Impact on Dental Utilization of the Integration of Oral Health in Pediatric Primary Care Through Quality Improvement.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate child-level dental utilization and expenditure outcomes based on if and where children received fluoride varnish (FV) at quality improvement (QI) medical practices, at non-QI medical practices, at dental practices, or those who never received FV from any practice. DESIGN: Retrospective claims-based analysis cohort study. SETTING: Children with Medicaid insurance through an Ohio pediatric accountable care organization. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 1 to 5 years with 1 or more well-child visits between 2015 and 2017. INTERVENTION: FV receipt versus no FV. Among children who received FV, categorized if FV delivered by a QI-participating medical provider, a non-QI-participating medical provider, and a dental provider. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Dental claims from 2014 to 2019 were collected for preventive dental visits, caries-related treatment visits, dental general anesthesia (GA) visit, and emergency department visit for a dental problem to examine utilization patterns, expenditures, and dental outcomes. RESULTS: The QI group had a significantly higher incidence of preventive dental visits than the dental (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.96) or non-QI groups (IRR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.84-0.88). Compared with the QI group, the non-QI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.6; 95% CI, 2.4-2.9) and dental (aOR = 2.9; 95% CI, 2.6-3.3) groups were significantly more likely to have caries-related treatment visits. The dental group children were significantly more likely to have dental treatment under GA than the QI group (aOR = 5.3; 95% CI, 2.0-14.4). CONCLUSIONS: Children seen at QI practices appear to have an increased uptake of preventive dental services, which may explain the lower incidence of dental caries visits and GA treatment.

Comparing Dental Treatment between Children Receiving and not Receiving Silver Diamine Fluoride.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to compare dental visits, procedures, and expenditures in children with newly diagnosed caries. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review was conducted in a two dentist private practice in North Carolina. Demographic data, health status, and dental treatment data was collected. Analysis relied upon nearest neighbor matching to estimate the average treatment effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) by comparing children who received SDF to children who did not receive SDF (n=104 matches). RESULTS: After matching on age, gender, race, insurance status, dental cooperation, and dmft, the SDF group had significantly more dental visits (average treatment effect on treated (ATET)=1.08), fewer restorations (ATET=2.37), and fewer restorative and overall treatment expenditures (ATET=$402 and $292, respectively) than the non-SDF group. The SDF group more frequently received treatment under general anesthesia (26% vs 7%), so this group was excluded in secondary analysis. Among children who did not receive general anesthesia, the SDF group had significantly more dental visits (ATET=.66), fewer restorations (ATET=2.74), and fewer restorative and overall treatment expenditures (ATET=$566 and $515, respectively) than the non-SDF group. CONCLUSION: SDF can offer cost savings when used as an adjunct to, rather than a complete replacement for, restorative treatment in young children.

An Algorithm for Managing Emergent Dental Conditions for Children.

The amount of emergency department dental utilization and related trend analysis data in peer-reviewed literature has increased; yet, little has been written on the actual management of dental emergencies. Often pre-existing medical conditions complicate what might otherwise be a straightforward dental emergency, challenging office-based dentists to manage dental emergencies in a safe manner. With the profession taking a stance on child safety, algorithms and checklists are becoming more important and common in healthcare during complicated scenarios. Additionally, more children are living longer with chronic medical conditions. This manuscript offers an algorithm that can guide clinicians through challenges presented during a dental emergency in children.

Pharmacologic management for pediatric dental patients in the 21st century.

Most children are able to cooperate during conventional, in-office dental treatment using traditional, communicative behavior guidance techniques that are carefully selected and applied to the developmental needs of a particular child. Children who are unable to cooperate during conventional treatment due to a lack of psychological or emotional maturity and/or the existence of a mental, physical, or medical disability may require pharmacologic techniques such as procedural sedation or general anesthesia to complete rehabilitative dental treatment. Patient safety dictates that careful preparation and robust case selection processes guide clinical decision-making related to pharmacologic behavior guidance. Before using these techniques, the sedation provider must demonstrate an adequate understanding of these techniques, from definitions and best practices to case selection and patient safety. This article presents essential information-with an emphasis on best practices and patient safety-for dentists who are considering pharmacologic behavior guidance for the children they treat.

