages of the disease.
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Complexo AIDS Demência/patologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/patologia , Soropositividade para HIV/patologia , HIV-1 , Autopsia , Encéfalo/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Morte Fetal/patologia , Soropositividade para HIV/congênito , Soropositividade para HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , GravidezRESUMO
The Authors describe three autoptic cases of meningoencephalitis in adults due to an emerging pathogen, the Gram-positive bacillus Listeria monocytogenes. Only one of these was an immunosuppressed patient (recurrent carcinoma of the larynx and bladder papillomas), while no severe cause of debilitation was detected in the other two cases, excluding colonic diverticulosis in both. The post-mortem examination revealed leptomeningitis and encephalitis. Lympho-monocytic tissue reaction with perivascular cuffing was present in all the cases. The etiologic agent, L. monocytogenes, was identified by cultures from clinical or autoptic specimens.
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Meningite por Listeria/patologia , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Meningite por Listeria/mortalidade , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
15 autopsy cases of PML in AIDS are presented. Frequent findings were: Very large, confluent PML-lesions (7 cases), lesions with prominent necrotic features (10 cases) and with marked perivascular mononuclear infiltrates (6 cases). In 9 cases additional PML-foci were seen in the cerebellum and/or the brain stem, and in 1 case there was even an exclusive involvement of those structures. Such characteristics regarding severity and topography of PML in AIDS, may be due to additional toxic factors. In 7 cases HIV-encephalopathy with multinucleated macrophages was present.