[The judgment of the Federal Social Court on the involvement of psychological psychotherapists in interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy : A critical comment]. / Das Urteil des Bundessozialgerichts zur Einbindung von Psychologischen Psychotherapeuten in die interdisziplinäre multimodale Schmerztherapie : Eine kritische Kommentierung.

In the context of their offer of interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy (day-patient and inpatient), hospitals repeatedly have to contend with strict detailed checks of the procedure codes (OPS 8-918.xx; 8-91c) by health insurers and the medical service. The necessity of day-patient or inpatient treatment in the respective sector, documented therapy components, and the qualifications of the therapists are regularly reviewed. On 27 October 2020, the Federal Social Court ruled on the specific qualification of psychological psychotherapists (BSG, 27 October 2020, Ref.: B 1 KR 25/19 R). The ruling and its potential impact are explained and discussed in this overview.

[Validation of the German-language version of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) in five outpatient clinics]. / Validierung der deutschen Übersetzung des Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) in 5 ambulanten Schmerzbehandlungseinrichtungen.

INTRODUCTION: Occupational and social rehabilitation can be influenced by perceived injustice that results from pain. Currently, the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ), the tool most commonly used to assess perceived injustice, is not available in German. The aim of this study was the validation of the German-language version of the IEQ. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The validation of the IEQ was carried out via a web-based survey. For this purpose, participants completed the IEQ and construct-related scales analogous to the original study Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), Depression scale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (D-DASS), Pain Disability Index (PDI), and McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). In addition, the participants completed questions on their socioeconomic status and on the cause of their pain, taken from the German Pain Questionnaire. RESULTS: Of 223 respondents, 134 (60.1%) returned a completed questionnaire and were included in the study. In all, 26.1% of participants reported suffering from pain resulting from accidents. None of the reviewed one- to three-factor solutions for the IEQ's structure achieved a good model fit. The best results were found for a two-factor solution, whereby the exploratory factor analysis revealed almost all items loaded highly on both factors and the confirmatory factor analysis showed high correlations between the factors. These findings are consistent with previous studies. The IEQ correlated highly and significantly with the other psychological instruments. There were no floor or ceiling effects. Cronbach's α for the German IEQ version was 0.93 and thus attests a high level of internal consistency. CONCLUSION: The analyses attest the excellent psychometric properties of the German translation of the IEQ and so the German-language version of the IEQ can be used as a validated questionnaire to screen for perceived injustice.

[German transcultural translation of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire]. / Deutsche transkulturelle Übersetzung des Injustice Experience Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Occupational and social rehabilitation is influenced by perceived injustice as a result of injury. To assess perceived injustice, the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) has been developed and is available in English. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the English version of the IEQ into German. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The IEQ was translated into German according to the criteria for the transcultural adaptation of self-assessment tools. The translation was examined in a sample of 19 pain patients as to whether the translated items were comprehensible, unacceptable or offensive, and what their meaning and the reason for the chosen response were. Data were assessed using nonparametric statistical methods. RESULTS: The German translation of the IEQ showed a high degree of comprehensibility. The items' meanings and participants' selected answer options were rated as highly plausible by two raters and the wording of the items was assessed as being neither unacceptable nor offensive by participants. Because of the slightly increased values with regard to Item 3, whose meaning was unrecognized by the raters, the term "Unachtsamkeit" was replaced by "Unaufmerksamkeit." CONCLUSION: The study attests to the cultural and linguistic intelligibility and precision of the German translation of the IEQ. In a follow-up study, the translation should be validated in a larger sample of pain patients.

[Chronic pain disorder with somatic and psychological factors (F45.41) : Validation criteria on operationalization of the ICD-10-GM diagnosis]. / Chronische Schmerzstörung mit somatischen und psychischen Faktoren (F45.41) : Prüfkriterien zur Operationalisierung der ICD-10-GM-Diagnose.