Adverse childhood experiences, dental insurance, and developmental disability: Association with unmet dental needs in Ohio.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether insurance status and/or developmental disability moderated the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and unmet dental needs among children aged 0 to 17 in Ohio. METHODS: We utilized cross-sectional data from the 2021 Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey to assess the dental needs of children. ACE scores, dental insurance status, and developmental disability status were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression to identify their potential association with parental-reported unmet dental needs. RESULTS: The weighted sample represented 2,752,222 children in Ohio. Over half reported zero ACEs (55.8%) and no dental needs (56.1%). Approximately 1 in 9 lacked dental insurance (11.1%), and 1 in 10 had a developmental disability (9.9%). Children with one to three ACEs had three times the odds of unmet dental needs compared to children with zero ACEs (OR = 3.20; 95%CI [2.10, 4.89]), and children with four or more ACEs had eight times the odds of unmet dental needs (OR = 8.78; 95%CI [5.26, 14.67]). Children lacking dental insurance had over six times higher odds of unmet dental needs compared to children with dental insurance (OR = 6.10; 95%CI [3.92, 9.49]). The presence of developmental disability status did not moderate the presence of unmet dental needs; however, the lack of dental insurance status significantly moderated the association between ACEs and unmet dental needs. CONCLUSION: Insurance status, not developmental disability, moderated the association between ACEs and unmet dental needs among children in Ohio. Efforts to ensure continuous access to dental insurance are warranted.

Estimated Carbon Emissions Associated With Dental Treatment For Early Childhood Caries.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental impact of travel and anesthetic gas emissions associated with treating early childhood caries at a single institution. Methods: Outpatient preventive, treatment, and modeled general anesthesia (GA) cases in children 71 months old and younger were included in this retrospective chart review. The main outcomes were kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents (kgCO2e) for travel- and anesthetic gas-related emissions. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used. Results: Most subjects had a caries treatment visit (n equals 3,630 out of 5,767), and nine percent of treatment visits (n equals 353 out of 3,630) received nitrous oxide (N2O), which added 29.4 kgCO2eto the visit emissions. Children without caries treatment had lower travel-related emissions (median equals 7.5 kgCO2e; interquartile range [IQR] equals 7.6) than children with caries treatment (median without N2O equals 8.7 kgCO2e; IQR equals 18.2; median with N2O equals 8.4 kgCO2e; IQR equals 10.3). Modeled GA travel emissions were estimated at 16.4 kgCO2e (IQR equals 21.9) with between 3.8-12.9 kgCO2e in anesthetic gas emissions. Total emissions were greatest for N2O treatment visits (median equals 43.3 kgCO2e; IQR equals 22.8). Conclusions: Travel-related emissions were greatest for children requiring caries treatment. Minimizing patient travel may reduce environmental impact. Nitrous oxide contributes a significant amount to a dental visit???s environmental impact. Community-focused models of care and applying systematic and practical case selection to reduce excess N2O emissions could reduce dental care-related carbon emissions.

Age of first dental visits: A benefit of the pediatric medical home.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective cohort study compared differences in age one dental visit use and age at first dental visit according to fluoride varnish receipt at the pediatric medical home. METHODS: Enrollment and claims data were used from Partners For Kids, a pediatric accountable care organization covering Medicaid-enrolled children living in 47 of 88 counties in Ohio. The main outcomes were having an age one dental visit and the mean age at first dental visit. Descriptive statistics and bivariate comparisons were applied. RESULTS: Among 17,675 children, 2.8% had an age one dental visit. The mean age at first dental visit was 4.8 years. Children who received fluoride varnish from their medical home (12% of study population) were significantly younger at their first dental visit (4.1 vs. 4.9 years, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Despite longstanding recommendations for the age one dental visit, very few Medicaid-enrolled children in Ohio had one. The pediatric medical home lowered the age of first dental visit.

