Spatial transcriptomics identifies spatially dysregulated expression of GRM3 and USP47 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

AIMS: The mechanisms underlying the selective degeneration of motor neurones in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to implement spatially resolved RNA sequencing in human post mortem cortical tissue from an ALS patient harbouring the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion to identify dysregulated transcripts that may account for differential vulnerabilities of distinct (i) cell types and (ii) brain regions in the pathogenesis of ALS. METHODS: Using spatial transcriptomics (ST) we analysed the transcriptome of post mortem brain tissue, with spatial resolution down to 100 µm. Validation of these findings was then performed using BaseScope, an adapted, in situ hybridization technique with single-transcript single-cell-resolution, providing extensive regional and cell-type specific confirmation of these dysregulated transcripts. The validation cohort was then extended to include multiple post mortem brain regions and spinal cord tissue from an extended cohort of C9orf72, sporadic ALS (sALS) and SOD1 ALS cases. RESULTS: We identified sixteen dysregulated transcripts of proteins that have roles within six disease-related pathways. Furthermore, these complementary molecular pathology techniques converged to identify two spatially dysregulated transcripts, GRM3 and USP47, that are commonly dysregulated across sALS, SOD1 and C9orf72 cases alike. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the first description of ST in human post mortem cortical tissue from an ALS patient harbouring the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion. These data taken together highlight the importance of preserving spatial resolution, facilitating the identification of genes whose dysregulation may in part underlie regional susceptibilities to ALS, crucially highlighting potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets.

Neuronal clusterin expression is associated with cognitive protection in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

AIMS: Clusterin is a topologically dynamic chaperone protein with the ability to participate in both intra- and extacellular proteostasis. Clusterin has been shown to be upregulated in the spinal cord of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and has been shown to protect against TDP-43 protein misfolding in animal and cell models. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between the pathological burden of TDP-43 misfolding and cognitive deficits in ALS, demonstrating high specificity, but correspondingly low sensitivity owing to a subset of individuals with no evidence of cognitive deficits despite a high burden of TDP-43 pathology, called mismatch cases. METHODS: Hypothesizing that differences in the ability to cope with protein misfolding in these cases may be due to differences in expression of protective mechanisms such as clusterin expression, we assessed the spatial expression of clusterin and another chaperone protein, HspB8, in post mortem brain tissue of mismatch cases. We employed a modified in situ hybridization technique called BaseScope, with single cell, single transcript resolution. RESULTS: Mismatch cases demonstrated differential spatial expression of clusterin, with a predominantly neuronal pattern, compared to cases with cognitive manifestations of their TDP-43 pathology who demonstrated a predominantly glial distribution of expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that, in individuals with TDP-43 pathology, predominantly neuronal expression of clusterin in extra-motor brain regions may indicate a cell protective mechanism delaying clinical manifestations such as cognitive dysfunction.

Enhancing the egg's natural defence against bacterial penetration by increasing cuticle deposition.

The cuticle is a proteinaceous layer covering the avian egg and is believed to form a defence to microorganism ingress. In birds that lay eggs in challenging environments, the cuticle is thicker, suggesting evolutionary pressure; however, in poultry, selection pressure for this trait has been removed because of artificial incubation. This study aimed to quantify cuticle deposition and to estimate its genetic parameters and its role on trans-shell penetration of bacteria. Additionally, cuticle proteins were characterised to establish whether alleles for these genes explained variation in deposition. A novel and reliable quantification was achieved using the difference in reflectance of the egg at 650 nm before and after staining with a specific dye. The heritability of this novel measurement was moderate (0.27), and bacteria penetration was dependent on the natural variation in cuticle deposition. Eggs with the best cuticle were never penetrated by bacteria (P < 0.001). The cuticle proteome consisted of six major proteins. A significant association was found between alleles of one of these protein genes, ovocleidin-116 (MEPE), and cuticle deposition (P = 0.015) and also between alleles of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene and cuticle deposition (P = 0.008). With the heritability observed, genetic selection should be possible to increase cuticle deposition in commercial poultry, so reducing trans-generational transmission of microorganisms and reversing the lack of selection pressure for this trait during recent domestication.

Genetic variation in eggshell crystal size and orientation is large and these traits are correlated with shell thickness and are associated with eggshell matrix protein markers.