In 2009 the diagnosis chronic pain disorder with somatic and psychological factors (F45.41) was integrated into the German version of the International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD-10-GM). In 2010 Paul Nilges and Winfried Rief published operationalization criteria for this diagnosis. In the present publication the ad hoc commission on multimodal interdisciplinary pain therapy of the German Pain Society now presents a formula for a clear validation of these operationalization criteria of the ICD code F45.41.

[Structure of pain management facilities in Germany : Classification of medical and psychological pain treatment services-Consensus of the Joint Commission of the Professional Societies and Organizations for Quality in Pain Medicine]. / Struktur der schmerzmedizinischen Versorgung in Deutschland : Klassifikation schmerzmedizinischer Einrichtungen - Konsens der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Fachgesellschaften und Verbände für Qualität in der Schmerzmedizin.

On behalf of the Medical/Psychological Pain Associations, Pain Patients Alliance and the Professional Association of Pain Physicians and Psychologists, the Joint Commission of Professional Societies and Organizations for Quality in Pain Medicine, working in close collaboration with the respective presidents, has developed verifiable structural and process-related criteria for the classification of medical and psychological pain treatment facilities in Germany. Based on the established system of graded care in Germany and on existing qualifications, these criteria also argue for the introduction of a basic qualification in pain medicine. In addition to the first-ever comprehensive description of psychological pain facilities, the criteria presented can be used to classify five different levels of pain facilities, from basic pain management facilities, to specialized institutions, to the Centre for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine. The recommendations offer binding and verifiable criteria for quality assurance in pain medicine and improved pain treatment.

[Behavioral concepts in the treatment of chronic pain]. / Verhaltenstherapeutische Konzepte in der Therapie chronischer Schmerzen.

In recent decades there has been much work on cognitive behavioral approaches to chronic pain. Now there is a considerable variety of concepts and interventions which share the same roots but differ in theoretical issues and application. Psychotherapeutic interventions are ideally embedded into an interdisciplinary setting and base on a bio-psycho-social perspective. Starting from a classical operant model we will describe the model of fear avoidance and the model of acceptance in the therapy of chronic pain. The latter have been influencing therapy and theory in recent years. The cognitive behavioral perspective on chronic pain has, therefore, not only become more differentiated and complex but also more complicated.

[Depression, anxiety and stress scales: DASS--A screening procedure not only for pain patients]. / Die Depressions-Angst-Stress-Skalen: Der DASS--ein Screeningverfahren nicht nur für Schmerzpatienten.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of mental distress is a central aspect in pain research and treatment. Particularly for depression the comorbidity with pain poses methodological and conceptual challenges. This study examined the psychometric properties of the short version of the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS), used in both pain research and treatment and constructed to overcome the particular problems by omitting somatic items and concentrating on the psychological core aspects of depression, anxiety and stress. METHOD: The psychometric properties of the DASS-21 were compared between patients with pain and various people without any pain problems (N = 950). The DASS has three subscales, depression, anxiety and stress, each with seven items. The construct validity of the DASS was examined using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) for anxiety and depression and the general depression scale (Allgemeine Depressionsskala, ADS) for depression. The sensitivity and specificity for depression were determined against a structured interview for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) and compared with the Center for Epidemiological Studies depression scale (CESD) and HADS in pain patients. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha of the DASS for the depression subscale was at least 0.91, while the anxiety and stress subscales had Cronbach alphas of 0.78-0.82 and 0.81-0.89, respectively. Although the depression subscale has only 7 items, it is just as reliable as the ADS with 21 items. It also has a better sensitivity and specificity than the HADS in identifying clinical patients with depression. DISCUSSION: The DASS is a reliable questionnaire, free to use and brief to administer; therefore, it is an alternative to the previously used instruments for the screening of depression. Furthermore, the subscale stress measures irritability and tension, which are important aspects of pain experience but underused in assessment procedures for the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of patients with pain.

[Psychological approaches to pain in Germany. Review and outlook]. / Psychologie und Schmerz in Deutschland. Rückblick und Ausblick.