Evaluating the type of pediatric dental care use in the context of neighborhood opportunity.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence supports the influence of neighborhood factors on health care use and outcomes. This study measured the association between area-level social determinants of health (SDH) and type of dental care use among Ohio pediatric Medicaid beneficiaries. METHODS: A retrospective dental claims analysis was completed for children aged 1 through 5 years enrolled in Ohio Medicaid with a dental visit in 2017. Dental care use was measured from 2017 through 2021 as 1 of 4 visit types: (1) preventive, (2) caries treatment, (3) dental general anesthesia (GA), and (4) dental emergency department. The Ohio Children's Opportunity Index defined area-level SDH at the census tract level. Exploratory analysis included descriptive statistics of area-level SDH for each outcome. Poisson regression models were developed to examine the associations between the number of each dental care use outcome and Ohio Children's Opportunity Index quintiles. Visualizations were facilitated with geospatial mapping. RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of children (10,008/17,675) had caries treatment visits. Overall area-level SDH were positively associated with preventive (fifth vs first quintile incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.12), caries treatment (fifth vs first quintile IRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.24), and dental GA visits (fifth vs first quintile IRR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.13 to 4.01). CONCLUSIONS: Children with preventive, caries treatment, and dental GA visits were more likely to live in neighborhoods with better SDH. Future efforts should investigate the mechanisms by which area-level factors influence dental access and use. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Neighborhood factors influence pediatric dental care use. Patient home addresses might add value to caries risk assessment tools and efforts by care networks to optimize efficient care use.

Silver diamine fluoride-associated delays in procedural sedation in young children: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: This analysis evaluated the time to first sedation or general anesthesia (GA) encounter for children treated with and without silver diamine fluoride (SDF). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used dental claims of privately insured children from birth through age 71 months with a sedation or GA claim from 2016 through 2020. The exposure was SDF use (yes, no). The outcome was time to first sedation or GA. Descriptive and multivariable negative binomial analysis was performed. The analysis tested the hypothesis that among children who received sedation or GA for their caries treatment, those who received SDF would show a longer time to first sedation or GA than children who did not. RESULTS: Among 175,824 children included, SDF use increased the time to first sedation or GA encounter by 63 days when treated by different dentists (405 days vs 342 days; P < .001) and by 91 days when treated by the same dentist (337 days vs 246 days; P < .001), after controlling for the effects of age at first encounter, sex, and region of the country. CONCLUSION: Children treated with SDF had a longer time to first sedation or GA, which was magnified when treatment was performed by the same dentist. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Within an individualized caries management plan, SDF could provide benefits for patients, dental offices, and health systems.

Assessing Pediatric Dental Resident Sedation Skills and Confidence with Simulation: A Pilot Study.

Purpose: To conduct a pilot study assessing resident performance and self-efficacy during sedation-related simulations. Methods: Residents completed one informed consent and two sedation-related emergency simulations. Performance was measured for each simulation. Self- efficacy (i. e., confidence) was measured via pre- and post-simulation questionnaires. Descriptive and nonparametric statistics were calculated. Results: Twenty-five residents completed the simulations. Second-year residents performed better than first-year residents in both informed consent and emergency simulations; however, only the informed consent simulation was significant (P<0.02). Self-efficacy significantly increased after completing the simulations (18 percent pre-simulation versus 42.7 percent post-simulation, P<0.001). Residents identified communication skills as an area of improvement after the simulations. For the emergency vignettes, residents expressed feeling inadequate knowledge, problem-solving skills, and teamwork during the simulation. Conclusions: Simulations improved resident confidence in obtaining informed consent and managing certain sedation-related emergencies, but residents felt ill-prepared to manage an emergency. Further study is warranted to understand the best-practice frequency of sedation-related emergency simulation to promote skill retention.

Calibrating Pediatric Dental Faculty: Caries Management in Primary Teeth.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate caries treatment decisions agreement in primary teeth among board-certified pedi- atric dentistry faculty at a single teaching institution. METHODS: Ten full-time faculty selected a treatment for each of 64 primary teeth in 17 children based on clinical photos and radiographs. Cases were presented under three different social and behavioral scenarios. Descriptive and kappa statistics were calculated. RESULTS: The interrater reliability was 0.59 for the decision at the surgical versus nonsurgical level and 0.55 for the treatment-specific decision (e. g., crown versus extraction). Surgical treatments were the predominant preference (76 percent of responses). Non- surgical treatments were preferred for early-stage lesions and in nonideal social and behavioral scenarios. Surgical options were unanimously preferred in sedation or general anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Different clinical scenarios highlight different treatment preferences among faculty. Further emphasis should be placed on calibrating the decision-making process for selecting caries treatment in primary teeth among pediatric dentists.