The size and orientation of calcium carbonate crystals influence the structure and strength of the eggshells of chickens. In this study, estimates of heritability were found to be high (0.6) for crystal size and moderate (0.3) for crystal orientation. There was a strong positive correlation (0.65) for crystal size and orientation with the thickness of the shell and, in particular, with the thickness of the mammillary layer. Correlations with shell breaking strength were positive but with a high standard error. This was contrary to expectations, as in man-made materials smaller crystals would be stronger. We believe the results of this study support the hypothesis that the structural organization of shell, and in particular the mammillary layer, is influenced by crystal size and orientation, especially during the initial phase of calcification. Genetic associations for crystal measurements were observed between haplotype blocks or individual markers for a number of eggshell matrix proteins. Ovalbumin and ovotransferrin (LTF) markers for example were associated with crystal size, while ovocleidin-116 and ovocalyxin-32 (RARRES1) markers were associated with crystal orientation. The location of these proteins in the eggshell is consistent with different phases of the shell-formation process. In conclusion, the variability of crystal size, and to a lesser extent orientation, appears to have a large genetic component, and the formation of calcite crystals are intimately related to the ultrastructure of the eggshell. Moreover, this study also provides evidence that proteins in the shell influence the variability of crystal traits and, in turn, the shell's thickness profile. The crystal measurements and/or the associated genetic markers may therefore prove to be useful in selection programs to improve eggshell quality.

Syngeneic monoclonal antiidiotype can induce cellular immunity to reovirus.

A syngeneic monoclonal antiidiotypic antibody was generated in BALB/c mice after repeated immunization with a BALB/c monoclonal anti-reovirus hemagglutinin (HA) antibody. The resultant syngeneic monoclonal antiidiotypic antibody, in the absence of adjuvant, was found to be capable of priming both BALB/c (H-2d, Igh-1a) and C3H/Hej (H-2k, Igh-1j) mice for Lyt-1+- and Lyt-2+-dependent responses against the mammalian reovirus. By the use of intertypic reassortants and variant virus analysis, the specificity of the response was finely mapped to the neutralization domain of the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Using purified monoclonal antiidiotype, we were able to compare the potency of antiidiotype to virus in terms of induction of immunity. 8 X 10(8) protein molecules were able to prime for cellular responses to reovirus. These studies indicate that in the reovirus system, T cells and B cells share idiotypic configurations, and that antiidiotypic antibodies of the type described herein may be useful in the development of vaccines against certain viral infections.

The impact of pharmacogenomic factors on acute persistent rejection in adult lung transplant patients.

Persistent rejection in the face of treatment and multiple episodes of rejection are associated with the development of chronic rejection and graft loss in solid organ transplantation. The factors that create an environment for rejection that persists in the face of treatment are as yet not understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors, including human multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), cytochrome P4503A5 (CYP3A5) and cytokine gene polymorphisms, associated with acute persistent rejection (APR) in lung transplant patients. One hundred and twenty-five adult lung transplant patients were studied. MDR1 G2677T, C3435T and CYP3A5 polymorphisms were assessed by direct sequencing of the polymorphic region in patient DNA. Cytokine genotyping for five cytokines was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) technique. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of acute persistent rejection. The dependent variable was the presence or absence of acute persistent rejection based on lung biopsies during the first postoperative year. The independent variables were MDR1 G2677T and C3435T, CYP4503A5 and cytokine polymorphisms, survival status, age, gender, survival days and HLA mismatches. The MDR1 C3435T polymorphism and age were independently associated with acute persistent rejection (p = 0.025, odds ratio = 0.29, 95% CI 0.1-0.86 and p = 0.016, odds ratio = 0.94, 95% CI 0.89-0.98, respectively). For the MDR1 C3435T polymorphism, 72% of patients with the C allele had acute persistent rejection in comparison to 52% for TT patients (p = 0.04). For age, a significant difference was found between the nonrejection group and the rejection group (mean+/-S.D. 52.1+/-11.2 vs. 44.4+/-12.3, p = 0.01). This is the first report of the association of a drug disposition genotype with drug-resistant acute rejection in organ transplant patients. The major predictor of acute persistent rejection in the first postoperative year for lung transplant patients was the MDR1 C3435T genotype. This association could be due to drug resistance, altered drug disposition or other immunologic effects associated with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function. Future prospective treatment algorithms should be developed that will incorporate the knowledge of gene polymorphisms into treatment regimens to improve the outcome following lung transplantation.

