[LATE: not every dementia is Alzheimer's disease-Discussion of a new disease entity based on a case example : Current status of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE)]. / LATE: Nicht jede Demenz ist Alzheimer ­ Diskussion einer neuen Krankheitsentität am Fallbeispiel : Zum aktuellen Stand der "limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" (LATE).

Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 (Transactivation response(TAR)-DNA-binding protein 43 kDa) encephalopathy (LATE) has recently been characterized as a distinct neuropathological entity within the spectrum of dementia. Neuropathological alterations in the sense of LATE were already previously described as a comorbidity to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and it has been diagnosed independently from AD pathology in autopsy studies since 2008. The framework of LATE would account for the pathogenetic impact of limbic TDP-43 proteinopathy as a driver of amnestic dementia, either together with comorbid typical AD changes or as a distinct feature. The LATE possibly explains divergent clinical observations and biomarker results in patients suffering from severe amnestic impairment without biomarker evidence of AD-related amyloid and tau alterations. Whether LATE represents a distinct neuropathological entity or is part of the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases associated with TDP-43 is currently a matter of debate. Further studies on the role of TDP-43 in the development of amnestic dementia are urgently needed. Thus, the enrichment of an amnestic phenotype in amyloid-centered therapeutic drug studies bears the risk of higher rates of patients with TDP-43 comorbidity, which could hinder the proof of efficacy in such trials. This article presents the current state of the discussion on LATE and illustrates the concept and the clinical considerations with a case study.

Evaluation of Prostate Cancer with 11C- and 18F-Choline PET/CT: Diagnosis and Initial Staging.

Early diagnosis and adequate staging are crucial for the choice of adequate treatment in prostate cancer (PC). Morphologic and functional imaging modalities, such as CT and MRI, have had limited accuracy in the diagnosis and nodal staging of PC. Molecular PET/CT imaging with 11C- or 18F-choline-labeled derivatives is increasingly being used, but its role in the diagnosis and initial staging of PC is controversial because of limitations in sensitivity and specificity for the detection of primary PC. For T staging, functional MRI is superior to 11C- or 18F-choline PET/CT. For N staging, 11C- or 18F-choline PET/CT can provide potentially useful information that may influence treatment planning. For the detection of bone metastases, 11C- or 18F-choline PET/CT has had promising results; however, in terms of cost-effectiveness, the routine use of 11C- or 18F-choline PET/CT is still debatable. 11C- or 18F-choline PET/CT might be used in high-risk PC before radiation treatment planning, potentially affecting this planning (e.g., regarding dose escalation). This review provides an overview of the diagnostic accuracy and limitations of 11C- or 18F-choline PET/CT in the diagnosis and staging of PC.