Total temporomandibular joint reconstruction prosthesis in hemifacial microsomia: A systematic review.

Hypoplastic asymmetry due to hemifacial microsomia (HFM) often represents the most difficult reconstruction in the craniomaxillofacial clinic. Although autogenous grafts are generally used for temporomandibular joint reconstruction (TMJR), the use of TMJR prostheses is not well established. The aim of this review was to identify, collect and analyse the use of extended TMJR (eTMJR) prostheses in patients with HFM, describing clinical features, surgical procedures and postoperative complications. Online searches of all major databases were performed according to PRISMA guidelines. All studies with HFM patients treated with the eTMJR prostheses were included. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. A total of 19 studies, including 08 case studies, 06 case series and 05 retrospective cohort studies, met the inclusion criteria, where a total of 42 HFM patients were reported from 18 countries, mostly from the United States (05; 26%). Fifteen of the 42 cases (~36%) were male. The mean ± SD (range) age of patients in all studies was 19.79 ± 5.81 (9-36) years. The mean ± SD (range) of patient follow-up was 41.30 ± 35.50 (6-136) months. A total of 5 (10.6%) patients were implanted with bilateral eTMJR prostheses. The Pruzansky classification was used in 18 (~89.5%) studies, OMENS classification in 01 (~5%) study, whereas no classification was reported in one study. Only 01 (7.1%) study had documented the eTMJR classification for the prosthesis used. In growing patients with or without a history of failed autogenous tissues, TMJR prostheses may provide a viable alternative. Randomized studies with large cohorts are warranted to validate these preliminary results.

The indications and safety of prolonged temporary pacing using active-fixation leads and externalized pulse generator.

BACKGROUND: Temporary cardiac pacing, conventionally achieved using a passive transvenous pacing wire, can be life-saving for unstable arrhythmias. However, they run the risk of complications, the longer they remain in-situ. Externalized prolonged temporary pacing (EPTP), using active-fixation lead and an externalized pulse generator; may be an alternative for transient pacing indications, concurrent illness or sepsis that precludes permanent pacing. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients (mean age 69 ± 14 years; 82% male) underwent EPTP between November 2011 and April 2019. EPTP was performed in a sterile facility, under fluoroscopy, using active-fixation leads anchored to the right ventricle septum. Externalized lead was connected to a re-sterilized pulse generator and secured to anterior chest wall with transparent dressings. EPTP indications and patient outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Pacing indications were high-grade atrio-ventricular (AV) block (73.2%), sinus arrest (14.9%), overdrive suppression of VT (5.9%) and pause-dependent VT (4.5%). Reasons for ETPT rather than permanent pacing included: sepsis (38.8%), CIED-related infection (8.9%), transient pacing indication (25%), to allow further investigations prior to decision on CIED type (22%), and over-drive arrhythmia suppression (6%). Sixty three percent patients were severely ill in an ICU. Mean duration of pacing was 16 ± 12 days. Sixty seven percent patients subsequently received a CIED and had no evidence of device-related infection at 1-year post-implant. There were three non-fatal complications during EPTP while no deaths were attributed to EPTP. CONCLUSION: EPTP is a safe and useful method of prolonged temporary pacing for patients who require chronotropic support, but in whom immediate permanent pacemaker implantation is contraindicated.

A case of extranasopharyngeal angiofibroma of the ethmoid sinus: a distinct clinical entity at an unusual site.

Angiofibromas of the head and neck usually arise from the nasopharynx in adolescent boys. The term extranasopharyngeal angiofibroma (ENA) has been applied to vascular fibrous nodules that arise outside the nasopharynx. Because the clinical characteristics of ENA are not consistent with those of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA), diagnosis of the former can be challenging. Biopsy is ill advised in a patient with an ENA because it might result in brisk bleeding. A high index of suspicion and a methodical evaluation are essential in establishing the proper diagnosis and treatment. We report the rare case of a 16-year-old girl who presented with a pinkish lobulated mass in her left nostril that had arisen from the anterior ethmoid sinus. The mass was removed via a lateral rhinotomy approach. Postoperative histopathologic analysis identified it as an angiofibroma. To best of our knowledge, only 9 cases of ENA arising from the ethmoid sinus have been previously reported in the English-language literature.

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.

Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy is a very rare condition often presenting as neck swelling of unknown etiology. The disease involves extranodal sites in 20-30 percent of cases and histologically characterized by emperiopolesis, non-cohesive and non-epitheloid histocytes with abundant eosinphilic cytoplasm. An ideal treatment is yet to be established but here we present a short series of chemotherapy with alternating ABVD and COPD cycles giving satisfactory results.

Unusual presentations of foreign body in aerodigestive tract.

Foreign bodies lodged in aerodigestive tract makes the commonest emergency in the otorhinolaryngology clinics. Diagnosis often becomes difficult with parental ignorance and lack of clear history. Patients with foreign body can have unusual presentations.