Attitudes of low-income parents toward seeking help with parenting: implications for practice.

Fifty-two low-income parents were surveyed to determine attitudes toward parenting and help seeking. Although a majority agreed that most parents, even "good" parents, need help or advice about parenting and thought they would seek help with parenting, low-income parents were less likely to believe in or seek out help than those with higher incomes. The most frequently selected sources of help were family, books and videos, telephone help-lines, and friends. The least likely sources of help were child protective services, school personnel, clergy, and social service/counseling agencies. Parent support and education groups were likely sources of support for only one in four low-income parents.

Seasonal variation in paediatric blood lead levels in Syracuse, NY, USA.

Venous blood lead values for 2,633 children aged 0-4 years in Syracuse, New York, collected between 1 April 1992 and 31 March 1993 were summarised by census tract for study of geographic variability. A demographic exposure model is presented showing housing stock and SES (socioeconomic status) parameters as the most significant predictor variables. A seasonal trend in blood lead levels was observed with late summer values about 40% higher than late winter values for census tracts with the highest geometric mean PbB levels. Seasonal variation is compared with a biokinetic uptake model to examine hypotheses about temporal variations in soil and dust lead exposure patterns.

Generation and surface localization of intact M protein in Streptococcus pyogenes are dependent on sagA.

The M protein is an important surface-located virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes, the group A streptococcus (GAS). Expression of M protein is primarily controlled by Mga, a transcriptional activator protein. A recent report suggested that the sag locus, which includes nine genes necessary and sufficient for production of streptolysin S, another GAS virulence factor, is also needed for transcription of emm, encoding the M protein (Z. Li, D. D. Sledjeski, B. Kreikemeyer, A. Podbielski, and M. D. Boyle, J. Bacteriol. 181:6019-6027, 1999). To investigate this in more detail, we constructed an insertion-deletion mutation in sagA, the first gene in the sag locus, in the M6 strain JRS4. The resulting strain, JRS470, produced no detectable streptolysin S and showed a drastic reduction in cell surface-associated M protein, as measured by cell aggregation and Western blot analysis. However, transcription of the emm gene was unaffected by the sagA mutation. Detailed analysis with monoclonal antibodies and an antipeptide antibody showed that the M protein in the sagA mutant strain was truncated so that it lacks the C-repeat region and the C-terminal domain required for anchoring it to the cell surface. This truncated M protein was largely found, as expected, in the culture supernatant. Lack of surface-located M protein made the sagA mutant strain susceptible to phagocytosis. Thus, although sagA does not affect transcription of the M6 protein gene, it is needed for the surface localization of this important virulence factor.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: detection of parasites by immunofluorescence based on a monoclonal antibody.

A monoclonal antibody-based immunofluorescence test for the detection of Pneumocystis carinii was evaluated in comparison with the conventional direct staining by Grocott's silver methenamine technique. A total of 254 respiratory samples from HIV positive and other immunocompromised patients were examined. Cysts were detected in 30 (12%) of samples using the monoclonal test, but only 15 (6%) positives were found using the Grocott method. There is need for a speedy and efficient test for detection of these organisms, and the monoclonal test was found to be more reliable, quicker and more sensitive than the Grocott technique.

Cell receptors for the mammalian reovirus. IV. Reovirus-specific cytolytic T cell lines that have idiotypic receptors recognize anti-idiotypic B cell hybridomas.

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (Tc) cell lines specific for reovirus type 3 lysed an uninfected B cell hybridoma line, 87.92.6, that expresses and secretes an anti-idiotypic antibody that reacts with an anti-viral hemagglutinin monoclonal antibody, 9BG5. Monoclonal anti-idiotype 87.92.6 was shown by fluorescence analysis to specifically bind to reovirus Tc and to block reovirus-specific Tc from killing reovirus-infected target cells or the 87.92.6 hybridoma. An anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody, M17, interfered with Tc-mediated lysis of reovirus-infected targets and the 87.92.6 cells, indicating the similarity of cellular interactions mediated by LFA-1 structures when Tc bind to virally infected targets or 87.92.6 targets. Together with studies in which anti-H2 or monoclonal idiotypic antibodies were found to interfere with reovirus-specific Tc recognition of virally infected or 87.92.6 targets, these experiments indicate that some reovirus-specific Tc have conformations in their receptor that can be recognized by anti-idiotype.