Temporal nitric oxide dynamics in the paranasal sinuses during humming.

In this study, the temporal shape of voice-induced nitric oxide (NO) signals in exhaled air has been investigated in eight healthy individuals by means of laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results of the experimental part have been compared with calculated signals obtained by using a simple one-compartment model of the paranasal sinuses. In the experimental part, a rapidly increasing NO concentration has been found when the subjects started humming. After reaching a maximum, the emission starts to decrease with the shape of an exponential decay and finally reaches a constant level. The time constant of this decay (NO washout) is 3.0 +/- 1.2 s. The peak height of the NO emission during humming increases when the time between two humming processes increases. When no voice-induced NO emission takes place, the NO concentration in the paranasal sinuses rebuilds again to a maximum concentration. The typical time constant for the NO recovery is 4.5 +/- 3.2 min. A three-compartment model defining exactly the geometry and anatomy of the paranasal sinuses has been developed that is based on three main assumptions of the NO dynamics: 1) constant NO production of the epithelium in the sinuses; 2) the rate of the chemical reaction of NO with the epithelium of the paranasal sinuses is proportional to the NO concentration; and 3) the emission of NO from the sinuses (volume/s) is proportional to the NO concentration. It is shown that the three-compartment model under the experimental conditions can be reduced to a one-compartment model, which describes the complete temporal behavior of the NO exchange.

Release of nitric oxide from novel diazeniumdiolates monitored by laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

We describe a technique in which for the first time laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LMRS) is used online to monitor the release of nitric oxide from synthetic NO donors. LMRS is a spectroscopic method for selective, sensitive (to 1 ppb), and time-resolved NO gas detection in the far-infrared and midinfrared spectral regions. We used two partly novel sets of diazeniumdiolates, the first set derived from N,N-diethylamine (-->DEA-NO), piperidine ((-->PIPE-NO), 2-methylpiperidine (-->MEPIPE-NO), and 2-ethylpiperidine (-->EPIPE-NO) and the second set derived from 2-, 3-, and 4-piperidine carboxylic acids (-->PIPECO-NO, NIPECO-NO, ISONIPECO-NO). We monitored the acid-catalyzed NO liberation from these compounds as influenced by parameters such as pH, temperature, concentration, and molecular structure. PIPECO-NO turned out to be the fastest donor of the group. The 3- and 4-substituted isomer derivatives were only negligibly faster releasers than unsubstituted PIPE-NO, which on the other hand showed to be faster than the higher homologues MEPIPE-NO and EPIPE-NO. The results demonstrate that varying neighboring groups affect the functional diazeniumdiolate group differently. A vicinal carboxyl group increases and alkyl groups decrease the rate of NO release.