Implementing Standardized Patient Caregivers to Practice Difficult Conversations in a Pediatric Dentistry Course.

INTRODUCTION: Standardized patient (SP) methodology has been used in health professional education to help students develop communication, deeper diagnostic reasoning, and critical thinking skills. Few examples demonstrate the use of SPs to practice difficult conversations with pediatric caregivers in the pediatric dentistry literature. The objective of this educational activity was to describe the implementation of three SPs in a pediatric dentistry course for second-year dental students. METHODS: We developed three SP encounters covering interactions with caregivers of an infant with severe early childhood caries, an adolescent on the path to gender affirmation, and a child with autism and dental caries whose caregiver was resistant to fluoride- and silver-containing dental materials. We describe the case design process, rubric construction and calibration, student debriefing, and pandemic modifications. We evaluated the effectiveness of the implementation by thematic analysis of student reflections following each encounter using a qualitative descriptive framework. RESULTS: Eighty-three students completed each encounter. Qualitative analysis showed that students preferred a more realistic encounter by having a child or other distraction present. Students relied on different elements of motivational interviewing depending on the objective of each encounter and the age of the patient. Overall, the SP encounters were well received by students and faculty as an alternative or supplement to traditional student evaluation methods. DISCUSSION: We noted a number of lessons learned about implementing SP methodology in pediatric dental education. With these experiences now in place, future evaluations should measure student performance in the SP encounters against student performance during clinical care.

Examining Parental Treatment Decisions Within a Contemporary Pediatric Dentistry Private Practice.

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this study was to compare relationships between child, parent, and clinical factors with patient-level treatment decisions for early childhood caries. A secondary objective was to describe children that received silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as interim versus long-term treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Parents of 2-6-year-old children seeking care at a multi-center pediatric dentistry private practice were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Demographic data and dental anxiety data according to the Modified Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale were collected via questionnaire. A dental visit behavior rating and decayed, missing, and filled tooth (dmft) index were recorded from the child's dental record. The primary outcome was treatment decision categorized into three groups: (1) treatment with SDF (n=25), (2) conventional restorative treatment under local anesthesia (n=32), and (3) restorative treatment under general anesthesia (n=33). Analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and ordered logistic regression. RESULTS: Child age, parent education level, family income, dental insurance status, dental visit behavior rating, and dmft were significantly different across treatment groups in bivariate comparisons. However, when included in multivariable, ordered logistic regression, child dental anxiety was the only significant covariate associated with treatment decisions (Odds Ratio=5.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.51 to 16.63). In secondary analysis, two distinct subgroups were identified within the SDF group: one as long-term treatment (n=9) and one as interim treatment prior to general anesthesia (n=16). The long-term group was younger (mean=3.2 versus 3.7), had lower dmft (mean=4 versus 11.1), and had lower frequency of very high dental anxiety (0% versus 15%). CONCLUSION: The present study identified child dental anxiety as the primary factor associated with treatment decisions at this private practice. The characterization of two subgroups of children treated with SDF has meaningful implications for studies evaluating the economic and public health impacts of SDF.

Introducing legislative advocacy into the dental school curriculum: A mixed-methods evaluation.

The aim of this project was to evaluate a legislative advocacy exercise in pediatric dentistry at 1 North American dental school. A mixed-methods approach was employed using focus groups and questionnaires. All third-year dental students (n = 84) participated in an exercise as part of the pediatric dentistry course. Participation in the program evaluation was voluntary. Questionnaires were administered to assess students' advocacy beliefs, behaviors, self-efficacy, and knowledge 1 week before and 1 week after the exercise. Six months later, a focus group with questionnaire non-respondents (n = 9) was conducted to explore participants' attitudes and beliefs about oral health advocacy within the dental school curriculum. The focus group followed a semi-structured guide, and transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Questionnaires were returned from 27 students before (33% response rate) and 23 students (28% response rate) following the advocacy exercise. Students' advocacy beliefs, behaviors, and knowledge showed no change, whereas self-efficacy improved following the advocacy exercise. Students enjoyed the advocacy exercise and viewed it as a positive addition to the curriculum; however, they requested more exposure to advocacy across the curriculum. Students described the power of their collective voice rather than a single person as a major driver of policy change. These findings suggest that curricular changes should incorporate experiential advocacy activities more frequently to help students learn about and gain advocacy skills.