Pain perception is a complex experience that entails somatic and psychological factors. This is especially true for chronic pain where increasing chronicity leads to a growing significance of psychological factors such as learning and memory processes or cognitive evaluation at the expense of nociceptive processes. Hardly any other area of health-related research and health care has such an interdisciplinary organization of research, treatment, and education. Psychological pain research and psychological treatment of pain have become specializations in their own right. For the future of this research area, a differential analysis of the contribution of psychological factors to chronicity is important. For a mechanism-oriented treatment, the development of new treatment approaches and the analysis of specific subgroups for a better differential indication of treatments is needed.

[Clinical management of masticatory muscle pain: an update of the recommendations]. / Therapie bei Schmerzen der Kaumuskulatur: Aktualisierung der Empfehlungen.

Besides the different forms of odontalgia, myalgias of the masticatory muscles are the most frequent noninfectious complaints in the orofacial region. After summarizing the recommendations set forth by the Interdisciplinary Working Group of Orofacial Pain within the German Chapter of the IASP (German Pain Society), we present the current state of knowledge regarding the etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic options, based on an extensive literature search. A systematic literature search was carried out in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the database of the Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift. The results corroborate our previous recommendations that for the majority of patients pain reduction or pain relief can be achieved with noninvasive, reversible methods. Short- and long-term trials have added more evidence to the fact that different therapeutic measures have similar efficacy. In patients with chronic myalgias of the jaw muscles, involvement of a psychotherapist is crucial. Patient education, oral appliances, physiotherapeutic exercises, and acupuncture are recommended therapeutic measures, while physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, and psychological therapy received a limited recommendation.

[Recommendations on classification of German pain treatment services]. / Empfehlung zur Klassifikation Schmerztherapeutischer Einrichtungen in Deutschland.

On behalf of the German chapter of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) recommendations for German pain treatment services have been developed for the first time. The criteria were based on the IASP recommendations but adapted to the specific German situation. According to the structure and process criteria four different levels of pain treatment services can be distinguished. The aim of the recommendations is to serve as a guide for future development and implementation of pain therapy and quality assurance.

[F45.41: chronic pain disorder with somatic and psychological factors : a coding aid]. / F45.41 Chronische Schmerzstörung mit somatischen und psychischen Faktoren : Eine Kodierhilfe.

In 2009, the German version of ICD-10 (ICD-10 GM version 2009) introduced the diagnosis of "chronic pain disorder with somatic and psychological factors", because current ICD-10 diagnoses did not address the biopsychosocial character of chronic pain adequately. For most patients, a dichotomous classification into psychologically versus biomedically caused pain is inappropriate and does not reflect current knowledge on pain. The new code F45.41 addresses the relevance of psychological factors for chronic pain persistence and chronic pain treatment, even in those conditions with a clear biomedical cause at the beginning. This guideline describes how to use this new diagnosis, which boundaries have to be considered, and how comorbid and associated conditions can be classified. The distinction of this new diagnosis from other pain-associated diagnoses and recommendations for the coding of comorbid conditions are presented. The differentiation of everyday pain symptoms from pain disorders is outlined. Finally, contextual factors of the classification process, as well as problems in integrating this new diagnosis into diagnosis-related group (DRG) systems of financial reimbursement are discussed.

[Suggestion for a classification of odontalgias]. / Vorschlag einer Klassifikation der Odontalgien.

BACKGROUND: Toothache prevalence in the overall population is considerable. However, for clinical purposes, the classification schemes available do not appear to be sufficiently sophisticated. Moreover, not all known forms of dental pain are considered. A refined classification that meets current standards is therefore introduced. To facilitate diagnosis, the characteristic features of the various types of odontalgia are summarized. RESULTS: The new classification differentiates among seven different origins of pain: 1. dentinal pain (originating from the pulpal tissues), 2. pulpal pain (originating from the pulpal tissues), 3. periodontal pain, 4. alveolar-osseous pain, 5. atypical odontalgia, 6. heterotopic dental pain, 7. odontalgia associated with primary psychosocial factors. CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion, the proposed classification differentiates among the different forms of odontalgia more precisely than all previous ones. However, its viability and advantages over other available classification schemes still need to be verified in daily practice.

