Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in orthognathic surgery: A scoping review.

Over the recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been progressing rapidly with its ability to mimic human cognitive functions. The potential applications of AI technology in diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosis prediction have been demonstrated in various studies. The present scoping review aimed to provide an overview of AI and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and their applications in orthognathic surgery. A comprehensive search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and OVID Medline until November 2021. This scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 19 studies were included for final review. AI has profoundly impacted the diagnosis and prediction of orthognathic surgeries with a clinically acceptable accuracy range. Furthermore, AI reduces the work burden of the clinician by eliminating the tedious registration procedures, thereby helping in efficient and automated planning. However, focussing on the research gaps, there is a need to foster the AI models/algorithms to contemporize their efficiency in clinical decision making, diagnosis and surgical planning in future studies.

Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome: A rare entity.

Solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) syndrome is a complex disorder and a rare dental anomaly, which is estimated to occur in approximately 1:50,000 live births. It is a unique developmental abnormality which involves the central incisor tooth germs, occurring with or without systemic involvement; hence, its early diagnosis is of great importance. The objective of this study was to discuss a case of SMMCI syndrome and various dental treatment alternatives available in management of such cases. Due to the possible association of this syndrome with other developmental problems, an early diagnosis and management becomes important. Moreover, when it is associated with other developmental malformation and defects, the management becomes multidisciplinary.

The connecting link! Lip prints and fingerprints.

BACKGROUND: Lip prints and fingerprints are considered to be unique to each individual. The study of fingerprints and lip prints is very popular in personal identification of the deceased and in criminal investigations. AIMS: This study was done to find the predominant lip and fingerprint patterns in males and females in the North Indian population and also to find any correlation between lip print and fingerprint patterns within a gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred students (100 males, 100 females) were included in the study. Lip prints were recorded for each individual using a dark-colored lipstick and the right thumb impression was recorded using an ink pad. The lip prints and fingerprints were analyzed using a magnifying glass. The Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The branched pattern in males and the vertical pattern in females were the predominant lip print patterns. The predominant fingerprint pattern in both males and females was found to be the loop pattern, followed by the whorl pattern and then the arch pattern. No statistically significant correlation was found between lip prints and fingeprints. However, the arch type of fingerprint was found to be associated with different lip print patterns in males and females. CONCLUSION: Lip prints and fingerprints can be used for personal identification in a forensic scenario. Further correlative studies between lip prints and fingerprints could be useful in forensic science for gender identification.

Odontoameloblastoma: A case report.

Odontoameloblastoma (OA) is an extremely rare odontogenic tumor that contains an ameloblastomatous component together with odontoma-like elements. Till date, very few cases have fulfilled the criteria of the current World Health Organization classification of odontogenic tumors. It is characterized by slow, progressively growing lesion with growth pattern similar to solid multi-cystic ameloblastoma. The majority of the tumors are associated with unerupted teeth and commonly seen in males. It is usually asymptomatic and may occur in either maxilla or mandible, but shows a slight predilection for mandible. As this tumor is extremely rare, there exists controversy regarding its treatment. Here, we present a case of OA in 17-year-old female patient resembling a fibro-osseous lesion and a brief review of the related literature.

Comparison of Immunohistochemical Expression of Antiapoptotic Protein Survivin in Normal Oral Mucosa, Oral Leukoplakia, and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most frequent malignant tumor worldwide and the third most common cancers in developing countries. Oral leukoplakia is the best-known precursor lesion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to compare immunohistochemical expression of antiapoptotic protein survivin in normal oral mucosa, oral leukoplakia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Method. Total 45 specimens of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks, 15 in each of the following: normal oral mucosa, leukoplakia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma were used for the study. Immunohistochemical reaction for survivin protein was performed for the 4 µm thick histological sections taken on positively charged slides. Results. 20% normal mucosa cases, 53.33% cases of leukoplakia, and 80% of oral squamous cell carcinoma were found out to be survivin positive. One way ANOVA test indicated statistically significant difference of survivin expression between the three different groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion. A high incidence of survivin protein expression in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma samples indicate that survivin protein expression may be an early event in initiation and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Epithelioid hemangioma of lingual alveolar mucosa: an immunohistochemical case report.

Epithelioid hemangioma is a rare benign vascular lesion that presents as a nodular lesion in the skin of head and neck region. It is a superficial vascular entity which can either be due to tumor or reactive lesion, but the exact etiology is still unknown. We hereby present a rare case which has been reported with the history of small nodular-like growth on mandibular buccal and lingual area. The excisional biopsy was performed and tissue was submitted for histopathological diagnosis. The immunohistochemistry was performed to check the expression of CD31 marker which proved that origin of epithelioid cells was vascular.

Biosafe alternative to xylene: A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Xylene in one of the non-substitutable chemical used in histology laboratories. However, it is known to have many toxic effects. The toxic effects of xylene include heart and kidney injuries, some fatal blood dyscrasia and other less dangerous problems, such as skin erythema, drying, scaling and secondary infections. The exposure and handling of xylene is maximum during deparaffinizing tissue sections. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 1.7% dishwashing soap (DWS) solution as a deparaffinizing agent for hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining and compare it with xylene. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty sections of 4 µm were obtained from 30 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and were considered in two different groups, groups A and B. Slides in group A were stained with routine H and E staining procedure; whereas, slides in group B were stained using 1.7% DWS as a deparaffinizing agent. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used to calculate the test of significance (P-value significant at ≤0.05). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 1.7% DWS was found to be an effective alternative deparaffinizing agent to xylene and meanwhile facilitating as less biohazardous, economical and a faster deparaffinizing agent.