Pre-doctoral special healthcare needs education: Lost in a crowded curriculum.

We explored academicians' experiences with pre-doctoral special healthcare needs (SHCN) education using one-on-one interviews with academic leaders. We assessed their personal experience with SHCN, the current state of SHCN education at their institution, and their opinions about SHCN education in the pre-doctoral curriculum. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a qualitative descriptive framework to identify emerging themes. Twelve faculty members were interviewed from 10 institutions. All participants acknowledged that the bulk of their training and experience treating patients with SHCN occurred during residency. Participants identified inconsistent pre-doctoral SHCN curricular experiences attributed to time constraints imposed by an increasingly crowded curriculum. Questions remain regarding the place of SHCN education in future pre-doctoral curricula, as well as how to create sustainable systems and programs for dental graduates to gain this experience.

Cohort Profile: ZOE 2.0-A Community-Based Genetic Epidemiologic Study of Early Childhood Oral Health.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is an aggressive form of dental caries occurring in the first five years of life. Despite its prevalence and consequences, little progress has been made in its prevention and even less is known about individuals' susceptibility or genomic risk factors. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) of ECC ("ZOE 2.0") is a community-based, multi-ethnic, cross-sectional, genetic epidemiologic study seeking to address this knowledge gap. This paper describes the study's design, the cohort's demographic profile, data domains, and key oral health outcomes. Between 2016 and 2019, the study enrolled 8059 3-5-year-old children attending public preschools in North Carolina, United States. Participants resided in 86 of the state's 100 counties and racial/ethnic minorities predominated-for example, 48% (n = 3872) were African American, 22% white, and 20% (n = 1611) were Hispanic/Latino. Seventy-nine percent (n = 6404) of participants underwent clinical dental examinations yielding ECC outcome measures-ECC (defined at the established caries lesion threshold) prevalence was 54% and the mean number of decayed, missing, filled surfaces due to caries was eight. Nearly all (98%) examined children provided sufficient DNA from saliva for genotyping. The cohort's community-based nature and rich data offer excellent opportunities for addressing important clinical, epidemiologic, and biological questions in early childhood.

Development and testing of a patient-centered dental home assessment for low-income families.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument in English (ENG) and Spanish (SPA) for use in assessing perceptions of dental home characteristics among low-income adults. METHODS: An expert panel selected 21 items from a pool of 81 items mapped to domains in the American Academy of Pediatrics' medical home. Pilot testing with mothers (n = 795) of children in Early Head Start (EHS) resulted in an expanded 36-item scale, which was field-tested in interviews with ENG- (NENG = 665) and SPA-speakers (NSPA = 116). An exploratory factor analysis of 23 usable items was carried out in an EHS reference group (NENG-EHS = 272). The selected model was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in two other subgroups (NENG-NonEHS = 393; NSPA = 116). We tested measurement and structural invariances using a multiple-group approach. Known-groups validity was examined by testing factor mean differences between two groups defined by whether or not the mother used a single dental office. RESULTS: A three-factor CFA model with 10 items was retained for its close fit for all three subgroups. Invariance tests found the two ENG subgroups to be homogenous and were combined. Several item and factor parameters in the SPA group differed from the combined ENG group. The proposed dental home measure demonstrated good known-group validity in that people who used the same dental office reported better dental care experiences. CONCLUSIONS: An instrument to measure the dental home concept among low-income adults was developed with three domains (accessible-comprehensive, compassionate, and health literate care) that demonstrated good validity and reliability.

Assessing Dental Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Medicaid and Health Care Reform: A Mixed-Methods Study.

The aim of this study was to conduct a needs assessment of Medicaid and health care reform education in the current dental curriculum of one U.S. dental school. A mixed-methods approach was employed using focus groups and surveys. Three focus groups with dental students (nine first-and second-year students, eight third-year students, and seven fourth-year students) and one focus group with six external oral health stakeholders were conducted in 2018 to explore participants' attitudes and beliefs about Medicaid and health care reform. The focus groups used a semi-structured guide, and transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Following the focus groups, all first-and fourth-year dental students were invited to participate in a survey assessing their general and dental-specific Medicaid knowledge and attitudes about Medicaid. In both methods, participants made suggestions for future curricular experiences involving Medicaid. Surveys were returned from 81 first-year students (96% response rate) and 72 fourth-year students (86% response rate), for an overall response rate of 93%. Participating students and stakeholders agreed that Medicaid is confusing and challenging to incorporate into private practice. All participants viewed programs sponsored by organized dentistry as venues to learn about oral health policy. Nearly all participants agreed that private practice mentorship, improved practice management, and more experiential opportunities in the predoctoral curriculum would be effective strategies to increase knowledge about Medicaid and health reform. According to the survey responses, Medicaid and health reform knowledge is poor and scarcely covered in the current curriculum, and only 39% of participating students planned to participate in Medicaid after graduation. These findings suggest that curricular improvements are needed to incorporate more engaging and experiential learning using external resources.

Measurement of Early Childhood Oral Health for Research Purposes: Dental Caries Experience and Developmental Defects of the Enamel in the Primary Dentition.

Epidemiological investigations of early childhood oral health rely upon the collection of high-quality clinical measures of health and disease. However, ascertainment of valid and accurate clinical measures presents unique challenges among young, preschool-age children. The paper presents a clinical research protocol for the conduct of oral epidemiological examinations among children, implemented in ZOE 2.0, a large-scale population-based genetic epidemiologic study of early childhood caries (ECC). The protocol has been developed for the collection of information on tooth surface-level dental caries experience and tooth-level developmental defects of the enamel in the primary dentition. Dental caries experience is recorded using visual criteria modified from the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), and measurement of developmental defects is based upon the modified Clarkson and O'Mullane Developmental Defects of the Enamel Index. After a dental prophylaxis (toothbrushing among all children and flossing as needed), children's teeth are examined by trained and calibrated examiners in community locations, using portable dental equipment, compressed air, and uniform artificial light and magnification conditions. Data are entered directly onto a computer using a custom Microsoft Access-based data entry application. The ZOE 2.0 clinical protocol has been implemented successfully for the conduct of over 6000 research examinations to date, contributing phenotype data to downstream genomics and other "omics" studies of ECC and DDE, as well as traditional clinical and epidemiologic dental research.

Protocols, Methods, and Tools for Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of Dental Traits.

Oral health and disease are known to be influenced by complex interactions between environmental (e.g., social and behavioral) factors and innate susceptibility. Although the exact contribution of genomics and other layers of "omics" to oral health is an area of active research, it is well established that the susceptibility to dental caries, periodontal disease, and other oral and craniofacial traits is substantially influenced by the human genome. A comprehensive understanding of these genomic factors is necessary for the realization of precision medicine in the oral health domain. To aid in this direction, the advent and increasing affordability of high-throughput genotyping has enabled the simultaneous interrogation of millions of genetic polymorphisms for association with oral and craniofacial traits. Specifically, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of dental caries and periodontal disease have provided initial insights into novel loci and biological processes plausibly implicated in these two common, complex, biofilm-mediated diseases. This paper presents a summary of protocols, methods, tools, and pipelines for the conduct of GWAS of dental caries, periodontal disease, and related traits. The protocol begins with the consideration of different traits for both diseases and outlines procedures for genotyping, quality control, adjustment for population stratification, heritability and association analyses, annotation, reporting, and interpretation. Methods and tools available for GWAS are being constantly updated and improved; with this in mind, the presented approaches have been successfully applied in numerous GWAS and meta-analyses among tens of thousands of individuals, including dental traits such as dental caries and periodontal disease. As such, they can serve as a guide or template for future genomic investigations of these and other traits.