[Pain acceptance - concept and validation of a German version of the chronic pain acceptance questionnaire]. / Schmerzakzeptanz - Konzept und Uberprüfung einer deutschen Fassung des Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Up to now, only an English version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) has been available for measuring the acceptance of chronic pain. This paper presents and analyzes a German adaptation of this instrument. METHODS: The German scale was tested on 150 patients at the DRK Pain Center in Mainz. Validity was assessed by means of various indicators of pain and psychosocial impairment. In a subgroup (n=50) the association with the heat pain threshold was determined. RESULTS: The factor structure of the German CPAQ scale is largely concordant with the theoretical model. The internal consistency of the total and subscales is 0.84-0.87 (Cronbach's alpha). The factors are closely related to indicators of psychosocial functioning. Associations with the affective dimension of pain are moderate and with the sensory dimension low. No association is found with heat pain thresholds (thermal sensory analyzer). CONCLUSIONS: The German CPAQ scale is a useful German-language instrument for the measurement of acceptance and shows good psychometric properties. The study confirms that acceptance is not an expression of a physiologically based indolence.

[Therapy of masticatory muscle pain: recommendations for clinical management]. / Therapie bei Schmerzen der Kaumuskulatur: Empfehlungen zum klinischen Management.

Myalgias of the masticatory muscles are the most frequent noninfectious complaints in the orofacial region. After summarizing the current knowledge on the physiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of masticatory muscle pain, we specifically focus on management recommendations. Results of an extensive literature search show that for the majority of patients pain reduction or pain relief can be achieved with noninvasive reversible methods. Longitudinal short- and long-term studies have revealed that different therapeutic measures are similarly effective. In patients with chronic masticatory myalgias associated with psychosocial impairment, however, additional involvement of a psychotherapist is crucial.

[Therapy of temporomandibular joint pain: recommendations for clinical management]. / Therapie bei Arthralgie der Kiefergelenke: Empfehlungen zum klinischen Management.

Arthralgias of the temporomandibular joint occur rarely in their isolated form, in contrast to myalgias of the jaw muscles. Most often, arthralgias are combined with myofascial pain. Here we define relevant terms (arthralgia, arthropathy, arthritis, osteoarthritis/osteoarthrosis), describe special diagnostic aspects and provide diagnosis-related specifications. We then present current information on the clinical management of temporomandibular joint pain. A systematic literature search revealed that pain reduction or pain relief can be achieved with non-invasive reversible methods for the majority of patients. Results from short and long-term longitudinal studies show that different therapeutic methods are similarly effective. For the management of chronic forms with extensive psychosocial impairment a multidisciplinary approach is essential.

[Recommendations for the standardized evaluation and classification of painful temporomandibular disorders: an update]. / Aktualisierung der Empfehlungen zur standardisierten Diagnostik und Klassifikation von Kaumuskel- und Kiefergelenkschmerzen.

BACKGROUND: In 2000, the interdisciplinary Working Group of Orofacial Pain within the German Chapter of the IASP (German Association for the Study of Pain) published recommendations for the standardized evaluation and diagnostic classification of patients with painful masticatory muscles and/or temporomandibular joints. The purpose of the present study was to critically review and update these recommendations. RESULTS: Appraisal of the relevant literature published after the release of the recommendations (up to December 2005) shows that the two-axis approach for the assessment of the somatic and psychosocial parameters of the orofacial pain experience has found wide support. Single aspects of the recommendations have been substantiated by additional scientific evidence. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations reflect the current state of pain medicine. Therefore, they should be considered among practitioners who diagnose and manage patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders.